Fabrication and Use of Dry Macroporous Alginate Scaffolds for Viral Transduction of T Cells

Summary

Herein is a protocol for creating dry macroporous alginate scaffolds that mediate efficient viral gene transfer for use in genetic engineering of T cells, including T cells for CAR-T cell therapy. The scaffolds were shown to transduce activated primary T cells with >85% transduction.

Abstract

Genetic engineering of T cells for CAR-T cell therapy has come to the forefront of cancer treatment over the last few years. CAR-T cells are produced by viral gene transfer into T cells. The current gold standard of viral gene transfer involves spinoculation of retronectin-coated plates, which is expensive and time-consuming. There is a significant need for efficient and cost-effective methods to generate CAR-T cells. Described here is a method for fabricating inexpensive, dry macroporous alginate scaffolds, known as Drydux scaffolds, that efficiently promote viral transduction of activated T cells. The scaffolds are designed to be used in place of gold standard spinoculation of retronectin-coated plates seeded with virus and simplify the process for transducing cells. Alginate is cross-linked with calcium-D-gluconate and frozen overnight to create the scaffolds. The frozen scaffolds are freeze-dried in a lyophilizer for 72 h to complete the formation of the dry macroporous scaffolds. The scaffolds mediate viral gene transfer when virus and activated T cells are seeded together on top of the scaffold to produce genetically modified cells. The scaffolds produce >85% primary T cell transduction, which is comparable to the transduction efficiency of spinoculation on retronectin-coated plates. These results demonstrate that dry macroporous alginate scaffolds serve as a cheaper and more convenient alternative to the conventional transduction method.

Introduction

Immunotherapy has emerged as a revolutionary cancer treatment paradigm due to its ability to specifically target tumors, limit off-target cytotoxicity, and prevent relapse. Particularly, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has gained popularity due to its success in treating lymphomas and leukemias. The FDA approved the first CAR-T cell therapy in 2017, and, since then, has approved four more CAR-T cell therapies^1,2,3,4,5. CARs have an antigen recognition domain usually consisting of a single c....

Protocol

All the procedures involving human primacy cells and retroviral vectors were performed in compliance with North Carolina State University's Biological Safety guidelines and approved by the Environmental Health and Safety Office. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purchased as buffy coats from commercial sources. Primary human cells must be isolated from human buffy coat fractions and require Biosafety Level 2 clearance and detailed standard operating procedures and approval from the institution where the w.......

Discussion

CAR-T cell therapy continues to gain interest for both research and commercial applications. Despite the success CAR-T cell therapy has had in treating blood cancers, the high cost of the procedure limits its use. The protocol presented here introduces a new method for viral gene transfer of T cells without the need for spinoculation of retronectin-coated plates. Producing dry macroporous alginate scaffolds to mediate transduction is relatively simple and is a suitable low-cost replacement for the conventional method.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.5 M EDTA	Invitrogen	15575-038	UltraPure, pH 8.0
1x DPBS	Gibco	14190-144	No calcium chloride or magnesium chloride
3% Acetic Acid with Methylene Blue	Stemcell Technologies Inc	07060
Activated Periphreal Blood Mononuclear Cells	-	-	Fresh or frozen
Calcium-D-Gluconate	Alfa Aesar	A11649
CD28.2 Antibody	BD	555725	1 mg/mL
CD3 Antibody	Miltenyi	130-093-387	100 μg/mL
Click's Media	FUJIFILM IRVINE SCIENTIFIC MS	9195
DI Water	-	-
Glutamax	Gibco	35-050-061
HyClone FBS	Cytvia	SH3039603
HyClone RPMI 1640 Media	Cytvia	SH3009601
Penicillin-streptomycin (P/S)	Gibco	15-140-122
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells	-	-	Fresh or frozen
PRONOVA UP MVG	NovaMatrix	4200101	Sodium alginate
Recombinant Human IL-15	Peprotech	200-15	5 ng/mL
Recombinant Human IL-7	Peprotech	200-07	10 ng/mL
Retrovirus	-	-	1 x 106 TU/mL