The Establishment of a Murine Mandibular Molar Extraction Socket Healing Model

Summary

This protocol demonstrates step-by-step details of how to extract the mandibular first molar in the mouse. It provides an alternative method for researchers focusing on jawbone healing and regeneration.

Abstract

This study introduces the development of a molar extraction model in the murine mandible to provide a practicable model for studying alveolar bone regeneration and intramembranous ossification. C57/J6 mice were used to extract the mandibular first molar to establish this model. They were euthanized, and the bilateral mandibles harvested, at 1 week and 4 weeks post-surgery, respectively. Subsequent serial stereoscopic harvest, histological assessment, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to demonstrate successful surgery. Immediately after surgery, the stereoscopic images displayed an empty extraction socket. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) at 1 week and Masson staining at 4 weeks post-surgery showed that the area of the original root was partially and fully filled with bone trabeculae, respectively. The immunofluorescence staining showed that, compared with the homeostasis side, the Sp7 expression increased at 1 week post-surgery, suggesting vigorous osteogenesis in the alveolar fossa. All these results demonstrated a practicable murine tooth extraction socket healing model. Upcoming studies revealing the mechanisms of jawbone defect healing or socket healing could adopt this method.

Introduction

Socket healing after tooth extraction is a common clinical scenario, which can result in unbecoming complications such as socket hemorrhage, dry socket, or even jaw osteomyelitis under undesirable healing^1,2,3. These comorbidities may impair the quality of life of patients and, even worse, vitally challenge prosthetic rehabilitation due to massive bone loss⁴. Though the socket healing stages have been elucidated, they are inadequate to direct clinical care post-tooth extraction surgery when encountering various prognosis challenges⁴.

Multiple studies based on animal models have been conducted to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the socket healing process and avert the above situations. Sp7 is a master regulator in osteoblast differentiation, playing a vital role in skeleton development, bone hemostasis, and bone regeneration^5,6. Rational socket healing models could display the redundancy of Sp7 post-traumatic in bone regeneration. In addition, distinct from long bone fracture healing, only a single osteogenic process, intramembranous ossification, involves the healing process of the extraction socket⁷. This makes the animal tooth extraction model optimal for studying implant-based therapies, as implant osseointegration obeys the same osteogenic rule⁸.

For decades, the tooth extraction model has been performed in rats, rabbits, and dogs, since these species have big teeth that are convenient to operate on^9,10,11. However, given the flourishing demands for genetic modification and as a more adaptive genetic background to humans, mice are increasingly being used to establish a tooth extraction model. Thenceforward, researchers could unravel a specific cell population's role in the socket healing process using genome-modified mice instead of observing phenotypes only¹². Among murine tooth extraction socket models, preceding studies have demonstrated the establishment and healing process of murine maxillary tooth and incisor extraction sockets^13,14,15,16. However, the healing pattern of the prognosis, and the detective and observative time points, may differ across protocols. This appeals to a universal criterion for scholars to establish a murine socket healing model.

This study aimed to constitute a practicable murine socket healing model for the above issues. Mandible molars in mice have distinctive morphological traits compared to maxillary molars and incisors, bringing unique advantages and disadvantages. As the models focusing on the murine mandible are currently vacuum-based, this protocol tried to provide an accomplished method to extract the mandibular first molar in mice. We hope this protocol will enlighten basic researchers with new ideas to uncover underlying mechanisms of socket healing and indicate clinical care.

Protocol

All animal procedures in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of the West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University (WCHSIRB-D-2017-041). Adult C57BL/6 mice, obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials), were used for the present study.

1. Presurgical preparation

1. Instrument preparation
   1. Prepare various needles of disposable syringes (26G, 25G, 23G; see Table of Materials) to be used as elevators. Inflect the needle head approximately 20°-40°, as shown in Figure 1.
   2. Prepare toothed ophthalmic tweezers as forceps. Ensure that it fits the size of the mice's molars and can grab the molars firmly. The ideal tweezer size is shown in Figure 1A, B3.
   3. Obtain a rubber band (which can be torn from a medical latex glove) to be used as a mouth opener, a foam board or corkboard as the surgical platform, a headlamp to light up the surgical area, and a heating pad for postoperative revival. Tear a dry cotton ball into small pieces and apply it to the surgical site if bleeding occurs during the procedure.
2. Anesthesia preparation
   1. The mouse can be anesthetized by any suitable anesthetic protocol that achieves general anesthesia confirmed through the 'toe pinch' method. Following anesthesia, apply veterinary ointment on the eyes of the mouse.
      ​NOTE: Preferred general anesthetic protocol could be: induction and maintenance with xylazine (10 mg/kg) and ketamine (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP);
      For this study, isoflurane and 1% pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg, IP) were used for anesthesia induction and maintenance with additional doses as needed.
3. Disinfection and Sterilization preparation
   1. Disinfect the operation platform and the open-air overhead with a 75% ethanol sprayer. Prior to each mouse procedure, the use of a new set of disposable needles is recommended.
      NOTE: The toothed tweezers are reusable and can be sterilized using any preferred method such as steam sterilization.

