Analysis of Astrocyte Territory Volume and Tiling in Thick Free-Floating Tissue Sections

Summary

This protocol describes methods for sectioning, staining, and imaging free-floating tissue sections of the mouse brain, followed by a detailed description of the analysis of astrocyte territory volume and astrocyte territory overlap or tiling.

Abstract

Astrocytes possess an astounding degree of morphological complexity that enables them to interact with nearly every type of cell and structure within the brain. Through these interactions, astrocytes actively regulate many critical brain functions, including synapse formation, neurotransmission, and ion homeostasis. In the rodent brain, astrocytes grow in size and complexity during the first three postnatal weeks and establish distinct, non-overlapping territories to tile the brain. This protocol provides an established method for analyzing astrocyte territory volume and astrocyte tiling using free-floating tissue sections from the mouse brain. First, this protocol describes the steps for tissue collection, cryosectioning, and immunostaining of free-floating tissue sections. Second, this protocol describes image acquisition and analysis of astrocyte territory volume and territory overlap volume, using commercially available image analysis software. Lastly, this manuscript discusses the advantages, important considerations, common pitfalls, and limitations of these methods. This protocol requires brain tissue with sparse or mosaic fluorescent labeling of astrocytes, and is designed to be used with common lab equipment, confocal microscopy, and commercially available image analysis software.

Introduction

Astrocytes are elaborately branched cells that perform many important functions in the brain¹. In the mouse cortex, radial glial stem cells give rise to astrocytes during the late embryonic and early postnatal stages². During the first three postnatal weeks, astrocytes grow in size and complexity, developing thousands of fine branches that directly interact with synapses¹. Concurrently, astrocytes interact with neighboring astrocytes to establish discrete, non-overlapping territories to tile the brain³, while maintaining communication via gap junction channels

Protocol

All mice were used in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Division of Comparative Medicine (IACUC protocol number 21-116.0). Mice of both sexes at postnatal day 21 (P21) were used for these experiments. CD1 mice were obtained commercially (Table of Materials), and MADM9 WT:WT and MADM9 WT:KO mice were described previously⁹.

NOTE: This protocol requires brains with fluorescent protein expression in a sparse population of astrocytes. Fluorescent protein expression can be introduced genetically, virally, or by....

Results

Figure 1 presents a schematic outline of the major steps and workflow for this protocol. Figure 2 shows screenshots of key steps using the image analysis software to generate a surface, generate spots close to the surface, and generate a convex hull. Figure 3 demonstrates the application of this technique to determine astrocyte territory overlap/tiling. In Figure 4, representative results from a pr.......

Discussion

This protocol describes an established method for analyzing astrocyte territory volume and astrocyte tiling in the mouse cortex, detailing all of the major steps beginning with perfusion and ending with image analysis. This protocol requires brains from mice that express fluorescent proteins in a sparse or mosaic population of astrocytes. Outside of this requirement, mice of any age may be used for this protocol, with only minor adjustments to perfusion settings and the volume of freezing media added to the embedding mol.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
#5 forceps	Roboz	RS-5045
1 mL TB Syringe	Becton Dickinson (BD)	309623
10x TBS (tris-buffered saline)			30 g Tris, 80 g NaCl, 2 g KCl, HCl to pH 7.4, dH2O to 1 L; store at room temperature (RT)
12-well plate	Genesee Scientific	25-106MP
1x TBS			100 mL 10x TBS + 900 mL dH2O; store at RT
1x TBS + Heparin			28.2 mg Heparin + 250 mL 1x TBS; store at 4 °C
24-well plate	Genesee Scientific	25-107MP
30% Sucrose in TBS			15 g sucrose, 1x TBS to 50 mL; store at 4 °C
4% PFA (paraformaldehyde) in TBS			40 g PFA, 4-6 NaOH pellets, 100 mL 10x TBS, dH2O to 1 L; store at 4 °C
Avertin			0.3125 g tri-bromoethanol, 0.625 mL methylbutanol, dH2O to 25 mL; store at 4 °C; discard 2 weeks after making
Blocking and antibody buffer			10% goat serum in TBST; store at 4 °C
CD1 mice	Charles River	022
Collection vial for brains	Fisher Scientific	03-337-20
Confocal acquisition software	Olympous	FV31S-SW
Confocal microscope	Olympus	FV3000RS
Coverslips	Fisher Scientific	12544E
Cryostat	Thermo Scientific	CryoStar NX50
Cryostat blade	Thermo Scientific	3052835
DAPI	Invitrogen	D1306
Embedding mold	Polysciences	18646A-1
Freezing Medium			2:1 30% sucrose:OCT; store at RT
GFP antibody	Aves Labs	GFP1010
Glycerol	Thermo Scientific	158920010
Goat anti-chicken 488	Invitrogen	A-11039
Goat anti-rabbit 594	Invitrogen	A11037
Goat Serum	Gibco	16210064
Heparin	Sigma-Aldrich	H3149
Hydrochloric acid	Sigma-Aldrich	258148
Imaris	Bitplane	N/A	Version 9.8.0
MATLAB	MathWorks	N/A
Metal lunch tin	AQUARIUS	N/A	From Amazon, "DIY Large Fun Box"
Methylbutanol	Sigma-Aldrich	152463
Micro Dissecting Scissors	Roboz	RS-5921
Mouting medium			20mM Tris pH8.0, 90% Glycerol, 0.5% N-propyl gallate ; store at 4 °C; good for up to 2 months
Nailpolish	VWR	100491-940
N-propyl gallate	Sigma-Aldrich	02370-100G
O.C.T.	Fisher Scientific	23-730-571
Oil	Olympus	IMMOIL-F30CC	Specific to microscope/objective
Operating Scissors 6"	Roboz	RS-6820
Orbital platform shaker	Fisher Scientific	88861043	Minimum speed needed: 25 rpm
Paintbrush	Bogrinuo	N/A	From Amazon, "Detail Paint Brushes - Miniature Brushes"
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148
Pasteur pipet (5.75")	VWR	14672-608
Pasteur pipet (9")	VWR	14672-380
Potassium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	P9541-500G
Razor blade	Fisher Scientific	12-640
RFP antibody	Rockland	600-401-379
Sectioning medium			1:1 glycerol:1x TBS; store at RT
Slides	VWR	48311-703
Sodium chrloide	Fisher Scientific	BP358-212
Sodium hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	S5881
Sucrose	Sigma-Aldrich	S0389
TBST (TBS + Triton X-100)			0.2% Triton in 1x TBS; store at RT
Transfer Pipet	VWR	414004-002
Tri-bromoethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	T48402
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane	Thermo Scientific	424570025
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	93443
Triton X-100 (high-quality)	Fisher Scientific	50-489-120
XTSpotsConvexHull	N/A	N/A	custom XTension provide as supplementary material
Buffers and Solutions
10x TBS			xx mM Tris, xx mM NaCl, xx mM KCl, pH 7.4
1x TBS
1x TBS + Heparin			add xx mg Heparin to xx mL of 1x TBS
4% PFA
30% Sucrose in TBS
Freezing Medium
Sectioning medium
TBST			0.2% Triton in 1x TBS
Blocking and antibody buffer			10% goat serum in 1x TBST
Mouting medium