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Presented here is a protocol for the separation of epidermis from dermis to evaluate inflammatory mediator production. Following inflammation, rat hind paw epidermis is separated from the dermis by thermolysin at 4 °C. The epidermis is then used for mRNA analysis by RT-PCR and protein evaluation by western blot and immunohistochemistry.
Easy-to-use and inexpensive techniques are needed to determine the site-specific production of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophins during skin injury, inflammation, and/or sensitization. The goal of this study is to describe an epidermal-dermal separation protocol using thermolysin, a proteinase that is active at 4 °C. To illustrate this procedure, Sprague Dawley rats are anesthetized, and right hind paws are injected with carrageenan. Six and twelve hours after injection, rats with inflammation and naïve rats are euthanized, and a piece of hind paw, glabrous skin is placed in cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. The epidermis is then separated at the basement membrane from the dermis by thermolysin in PBS with calcium chloride. Next, the dermis is secured by microdissection forceps, and the epidermis is gently teased away. Toluidine blue staining of tissue sections show that the epidermis is separated cleanly from the dermis at the basement membrane. All keratinocyte cell layers remain intact, and the epidermal rete ridges along with indentations from dermal papillae are clearly observed. Qualitative and real-time RT-PCR is used to determine nerve growth factor and interleukin-6 expression levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry are finally performed to detect amounts of nerve growth factor. This report illustrates that cold thermolysin digestion is an effective method to separate epidermis from dermis for evaluation of mRNA and protein alterations during inflammation.
Evaluation of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors from the skin can be limited due to the heterogeneity of cell types found in the inflamed dermis and epidermis1,2,3. Several enzymes, chemical, thermal, or mechanical techniques involving separation of the two layers or for performing cell dissociation for evaluation have been reviewed recently4. Acid, alkali, neutral salt, and heat can divide the epidermis from dermis quickly, but cellular and extracellular swelling often occurs5,6. Trypsin, pancreatin, elastase, keratinase, collagenase, pronase, dispase, and thermolysin are enzymes that have been used for epidermal-dermal separation4,7. Trypsin and other broad scale proteolytic enzymes are active at 37–40 °C but must be monitored carefully to prevent dissociation of epidermal layers. Dispase cleaves the epidermis at the lamina densa, but requires 24 h for separation in the cold4,8 or shorter timepoints at 37 °C4,9. A limiting feature of all these techniques is the potential disruption of tissue morphology and loss of integrity of mRNA and protein.
To maintain the integrity of mRNA and protein, a skin separation method should be carried out in the cold for a short period of time. In evaluating skin separation techniques for inflammation studies, thermolysin is an effective enzyme to separate the epidermis from dermis at cold temperatures4. Thermolysin is active at 4 °C, cleaves epidermal hemidesmosomes from the lamina lucida, and separates the epidermis from dermis within 1–3 h4,8,10. The goal of this report is to optimize the use of thermolysin for separation of inflamed rat epidermis from dermis to detect mRNA and protein levels for inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors. Several preliminary reports have been presented11,12,13,14,15. The objective of this manuscript is to describe an optimal skin separation technique using thermolysin and demonstrate the detection of 1) markers of inflammation, 2) interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA, and 3) nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and protein in the epidermis of rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation (C-II)16,17. A preliminary report using the complete Freund’s adjuvant model indicates that NGF mRNA and protein levels increase early during inflammation15. In mice, skin sensitization with the topical application of oxazolone causes an early rise in the IL-6 mRNA using in situ hybridization36. Both IL-6 and NGF have been implicated in C-II18,19, but there have been no reports describing mRNA or protein levels for IL-6 or NGF specifically from the epidermis during the acute stages of C-II.
The thermolysin technique is inexpensive and straightforward to perform. Furthermore, thermolysin separation of the epidermis from dermis allows for mRNA, western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors during the process of inflammation15. Investigators should be able to easily use this technique in both preclinical and clinical studies of skin inflammation.
This protocol follows the animal care guidelines of Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences IACUC (#2016-03).
1. Carrageenan-induced inflammation (C-II)
2. Thermolysin separation of epidermis and dermis
3. Protein extraction and western blot analysis
4. Immunohistochemistry
5. RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis
Carrageenan injection into the rat hind paw caused classic symptoms of inflammation such as redness and edema16,17. The swelling of the hind paw was measured with mechanical calipers20. A baseline value of the thickness of the paw was obtained for each rat before carrageenan treatment and measured again at 6 h and 12 h. Paw thickness was increased significantly compared to the baseline values (Figure 1).
<...The study determined that the epidermis of rat hind paw glabrous skin was easily separated from dermis using thermolysin (0.5 mG/mL) in PBS with 1 mM calcium chloride at 4 °C for 2.5 h. Histological evaluation indicated that the epidermis was separated from the dermis at the basement membrane and that the epidermal rete ridges were intact. Thermolysin is an extracellular metalloendopeptidase produced by Gram-positive (Geo)Bacillus thermoproteolyticus24. Its activity is stable...
The authors have no disclosures.
Funding for this research was provided by National Institutes of Health NIH-AR047410 (KEM)
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
λ-carrageenan | Millipore Sigma | 22049 | Subcutaneous injection of carrageenan induces inflammation |
7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 4351107 | For RT-PCR analysis |
Calcium chloride (CaCl2), anhydrous | Millipore Sigma | 499609 | Prevents autolysis of thermolysin |
Crystal Mount Aqueous Mounting Medium | Millipore Sigma | C0612 | Aqueous mounting medium after toluidine blue staining |
Donkey anti-Mouse Alexa Fluor 555 | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-31570 | Secondary antibody for immunohistochemistry |
Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 488 | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-21206 | Secondary antibody for immunohistochemistry |
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 11966-025 | To maintain tissue integrity |
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Millipore Sigma | E6758 | Stops thermolysin reaction |
Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) Reverse transcriptase | Promega | M1701 | For complementary DNA synthesis |
Mouse anti-NGF Antibody (E-12) | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-365944 | For neurotrophin immunohistochemistry |
ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant | Thermo Fisher Scientific | P36930 | To retard immunofluorescence quenching |
Rabbit anti-PGP 9.5 | Cedarlane Labs | CL7756AP | For intraepidermal nerve staining |
SAS Sprague Dawley Rat | Charles River | Strain Code 400 | Animal used for inflammation studies |
Shandon M-1 Embedding Matrix | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 1310TS | Tissue embedding matrix for tinctorial- and immuno-histochemistry |
SimpliAmp Thermal Cycler | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A24811 | For RT-PCR analysis |
SYBR Select Master Mix | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 4472908 | For RT-PCR analysis |
Thermolysin | Millipore Sigma | T7902 | From Geobacillus stearothermophilus |
Toluidine Blue | Millipore Sigma | 89640 | For tinctorial staining for brightfield microscopy |
TRIzol Reagent | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15596026 | For total RNA extraction for RTPCR |
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