Surgery and Sample Processing for Correlative Imaging of the Murine Pulmonary Valve

Summary

Here, we describe a correlative workflow for the excision, pressurization, fixation, and imaging of the murine pulmonary valve to determine the gross conformation and local extracellular matrix structures.

Abstract

The underlying causes of heart valve related-disease (HVD) are elusive. Murine animal models provide an excellent tool for studying HVD, however, the surgical and instrumental expertise required to accurately quantify the structure and organization across multiple length scales have stunted its advancement. This work provides a detailed description of the murine dissection, en bloc staining, sample processing, and correlative imaging procedures for depicting the heart valve at different length scales. Hydrostatic transvalvular pressure was used to control the temporal heterogeneity by chemically fixing the heart valve conformation. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) was used to confirm the geometry of the heart valve and provide a reference for the downstream sample processing needed for the serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). High-resolution serial SEM images of the extracellular matrix (ECM) were taken and reconstructed to provide a local 3D representation of its organization. µCT and SBF-SEM imaging methods were then correlated to overcome the spatial variation across the pulmonary valve. Though the work presented is exclusively on the pulmonary valve, this methodology could be adopted for describing the hierarchical organization in biological systems and is pivotal for the structural characterization across multiple length scales.

Introduction

The pulmonary valve (PV) serves to ensure unidirectional blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary valve malformations are associated with several forms of congenital heart disease. The current treatment for congenital heart valve disease (HVD) is valvular repair or valve replacement, which can necessitate multiple invasive surgeries throughout a patient's lifetime¹. It has been widely accepted that the function of the heart valve is derived from its structure, often referred to as the structure-function correlate. More specifically, the geometric and biomechanical properties of the heart dictate its functio....

Protocol

The use of animals in this study was in accordance with Nationwide Children's Hospital institutional animal care and use committee under protocol AR13-00030.

1. Pulmonary valve excision

1. Autoclave the necessary tools needed for the mouse dissection. This includes fine scissors, micro forceps, micro vascular clamps, clamp applying forceps, microneedle holders, spring scissors, and retractors.
2. Acclimate all mice for a minimum of 2 weeks before the operation. Remove C57BL.......

Discussion

Removal of the ventricles serves two purposes. First, exposing the ventricle side to the atmospheric pressure, thereby only needing to apply a transvalvular pressure from the arterial side of the pulmonary valve to close, and second, providing a stable base to prevent twisting of the pulmonary trunk. During pressurization, the pulmonary trunk distends radially and inferiorly, making it prone to twisting, causing the collapse of the pulmonary trunk. Preloading the pulmonary valve with a saline solution offers an additiona.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
25% glutaraldehyde (aq)	EMS	16210	Primary fixative component
0.9% sodium chloride injection	Hospira Inc.	NDC 0409-4888-10
1 mL syringe	BD	309659
10 mL syringe	BD	309604
200 proof ethanol	EMS	15055
22G needle	BD	305156
3 mL syringe	BD	309657
3-way stopcock	Smiths Medical ASD, Inc.	MX5311L
4% osmium tetroxide	EMS	19150	Staining component
4% paraformaldehyde (aq)	EMS	157-4-100	Primary fixative component
Absorbable hemostat	Ethicon	1961
Acetone	EMS	10012
Black polyamide monofilament suture, 10-0	AROSurgical instruments Corporation	TI38402
Black polyamide monofilament suture, 6-0	AROSurgical instruments Corporation	SN-1956
C57BL/6 mice	Jackson Laboratories	664	Approximately 1 yo
Calcium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	10043-52-4
Clamp applying forcep	FST	00072-14
Cotton tip applicators	Fisher Scientific	23-400-118
DPBS	Gibco	14190-144
Dumont #5 forcep	FST	11251-20
Dumont #5/45 forceps	FST	11251-35
Dumont #7 fine forcep	FST	11274-20
Durcupan ACM resin	EMS	14040	For embedding
Fine scissor	FST	14028-10
Heliscan microCT	Thermo Fisher Scientific		Micro-CT
Ketamine hydrochloride injection	Hospira Inc.	NDC 0409-2053
L-aspartic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	56-84-8	Staining component
Lead nitrate	EMS	17900	Staining component
low-vacuum backscatter detector	Thermo Fisher Scientific	VSDBS	SEM backscatter detector
Micro-adson forcep	FST	11018-12
Millex-GP filter, 0.22 um, PES 33mm, non-sterile	EMD Millipore	SLGP033NS
Non-woven songes	McKesson Corp.	94442000
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	14459-95-1	Staining component
Potassium hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	1310-58-3
Pressure monitor line	Smiths Medical ASD, Inc.	MX562
Saline solution (sterile 0.9% sodium chloride)	Hospira Inc.	NDC 0409-0138-22
Size 3 BEEM capsule	EMS	69910-01	Embedding container
Sodium cacodylate trihydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	6131-99-3	Buffer
Solibri retractors	FST	17000-04
Sputter, carbon and e-beam coater	Leica	EM ACE600	Gold coater
Surgical microscope	Leica	M80
Thiocarbohydrazide (TCH)	EMS	21900	Staining component
Tish needle holder/forcep	Micrins	MI1540
Trimmer	Wahl	9854-500
Uranyl acetate	EMS	22400	Staining component
Volumescope scanning electron microscope	Thermo Fisher Scientific	VOLUMESCOPESEM	Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscope
Xylazine sterile solution	Akorn Inc.	NADA# 139-236