Semi-Quantitative Determination of Dopaminergic Neuron Density in the Substantia Nigra of Rodent Models using Automated Image Analysis

Summary

Here we present an automated method for semi-quantitative determination of dopaminergic neuron number in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta.

Abstract

Estimation of the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key method in pre-clinical Parkinson's disease research. Currently, unbiased stereological counting is the standard for quantification of these cells, but it remains a laborious and time-consuming process, which may not be feasible for all projects. Here, we describe the use of an image analysis platform, which can accurately estimate the quantity of labeled cells in a pre-defined region of interest. We describe a step-by-step protocol for this method of analysis in rat brain and demonstrate it can identify a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons due to expression of mutant α-synuclein in the substantia nigra. We validated this methodology by comparing with results obtained by unbiased stereology. Taken together, this method provides a time-efficient and accurate process for detecting changes in dopaminergic neuron number, and thus is suitable for efficient determination of the effect of interventions on cell survival.

Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the presence of protein aggregates containing α-synuclein (α-syn) and the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)¹. Quantification of dopaminergic neuron number is a vital part of PD research as it permits the evaluation of the integrity of the nigrostriatal system, thus, providing an important endpoint to assess the effectiveness of potential disease-modifying therapeutics. Currently, the standard for quantification of cell number is unbiased stereological counting, which utilizes two-di....

Protocol

All procedures were approved by the University Health Network Animal Care Committee and performed in accordance with guidelines and regulations set by the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

1. Stereotactic injection

1. Pair-house adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-280 g) in cages with wood bedding and ad lib access to food and water. Maintain the animal colony in a regular 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on 06:30) with constant temperature and humidity.
2. Perform unilateral stereotactic injection of AAV directly to the SNpc on the right side of the brain (right or left side, according to the preferences of each lab) as previ....

Results

By applying the above methods to brain tissue collected 6 weeks after AAV injections, we demonstrated that stereotactic injection of AAV expressing mutant A53T α-syn (AAV-A53T) in the SNpc of rat brain results in a significant reduction in the density of dopaminergic neurons compared to injection of empty vector AAV (AAV-EV) as a control (Figure 5A,B). The mean number of TH-positive neurons/mm² in the SNpc of rats injected with AAV-EV was 276.2 ± 34.7, a.......

Discussion

The reliable assessment of the integrity of the dopaminergic system in pre-clinical models of PD is critical to determine the effectiveness of potential disease-modifying therapeutics. Therefore, it is important to control and minimize potential confounds that may reduce the reliability and reproducibility of histopathological data. Careful quantitative outcomes can provide more information than qualitative or semi-quantitative descriptions alone. At the same time, we must recognize that constraints in time and resources.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
A-Syn Antibody	ThermoFisher Scientific	32-8100
ABC Elite	Vector Labs	PK-6102
Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody	ThermoFisher Scientific	A-11008
Alexa Fluor 555 secondary antibody	ThermoFisher Scientific	A-28180
Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-rabbit igG	Jackson Immuno	111-055-144
Biotinylated anti-mouse IgG	Vector Labs	BA-9200
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma	A2153
DAKO fluorescent mouting medium	Agilent	S3023
HALO™	Indica Labs
Histo-Clear II	Diamed	HS202
ImmPACT DAB Peroxidase substrate	Vector Labs	SK-4105
LSM880 Confocal Microscope	Zeiss
NeuN Antibody	Millipore	MAB377
Normal Goat Serum	Vector Labs	S-1000-20
OCT	Tissue-Tek
Paraformaldehyde	BioShop	PAR070.1
Sliding microtome	Leica	SM2010 R
Stereo Investigator	MBF Bioscience
Sucrose	BioShop	SUC700
TH Antibody	ThermoFisher Scientific	P21962
VectaMount mounting medium	Vector Labs	H-5000
Vector Blue Alkaline Phosphatase substrate	Vector Labs	SK-5300
Zen Black Software	Zeiss
Zen Blue Software	Zeiss