We thank Dr. Vicki Rosen for financial support and guidance with the project. We would also like to thank the veterinary and IACUC staff at the Harvard School of Medicine for consultation regarding sterile technique, animal well-being, and the materials used to develop this protocol.

All animal experiments described were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Harvard Medical Area. 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice (males and females) were used in this protocol. C57BL/6J male and female mice achieve peak bone mass around 12 weeks of age with femurs wide enough to fit a stabilizing pin, making them an appropriate strain to use for this protocol15.
1. Preparation for the surgery
<ol>
	<li>Autoclave the surgical eq...

<ol>
	<li>Black, D. M., Rosen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postmenopausal+osteoporosis.">Postmenopausal osteoporosis.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 374, 2096-2097 (2016).</li><li>Curtis, E. M., Moon, R. J., Harvey, N. C., Cooper, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+fragility+fracture+and+approaches+to+osteoporosis+risk+assessment+worldwide.">The impact of fragility fracture and approaches to osteoporosis risk assessment worldwide.</a> Bone. 104, 29-38 (2017).</li><li>Laurent, M. R., Dedeyne, L., Dupont, J., Mellaerts, B., Dejaeger, M., Gielen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+bone+loss+and+sarcopenia+in+men.">Age-related bone loss and sarcopenia in men.</a> Maturitas. 122, 51-56 (2019).</li><li>NOF - Just for men. National Osteoporosis Foundation Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://cdn.nof.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Osteoporosis-Fast-Facts.pdf">https://cdn.nof.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Osteoporosis-Fast-Facts.pdf</a> (2019)</li><li>Williams, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+burden+of+osteoporotic+fractures+in+US+managed+care+enrollees.">Economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in US managed care enrollees.</a> The American Journal of Managed Care. 26, 142-149 (2020).</li><li>Sheen, J. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+biology+of+fracture+healing.">Cellular biology of fracture healing.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 37, 35-50 (2019).</li><li>Li, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fracture+repair+requires+TrkA+signaling+by+skeletal+sensory+nerves.">Fracture repair requires TrkA signaling by skeletal sensory nerves.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 129, 5137-5150 (2019).</li><li>Colnot, C., Thompson, Z., Miclau, T., Werb, Z., Helms, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+fracture+repair+in+the+absence+of+MMP9.">Altered fracture repair in the absence of MMP9.</a> Development. 130, 4123-4133 (2003).</li><li>Bonnarens, F., Einhorn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+a+standard+closed+fracture+in+laboratory+animal+bone.">Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2, 97-101 (1984).</li><li>Hu, K., Olsen, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoblast-derived+VEGF+regulates+osteoblast+differentiation+and+bone+formation+during+bone+repair.">Osteoblast-derived VEGF regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation during bone repair.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126, 509-526 (2016).</li><li>Collier, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+reproducible+model+of+fracture+healing+in+mice+using+an+open+femoral+osteotomy.">Characterization of a reproducible model of fracture healing in mice using an open femoral osteotomy.</a> Bone Reports. 12, 100250 (2020).</li><li>Glatt, V., Canalis, E., Stadmeyer, L., Bouxsein, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+trabecular+architecture+differ+in+female+and+male+C57BL/6J+mice.">Age-related changes in trabecular architecture differ in female and male C57BL/6J mice.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 22, 1197-1207 (2007).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+technique+for+internal+fixation+of+femoral+fractures+in+mice:+impact+of+stability+on+fracture+healing.">A new technique for internal fixation of femoral fractures in mice: impact of stability on fracture healing.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 41, 1689-1696 (2008).</li><li>Holstein, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+establishment+of+defined+mouse+models+for+the+study+of+fracture+healing+and+bone+regeneration.">Advances in the establishment of defined mouse models for the study of fracture healing and bone regeneration.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 23, 31-38 (2009).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+animal+models+of+delayed+bone+healing+and+non-union+formation:+a+comprehensive+review.">Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review.</a> European Cells &amp; Materials. 26 (1-12), 12-14 (2013).</li><li>Histing, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+analysis+of+rotational+stiffness+of+different+osteosynthesis+techniques+in+mouse+femur+fracture.">Ex vivo analysis of rotational stiffness of different osteosynthesis techniques in mouse femur fracture.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 27, 1152-1156 (2009).</li><li>Williams, J. N., Li, Y., Valiya Kambrath, A., Sankar, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Generation+of+closed+femoral+fractures+in+mice:+A+model+to+study+bone+healing.">The Generation of closed femoral fractures in mice: A model to study bone healing.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (138), e58122 (2018).</li><li>Haffner-Luntzer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+mouse+model+to+study+fracture+healing+of+the+proximal+femur.">A novel mouse model to study fracture healing of the proximal femur.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 38, 2131-2138 (2020).</li></ol>

The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

The injury model detailed in this protocol encompasses all four significant steps observed during the healing of spontaneous fractures, including (1) pro-inflammatory response with the formation of the hematoma, (2) recruitment of skeletal progenitors from the periosteum to form the soft callus, (3) mineralization of the callus by osteoblasts and (4) remodeling of the bone by osteoclasts.
The surgical procedure described in this manuscript is optimized for adult mice at least 12 weeks old. A 2...

