Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

Summary

We describe novel, simple methodologies of synthesis and characterization of biocompatible lignin micro- and submicron particles. These formulations provide a facile approach for the utilization of the heteropolymer, as well as an alternative for the rational design of multifunctional carrier matrices with potential applicability in biomedicine, pharmaceutical technology, and the food industry.

Abstract

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the great potential of biopolymer-based particles as effective carrier systems. The use of lignin as a basic heteropolymer biomatrix for the design of innovative micro-/submicron formulations allows the achievement of increased biocompatibility and offers various active functional groups presenting opportunities for customization of the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the formulations for diverse applications. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple and ecofriendly methodology for the synthesis of lignin particles with micro- and submicron size; to evaluate their physicochemical, spectral, and structural characteristics; and to examine their capacity for encapsulation of biologically active molecules and potential for in vitro release of bioflavonoids in simulated gastrointestinal media. The presented methodologies apply cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization, the determination of encapsulation capacity towards the poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds morin and quercetin, and the in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices.

Introduction

Nowadays inclination towards biopolymers such as cellulose, chitosan, collagen, dextran, gelatin, and lignin as precursors for the design of micro-/submicron carriers with customizable size, physicochemical properties, and biofunctionalities has increased in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food technology industries due to their applicability in tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting, in vitro disease modeling platforms, packaging industry, emulsion preparation, and nutrient delivery among others^1,2,3.

Novel studies highlight the aspects o....

Protocol

1. Synthesis of lignin microparticles

1. Prepare a 50 mg/mL alkali lignin aqueous solution by dissolving 2.5 g of alkali lignin in 50 mL of ultrapure water on a magnetic stirrer.
2. Prepare 1% Tween 80 solution by dissolving 1 mL of Tween 80 in 100 mL of ultrapure water.
3. Prepare a 2 M solution of HNO₃ by diluting 6.65 mL of 67% HNO₃ (density = 1.413 g/mL) with ultrapure water to a final volume of 50 mL.
4. Slowly add 15 mL of the 1% Tween 80 solution to 50 mL of the 50 mg/mL alkali lignin solution.
5. Agitate the mixture on a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm for 10 min so that the surfactant bec....

Discussion

Among the main critical issues of modern synthesis methodologies for the design of drug-carrier formulations based on biopolymers is the application of hazardous organic reagents - volatile and flammable solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methanol, and even DMSO in high concentrations - which limits their applicability in biomedicine, pharmaceutical industry, and food technology due to the manifestation of possible toxic effects^20,21,

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
automatic-cell counter	EVE, NanoEnTek
Citric acid	Sigma	251275	ACS reagent, ≥99.5%
digital water bath	Memmert
Eppendorf tubes, 1.5-2 mL
Ethanol	Sigma	34852-M	absolute, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%
Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent	Sigma	F9252
freeze dryer	Biobase
gallic acid	Sigma-	BCBW7577	monohydrate
HCl	Sigma	258148	ACS reagent, 37%
HNO3	Sigma	438073	ACS reagent, 70%
lignin, alkali	Sigma	370959
morin	Sigma	PHL82601
NaCl	Sigma	S9888	ACS reagent, ≥99.0%
Na2CO3	Sigma	223530	powder, ≥99.5%, ACS reagent
NaOH	Sigma	655104	reagent grade, 97%, powder
orbital shaker	IKA	KS 130 basic
pH-meter	Consort
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)	Sigma	RNBH7571
Quercetin hydrate	Sigma	STBG3815V
statistical software for Excel	Microsoft Corporation		XLSTAT  Version 2022.4.5.
Tween 80	Sigma	P8074	BioXtra, viscous liquid
ultracentrifuge	Hermle	Z 326 K
Ultrapure water system	Adrona	INTEGRITY+
ultrasound homogenizer	Bandelin Sonopuls	HD 2070
UV/Vis spectrophotometer	Hach-Lange	DR 5000