2. Surgical process

1. Fixation of the mouse and its mandible
   1. Tie the mouse to a surgical platform in a supine position using adhesive tape. Pin two 26 G needles in line with the orbital ear plane and another two 26 G needles at ease below the mandible.
   2. Apply the rubber band around the needles and cross the incisors to hold the mouth open. Slightly pull the tongue out and fix it under the rubber band opposite the surgical side, to prevent it from obstructing the field of view (Figure 1C).
2. Eliminating the distal resistance
   1. Hold the molar with tweezers mesially, force a 23 G needle into the buccal alveolar bone of the distal root, and render an interval.
      NOTE: This step must be taken with great caution, as a needle that is embedded too deep will likely snap the root.
   2. Next, change to a 25 G needle to continue to expand the interval, and progress delicately toward the periapical area while slowly rotating the needle forward and lingually (with the mouse anatomical position) to press the root out of the alveolar fossa.
3. Eliminating the mesial resistance
   1. When there is enough space, use a 23 G needle to insert into the root fork and lift the molar occlusally. After holding the molar tightly, take another 23 G needle and force it into the lingual mesial periodontal membrane to create an interval.
   2. Then, substitute with a 25 G needle and slowly rotate forward and buccally. If some underlying hindrances impede the luxation of the molar, use a 26 G needle to penetrate the root apex, and repeat the operations.
4. Final extraction
   1. Extract the tooth and, while extracting, ensure that the crown rises high above the occlusal plane and that two intact roots can be clearly seen.
      NOTE: The luxation (dislocation) of the tooth is considered the most painful and distressing moment of the procedure. Prior to dislocating the tooth, the anesthetic depth should be reassessed using the toe pinch test, and accordingly, a moderate dose of an anesthetic agent should be administered if necessary. 
5. Post-operative care
   1. After extracting the tooth, apply dry cotton to stop bleeding, reposition the tongue, administer carprofen (5 mg/kg) subcutaneously, and put the mouse on a constant temperature heating pad until recovery from anesthesia.

3. Imaging of the mouse mandible and the extraction socket

1. Preparation of the samples
   1. Euthanize the mouse by cervical dislocation. Use ophthalmic scissors to cut the skeleton muscles attached to the mandible and the zygomatic arch. Cut from the throat along the lower edge of the mandible to the ascending branch and then to the backside of the condyle, and then pull the mandible down and cut along the lower incisor midline. This way, the two separate mandibles are harvested.
   2. Perform fixation, demineralization, and dehydration following the standard procedure¹⁷. When embedding¹⁷, ensure that the occlusal plane is parallel with the edge of the cassette (see Table of Materials). Fix the mandible on the bottom of the cassette, with its lower edge cocked (Figure 2).
      NOTE: This protocol offers the sagittal plane of the mandible area.
2. Fixing the sample on the microtome
   1. Regulate the specimen clamp in the microtome to protrude the condyle and the crown side 5°-20° more, to attain an integrated image of crown pulp concomitant with root pulp (Figure 2).
3. Preparing the sections
   NOTE: The condyle is always the first anatomical structure to be cut. When it fades away, the molar area can then be cut into several slices.
   1. Shift the microtome range to 5 µm, collect every eight slices, and scout for dentin in the last slice. If the crown dentin first appears without any root apical dentin, adjust the specimen clamp to make the root area protrude, and vice versa.
4. Collecting the sections
   NOTE: The cutting angle is appropriate until the dentin is equally attained in both the crown and apical area.
   1. Cut along this direction and watch the slices under the microscope until the dental pulp appears in both the crown and the roots. Collect the sections when an obscure contour of molars appears on the surface of the paraffin sample¹⁷.

Results

To elucidate the practical use of this method, the right mandibular first molar of two healthy C57BL/6 mice (3 months old, both female) were extracted and followed for 1 week and 4 weeks, respectively. The undamaged left mandibles were used as healthy controls. Figure 1A shows the specific features of the surgical appliance, including 26-23 G needles and a toothed ophthalmic tweezer. The 26 G needle is pinpoint-removed and bent. The 25 G needle is bent at approximately 25° at the pinpoi...

Discussion

The murine socket healing model is an important method for unraveling the underlying mechanisms in bone healing and regeneration, ultimately solving clinical challenges. Existing studies have demonstrated the possibility of the incisor extraction model and the maxillary molar extraction model, whereas studies have not used the mandibular first molar model^13,17,18. However, incisors are crucial for rodent living, and their impair...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
23/25/26 G needle	Chengdu Xinjin Shifeng Medical Apparatus & Instruments Co. LTD.	SB1-074(IV)
C57/B6J	Gempharmatech Experimental Animals Company, Chengdu, China	C57/B6J
DAPI Staining Solution	Beyotime	Cat#C1005
Embedding Cassettes	CITOTEST Scientific	80106-1100-16
Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain Kit	Biosharp	BL700B
Isoflurane	RWD Life Science Co.,Ltd	R510-22-10
Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit	Solarbio	G1340
Microtome	Leica	RM2235
Pentobarbital Sodium	Huaxia Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd	2018042001
Rabbit polyclonal	anti-Sp7	Abcam Cat# ab22552
Tweezers	Chengdu Xinjin Shifeng Medical Apparatus & Instruments Co. LTD.	SB2-115