Эта работа была поддержана Национальным научным фондом IOS 0844948 и IOS 1024811

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Нет конфликта интересов объявлены авторами.

Есть два важных шагов, которые трудно для начинающих пользователей этой техники, но имеют важное значение для успешного создания morphant эмбрионов. Первый заключается в выборе здорового ооцитов, что созреет и оплодотворяют правильно. Процент нормального развития в культуре, в зависимост...

Морская звезда, Patiria miniata, (широко известный как летучая мышь звезды) становится как интересный и универсальный модельной системы для различных сотовой 1- 3, развития 4,5, эволюционной 6 8 и экологических исследований 9- 11. Взрослый П. miniata распределены вдоль тихоокеанского побережья от Ситка, штат Аляска в Baja, Калифорния 12 и легко поддерживается в морских аквариумах. Яйцеклетки могут быть получены круглый год и каждая самка может пролить десятки тысяч яиц. Яйцеклетки легко созрел и оплодотворенная внешне 13. Полученные эмбрионы являются прозрачными позволяет легко наблюдения; они развиваются синхронно, и требуют только морскую воду для развития. Всего в сборе генома и несколько transcriptomes также доступны для P. miniata ( <a href="http://www.echinobase.org/Echinobase/">Echinobase.org</a> ). Такие преимущества делают их идеальными для диапазона исследованийи учебных целей. В последние годы П. miniata стала модель системы для генной развития регулирующей сети анализирует 14-16. Цель таких исследований является выявление весь комплимент регуляторных генов и определения сети их взаимодействий. Большая часть этой работы влечет за собой возмущающее экспрессию генов путем внедрения антисмысловых олигонуклеотидов или в пробирке синтезированы мРНК. Кроме того, цис нормативные анализы используются для характеристики функции регулирующего ДНК 15. Эти анализы требуют введение возмущения реагентов и / или репортер конструкции ДНК в эмбрионы. Кроме того, для характеристики вниз по течению этих возмущений, необходимо анализе много эмбрионов изменения в экспрессии генов потенциальных мишеней. Методы микроинъекции многих сотен зиготы являются центральными для этой работы. Иглокожие, в том числе P. miniata </EM&gt;, требуют много месяцев, чтобы достичь половой зрелости. В связи с этим, как правило, не практично, чтобы создать и поддерживать трансгенных линий этих животных для экспериментов. Поэтому разведение трансгенных взрослых может не эффективно создавать модифицированные эмбрионы. Вместо этого, возмущение должно произойти заново через микроинъекции. Микроинъекция предлагает возможность изменять эмбрионов с реагентами, которые не проникающий в клетку. Следующий протокол описывает способ для введения ДНК, мРНК, сотовые индикаторов и морфолино антисмысловых олигонуклеотидов в сотни оплодотворенных яиц в одной 2-3 ч сидит через микроинъекции. Это дает достаточно материала для различных последующих экспериментах в том числе, но не ограничиваясь этим, количественной ПЦР, гибридизация, РНК-Seq, и вестерн-блоттинга.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="648">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">1-Methyladenine</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AC20131-1000</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">190 micron nitex nylon filter</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Small Parts (originally Sefar)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CMN-0185-C/5PK-05</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">100 micron nitex nylon filter</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Small Parts (originally Sefar)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CMN-0105-C/5PK-05</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Polystyrene Petri Dishes, 60mm x 15mm</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FB0875713A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Capillary tubing</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FHC, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-30-0</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For pulling microinjection needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Model P-97 Needle Puller</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:216px;">Dextran, Rhodamine Green</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D7163</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">If injecting a GFP expression reporter, it is helpful to substitute Texas Red dextran as an injection tracer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Instant Ocean Sea Salt</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Doctors Foster and Smith</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD-116528</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Also available in many pet stores</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microloader Tips</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5242 956.003</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for microinjection of patiria minata zygotes

Иглокожие уже давно любимая модель системы для исследований воспроизводства и развития, а в последнее время для изучения регуляции генов и эволюции процессов развития. Морская звезда, Patiria miniata, набирает распространенность в качестве модельной системы для этих типов исследований, которые ранее выполнялись почти исключительно в морских ежей, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus и Lytechinus variegatus. Преимущество этих модельных систем является простота получения модифицированных эмбрионов, в которых определенный ген вверх или подавляется, назвав группу клеток, или введения гена-репортера. Один метод микроинъекции способен создавать большое разнообразие таких модифицированных эмбрионов. Здесь мы представляем метод для получения гаметы из P. miniata, производя зиготы, и введения возмущающие реагентов через микроинъекции. Здоровые morphant эмбрионы затем выделяют для количественных и качественных исследований общеФункция пе. Получение геномных и транскриптом данных для этого организма возросла типы исследований, которые выполняются и легкости их выполнения.

