A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents

Summary

This protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the transplantation of aortic valve leaflets under the renal capsule to allow for the study of alloreactivity of heart valves.

Abstract

There is an urgent clinical need for heart valve replacements that can grow in children. Heart valve transplantation is proposed as a new type of transplant with the potential to deliver durable heart valves capable of somatic growth with no requirement for anticoagulation. However, the immunobiology of heart valve transplants remains unexplored, highlighting the need for animal models to study this new type of transplant. Previous rat models for heterotopic aortic valve transplantation into the abdominal aorta have been described, though they are technically challenging and costly. For addressing this challenge, a renal subcapsular transplant model was developed in rodents as a practical and more straightforward method for studying heart valve transplant immunobiology. In this model, a single aortic valve leaflet is harvested and inserted into the renal subcapsular space. The kidney is easily accessible, and the transplanted tissue is securely contained in a subcapsular space that is well vascularized and can accommodate a variety of tissue sizes. Furthermore, because a single rat can provide three donor aortic leaflets and a single kidney can provide multiple sites for transplanted tissue, fewer rats are required for a given study. Here, the transplantation technique is described, providing a significant step forward in studying the transplant immunology of heart valve transplantation.

Introduction

Congenital heart defects are the most common congenital disability in humans, affecting 7 in 1,000 live-born children each year¹. Unlike adult patients in which various mechanical and bioprosthetic valves are routinely implanted, pediatric patients currently have no good options for valve replacement. These conventional implants do not have the potential to grow in recipient children. As a result, morbid re-operations are required to exchange the heart valve implants for successively larger versions as the children grow, with affected kids often requiring up to five or more open-heart surgeries in their lifetime^2,

Protocol

The study was approved by the Committee of Animal Research following the National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

1. Information on the animal model (Rats)

1. Use an operating microscope (see Table of Materials) with up to 20x magnification for all surgical procedures.
2. Use syngeneic (such as Lewis-Lewis) or allogeneic (such as Lewis-Brown Norway) strains for the transplants as needed for the experiment.
3. Use rats o.......

Discussion

Importance and potential applications
While mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves are routinely used in adult patients requiring valve replacement, these valves lack the potential to grow and, therefore, are suboptimal for pediatric patients. Heart valve transplantation is an experimental operation designed to deliver growing heart valve replacements for neonates and infants with congenital heart disease. However, unlike the transplant immunobiology of conventional heart transplants, the transp.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Sodium Chlordie, USP	Baxter	NDC 0338-0048-04
4-0 Polyglactin 910	Ethicon	J415H
7.5% Povidone-Iodine	CareFusion	29904-004
70% ETOH	Fisher Scientific	BP82031GAL
Anesthesia induction chamber	Harvard Apparatus	75-2030	Air-tight inducton chamber for rats
Anesthesia machine	Harvard Apparatus	75-0238	Mobile Anesthesia System with Passive Scavenging
Anesthesia Mask	Harvard Apparatus	59-8255	Rat anesthesia mask
Brown Norway Rats (BN/Crl)	Charles River	Strain Code 091	Male, 5-7 weeks, 100-200 g
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, 0.3 mg/mL	PAR Pharmaceutical	NDC 42023-179-05	0.03 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously
Electric hair clippers	WAHL	79434
Electric Heating Pad	Harvard Apparatus	72-0492	Maintained at 36-38 °C
Heparin	Sagent Pharmaceuticals	NDC 25021-400-10	100U/100g injection into the left atrium
Insulin Syringe, 1 mL	Fisher Scientific	14-841-33
Iris forceps curved	World Precision Instruments	15917
Iris forceps straight	World Precision Instruments	15916
Isoflurane, USP	Piramal Critical Care	NDC 66794-017-25	Induced at 5% isoflurance in oxygen and maintained with 3.5% isoflurane in oxygen
Lewis Rats (LEW/ Crl)	Charles River	Strain Code 004	Male, 5-7 weeks, 100-200 g
Micro forceps	World Precision Instruments	500233	Dumont #5
Micro scissors	World Precision Instruments	501930	Spring-loaded Vannas Scissors
Needle Driver	World Precision Instruments	500226	Ryder Needle Driver
Operating microscope	AmScope	SM-3BZ-80S	3.5x - 90x Stereo Microscope
Petri Dish	Fisher Scientific	FB0875714
Petrolatum ophthalmic ointment	Dechra	NDC 17033-211-38
Skin staples	Ethicon	PXR35	Proximate 35
Sterile cotton swabs	Puritan	25-806 1WC
Sterile gauze sponges	Fisher Scientific	22-037-902
Surgical Scissors	World Precision Instruments	1962C	Metzenbaum Scissors
University of Wisconsin Buffer (Servator B)	S.A.L.F S.p.A.	6484A1	Stored at 4 °C