Modeling Healthy and Dysbiotic Vaginal Microenvironments in a Human Vagina-on-a-Chip

Summary

This article describes a protocol for creating a microfluidic vagina-on-a-chip (Vagina Chip) culture device that enables the study of human host interactions with a living vaginal microbiome under microaerophilic conditions. This chip can be used as a tool to investigate vaginal diseases as well as to develop and test potential therapeutic countermeasures.

Abstract

Women's health, and particularly diseases of the female reproductive tract (FRT), have not received the attention they deserve, even though an unhealthy reproductive system may lead to life-threatening diseases, infertility, or adverse outcomes during pregnancy. One barrier in the field is that there has been a dearth of preclinical, experimental models that faithfully mimic the physiology and pathophysiology of the FRT. Current in vitro and animal models do not fully recapitulate the hormonal changes, microaerobic conditions, and interactions with the vaginal microbiome. The advent of Organ-on-a-Chip (Organ Chip) microfluidic culture technology that can mimic tissue-tissue interfaces, vascular perfusion, interstitial fluid flows, and the physical microenvironment of a major subunit of human organs can potentially serve as a solution to this problem. Recently, a human Vagina Chip that supports co-culture of human vaginal microbial consortia with primary human vaginal epithelium that is also interfaced with vaginal stroma and experiences dynamic fluid flow has been developed. This chip replicates the physiological responses of the human vagina to healthy and dysbiotic microbiomes. A detailed protocol for creating human Vagina Chips has been described in this article.

Introduction

A vaginal microbiome dominated by Lactobacillus spp. that helps to maintain an acidic microenvironment plays an important role in maintaining female reproductive health¹. However, at times there can be a change in the composition of microbial communities that comprise the microbiome, which results in an increase in the diversity of vaginal bacteria. These dysbiotic changes, which often result in a switch from a Lactobacillus-dominated state to one dominated by more diverse anaerobic bacterial species (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis), are associated with various diseases of the reproductive system, such as bacterial ....

Protocol

This research was performed in compliance with institutional guidelines for the use of human cells. The cells were obtained commercially (see Table of Materials). All steps should be performed aseptically in a biosafety cabinet (BSC). Use only filter (or barrier) pipette tips for this protocol.

1. Culturing human vaginal epithelial cells

1. Warm 50 mL of vaginal epithelial medium (VEM, see Table of Materials) to 37 °C.
2. .......

Discussion

Past in vitro models of the human vagina do not faithfully replicate vaginal tissue structures, fluid flow, and host-pathogen interactions^19,22. Animal models are also limited by inter-species variation in microbiome and differences in the estrous or menstrual cycle^19,22. This manuscript describes a protocol to create an Organ Chip model of the human vagina that can effectively mimic human respon.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.22 µm Steriflip	Millipore	SCGP00525	To degas media
2 channel chip	Emulate	BRK-S1-WER-24	Part of the two-channel Chip kit
200 μL barrier tips (or filter tips)	Thomas Scientific, SHARP	1159M40	Tips used for chip seeding
Activation Reagent 1 (or ER-1 powder)	Emulate	Chip S1 Basic Research kit-24PK	Part of the two-channel Chip kit; Storage temperature -20 °C
Activation Reagent 2 (or ER-2 solution)	Emulate	Chip S1 Basic Research kit-24PK	Part of the two-channel Chip kit; Storage temperature 4 °C
Adenine	Sigma Aldrich	A2786	Component of the Differentiation media
Brucella blood agar plates	VWR International Inc.	89405-032	with Hemin and Vitamin K; For the enumeration of Gardnerella vaginalis
Ca2+ and Mg2+ free DPBS (DPBS (-/-)	ScienCell	303	For washing cells
Calcium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	C5670	Component of the Differentiation media
Calcium chloride (anhyd.)	Sigma Aldrich	499609	Component of HBSS (LB/+G)
Collagen I	Corning	354236	For the coating solution for HVEC
Collagen IV	Sigma Aldrich	C7521	For the coating solution for HVEC
Collagenase IV	Gibco	17104019	For the dissociation of cells from the Vagina Chips
Complete fibroblast medium	ScienCell	2301	Media for the culture of HUF
Complete vaginal epithelium medium	Lifeline	LL-0068	Media for the culture of HVEC
D-Glucose (dextrose)	Sigma Aldrich	158968	Component of HBSS (LB/+G)
DMEM (Low Glucose)	Thermofisher	12320-032	Component of the Differentiation media
Dynamic Flow Module (or Zoë)	Emulate	Zoë-CM1	Regulates the flow rate of the chips
Ham's F12	Thermofisher	11765-054	Component of the Differentiation media
Heat inactivated FBS	Thermofisher	10438018	Component of the Differentiation media
Human uterine fibroblasts	ScienCell	7040	HUF
Human vaginal epithelial cells	Lifeline	FC-0083	HVEC
Hydrocortisone	Sigma Aldrich	H0396	Component of the Differentiation media
ITES	Lonza	17-839Z	Component of the Differentiation media
L-glutamine	Thermofisher	25030081	Component of the Differentiation media
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate	Sigma Aldrich	M2393	Component of HBSS (LB/+G)
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate	Sigma Aldrich	M1880	Component of HBSS (LB/+G)
MRS agar plates	VWR International Inc.	89407-214	For enumeration of Lactobacillus
O-phosphorylethanolamine	Sigma Aldrich	P0503	Component of the Differentiation media
Pen/Strep	Thermofisher	15070063	Component of the Differentiation media
pH strips	Fischer-Scientific	13-640-520	For measurement of pH
Pods (1/chip)	Emulate	BRK-S1-WER-24	Part of the two-channel Chip kit
Poly-L-lysine	ScienCell	403	For the coating solution for HUFs
Potassium chloride	Sigma Aldrich	P3911	Component of HBSS (LB/+G)
Potassium phosphate monobasic	Sigma Aldrich	P0662	Component of HBSS (LB/+G)
Sterile 80% glycerol	MP Biomedicals	113055034	For freezing bacterial samples
Triiodothyronine	Sigma Aldrich	T6397	Component of the Differentiation media
Trypan Blue Solution (0.4%)	Sigma Aldrich	T8154	For counting live/dead cells
TrypLE Express	Thermofisher	12605010	For the dissociation of cells from the Vagina Chips
Trypsin Neutralizing Solution (TNS)	ScienCell	113	For neutralization of Trypsin
Trypsin/EDTA Solutiom (0.25%)	ScienCell	103	For cell dissociation
β-estradiol	Sigma Aldrich	E2257	Hormone for differentiation media