Целью этого протокола является введение реагентов в эмбрионы. Показана эффективность протокола путем введения ДНК репортерной конструкцией, что запускает экспрессию зеленого флуоресцентного белка (GFP). Введенный эмбрионы выразить GFP в клоновых патчей (Рисунок 4A-B), как включа?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Microinjection of Patiria minata Zygotes at JoVE.com

A Method for Microinjection of Patiria minata Zygotes

Методы, которые производят morphant эмбрионов необходимы для изучения механизмов развития и генных регуляторных сетей. Морская звезда Patiria miniata является новым модельной системой для этих исследований. Здесь мы приводим протокол для получения гаметы, производство культур эмбрионов, и быстрое микроинъекции зигот от этого вида.

Метод микроинъекции<em&gt; Patiria Minata</em&gt; Зиготы

Echinoderms have long been a favorite model system for studies of reproduction and development, and more recently for the study of gene regulation and ...

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A Method for Microinjection of Patiria minata Zygotes

10.9K Views.  Carnegie Mellon University.  Методы, которые производят morphant эмбрионов необходимы для изучения механизмов развития и генных регуляторных сетей. Морская звезда Patiria miniata является новым модельной системой для этих исследований. Здесь мы приводим протокол для получения гаметы, произв...

Video: A Method for Microinjection of Patiria minata Zygotes

Microinjection of A. aegypti Embryos to Obtain Transgenic Mosquitoes

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever.  The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever. The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

Микроинъекция А. Эмбрионы aegypti получить Трансгенные комары

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue ...

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

Генерация Стабильный Трансгенные Элеганс C. Использование Микроинъекция

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Метод культуры раннего куриных эмбрионов исключая виво (Новая Культура)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Microinjection of Medaka Embryos for use as a Model Genetic Organism

In this video, we demonstrate the technique of microinjection into one-cell stage medaka embryos. Medaka is a small egg-laying freshwater fish that allows both genetic and embryological analyses and is one of the vertebrate model organisms in which genome-wide phenotype-driven mutant screens were carried out 1, as in zebrafish and the mouse. Divergence of functional overlap of related genes between medaka and zebrafish allows identification of novel phenotypes that are unidentifiable in a single species 2, thus medaka and zebrafish are complementary for genetic dissection of vertebrate genome functions.
To take advantage of medaka fish whose embryos are transparent and develop externally, microinjection is an essential technique to inject cell-tracers for labeling cells, mRNAs or anti-sense oligonucleotides for over-expressing and knocking-down genes of interest, and DNAs for making transgenic lines.

Medaka and zebrafish are complementary for genetic dissection of vertebrate genome functions. This protocol highlights the key points for successful microinjection into medaka embryos, an important technique for embryological and genetic analysis using medaka and zebrafish in a laboratory.

Микроинъекция эмбрионов оризии для использования в качестве модели Генетические организма

In this video, we demonstrate the technique of microinjection into one-cell stage medaka embryos. Medaka is a small egg-laying freshwater fish that allows ...

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

In eukaryotes, messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed in the nucleus and must be exported into the cytoplasm to access the translation machinery. Although the nuclear export of mRNA has been studied extensively in Xenopus oocytes1 and genetically tractable organisms such as yeast2 and the Drosophila derived S2 cell line3, few studies had been conducted in mammalian cells. Furthermore the kinetics of mRNA export in mammalian somatic cells could only be inferred indirectly4,5. In order to measure the nuclear export kinetics of mRNA in mammalian tissue culture cells, we have developed an assay that employs the power of microinjection coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). These assays have been used to demonstrate that in mammalian cells, the majority of mRNAs are exported in a splicing dependent manner6,7, or in manner that requires specific RNA sequences such as the signal sequence coding region (SSCR) 6. In this assay, cells are microinjected with either in vitro synthesized mRNA or plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest. The microinjected cells are incubated for various time points then fixed and the sub-cellular localization of RNA is assessed using FISH. In contrast to transfection, where transcription occurs several hours after the addition of nucleic acids, microinjection of DNA or mRNA allows for rapid expression and allows for the generation of precise kinetic data.

Here we describe an assay that employs the power of microinjection coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization in order to accurately measure the nuclear export kinetics of mRNA in mammalian somatic cells.

Анализ мРНК ядерного Кинетика Экспорт в клетках млекопитающих по Микроинъекция

In eukaryotes, messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed in the nucleus and must be exported into the cytoplasm to access the translation machinery. Although ...

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae zygotes result from the fusion of haploid cells of distinct mating type (MATa, MATalpha) and give rise to corresponding stable diploids that successively generate as many as 20 diploid progeny as a result of their strikingly asymmetric mitotic divisions 2. Zygote formation is orchestrated by a complex sequence of events: In this process, soluble mating factors bind to cognate receptors, triggering receptor-mediated signaling cascades that facilitate interruption of the cell cycle and culminate in cell-cell fusion. Zygotes may be considered a model for progenitor or stem cell function.
Although much has been learned about the formation of zygotes and although zygotes have been used to investigate cell-molecular questions of general significance, almost all studies have made use of mating mixtures in which zygotes are intermixed with a majority population of haploid cells 3-8. Many aspects of the biochemistry of zygote formation and the continuing life of the zygote therefore remain uninvestigated.
Reports of purification of yeast zygotes describe protocols based on their sedimentation properties 9; however, this sedimentation-based procedure did not yield nearly 90% purity in our hands. Moreover, it has the disadvantage that cells are exposed to hypertonic sorbitol. We therefore have developed a versatile purification procedure. For this purpose, pairs of haploid cells expressing red or green fluorescent proteins were co-incubated to allow zygote formation, harvested at various times, and the resulting zygotes were purified using a flow cytometry-based sorting protocol. This technique provides a convenient visual assessment of purity and maturation. The average purity of the fraction is approximately 90%. According to the timing of harvest, zygotes of varying degrees of maturity can be recovered. The purified samples provide a convenient point of departure for "-omic" studies, for recovery of initial progeny, and for systematic investigation of this progenitor cell.

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

To purify zygotes of S. cerevisiae, haploid cells of opposite mating type were engineered to express red or green fluorescent proteins, co-incubated to allow zygote formation, and fractionated using a flow cytometry-based protocol. The highly-enriched fraction enables subsequent "-omic" studies, recovery of initial progeny, and systematic investigation of zygote morphogenesis.

Проточной цитометрии на основе очистки<em&gt; S. CEREVISIAE</em&gt; Зиготы

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

Single-cell Microinjection for Cell Communication Analysis

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a hemichannel by each neighboring cell to form the gap junction. In mammalian cells, the hemichannel is formed by six connexins, monomers with four transmembrane domains and a C and N terminal within the cytoplasm. Gap junctions permit the exchange of ions, second messengers, and small metabolites. In addition, they have important roles in many forms of cellular communication within physiological processes such as synaptic transmission, heart contraction, cell growth and differentiation. We detail how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells. It is expected that in functional gap junctions, the dye will diffuse from the loaded cell to the connected cells. It is a very useful technique to study gap junctions since you can evaluate the diffusion of the fluorescence in real time. We discuss how to prepare the cells and the micropipette, how to use a micromanipulator and inject a low molecular weight fluorescent dye in an epithelial cell line.

We describe here how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells, and provide some useful tips. We expect that this paper will help everyone to evaluate the degree of cellular coupling due to functional gap junctions. Everything described here could be, in principle, adapted to other fluorescent dyes with molecular weight below 1,000 Daltons.

Одноклеточный Микроинъекция для анализа сотовой связи

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a ...

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of treatment solution is loaded into a microinjection needle that is used to physically inject individual immobilized cells or embryos. Despite the need for initial training to perform this procedure for high-throughput delivery, microinjection offers maximum efficiency and reproducible delivery of a wide variety of treatment solutions (including complex mixtures of samples) into cells, eggs or embryos. Applications to microinjections include delivery of DNA constructs, mRNAs, recombinant proteins, gain of function, and loss of function reagents. Fluorescent or colorimetric dye is added to the injected solution to enable instant visualization of efficient delivery as well as a tool for reliable normalization of the amount of the delivered solution. The described method enables microinjection of 100-400 sea urchin zygotes within 10-15 min.

Microinjection is a common technique used to deliver DNA constructs, mRNAs, morpholino antisense oligonucleotides or other treatments into eggs, embryos, and cells of various species.

Высокая пропускная Микроинъекции из морского ежа зиготы

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of ...

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular transfection technique for testicular mouse cells allows the study of unique processes in spermatogenesis.
The following protocol focuses on transfection of testicular mouse cells with plasmid constructs. Specifically, we used the reporter vector pEGFP-C1, which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and also the pDsRed2-N1 vector expressing red fluorescent protein (DsRed2). Both encoded reporter genes were under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV).
For performing gene transfer into mouse testes, the reporter plasmid constructs are injected into testes of living mice. To that end, the testis of an anaesthetized animal is exposed and the site of microinjection is prepared. Our preferred place of injection is the efferent duct, with the ultimately connected rete testis as the anatomical transport route of the spermatozoa between the testis and the epididymis. In this way, the filling of the seminiferous tubules after microinjection is excellently managed and controlled due to the use of stained DNA solutions. After observing a sufficient filling of the testis by its colored tubule structure, the organ is electroporated. This enables the transfer of the DNA solution into the testicular&#160;cells. Following 3 days of incubation, the testis is removed and investigated under the microscope for green or red&#160;fluorescence, illustrating transfection success.
Generally, this protocol can be employed for delivering DNA- or RNA- constructs into living mouse testis in order to (over)express or knock down genes, facilitating in vivo gene function analysis. Furthermore, it is suitable for studying reporter constructs or putative gene regulatory elements. Thus, the main advantages of the electroporation technique are fast performance in combination with low effort as well as the moderate technical equipment and skills required compared to alternative techniques.

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This article describes microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in&#160;vivo as a&#160;transfection technique for testicular mouse cells to study unique processes of spermatogenesis. The presented protocol involves steps of glass capillary preparation, microinjection via the efferent duct, and transfection by electroporation.

В Vivo микроинъекции и электропорации мыши яичка

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nephrotoxin Микроинъекция в данио рерио к модели острое повреждение почек

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...