Fractures, breaks in the continuity of the bone surface, occur in all segments of the population. They become severe in people who have fragile bones due to aging or disease, and the health care costs of fragility fractures are expected to exceed $25 billion in 5 years1,2,3,4,5. Understanding the biological mechanisms involved in fracture repair would be a starting point in developing new therapies aimed at enhancing the healing process. Previous research has shown that, upon fracture, four significant steps occur that enable bone to heal: (1) formation of the hematoma; (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus; (3) mineralization of the soft callus to form bone; and (4) remodeling of the healed bone6,7. Many biological processes are activated to heal the fracture successfully. First, an acute pro-inflammatory response is initiated immediately after a fracture6,7. Then, the periosteum becomes activated and expands, and periosteal cells differentiate into chondrocytes to form a cartilage callus that grows to fill the gap left by the disrupted bone segments6,7,8,9. Neural and vascular cells invade the newly formed callus to provide additional cells and signaling molecules needed to facilitate repair6,7,8,9,10. In addition to contributing to callus formation, periosteal cells also differentiate into osteoblasts that lay down woven bone in the bridging callus. Finally, osteoclasts remodel the newly formed bone to return to its original shape and lamellar structure7,8,9,10,11. Many groups developed mouse models of fracture repair. One of the earlier and most often used fracture models in mice is the Einhorn approach, where a weight is dropped on the leg from a specific height12. The lack of control over the angle and the force applied to induce the fracture creates a lot of variability in the location and size of the bone discontinuity. Subsequently, it results in variations in the specific fracture healing response observed. Other popular approaches are surgical intervention to produce a tibial monocortical defect or stress fractures, procedures that induce comparatively milder healing responses10,13. Variability in these models is primarily due to the person conducting the procedure14.
Here, a detailed mouse femur injury model allows for control over the break to provide a reproducible injury and allow for quantitative and qualitative assessment of femur fracture repair. Specifically, a complete breakthrough in the femurs of adult mice is introduced and stabilizes the fracture ends to account for the role physical loading plays in bone healing. The methods for harvesting tissues and imaging the different steps of the healing process using histology and microcomputed tomography (microCT) are also provided in detail.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>23 G x 1 TW IM (0.6 mm x 2 5mm) needle</td>
			<td>BD precision</td>
			<td>305193</td>
			<td>Use as guide needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 G x 1 &#188; (0.4 mm x 30 mm)</td>
			<td>BD precision</td>
			<td>305136</td>
			<td>Use as stabilizing pin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 mm wound autoclip applier/remover/clips kit</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific, INC</td>
			<td>ACS-KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcian Blue 8 GX</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>10350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>AX1303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circular blade X926.7 THIN-FLEX</td>
			<td>Abrasive technologies</td>
			<td>CELBTFSG633</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DREMEL 7700-1/15, 7.2 V Rotary Tool Kit</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>7700 1/15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>7111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine curved dissecting forceps</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxulin Gill 2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>GHS216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>HX0603-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical kit</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>95042-540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orange G</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phloxine B</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-Iodine Swabs</td>
			<td>PDI</td>
			<td>S23125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCANCO Medical &#181;CT35</td>
			<td>Scanco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slow-release buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Zoopharm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transverse fracture of the mouse femur with stabilizing pin

Fracture repair is an essential function of the skeleton that cannot be reliably modeled in vitro. A mouse injury model is an efficient approach to test whether a gene, gene product or drug influences bone repair because murine bones recapitulate the stages observed during human fracture healing. When a mouse or human breaks a bone, an inflammatory response is initiated, and the periosteum, a stem cell niche surrounding the bone itself, is activated and expands. Cells residing in the periosteum then differentiate to form a vascularized soft callus. The transition from the soft callus to a hard callus occurs as the recruited skeletal progenitor cells differentiate into mineralizing cells, and the bridging of the fractured ends results in the bone union. The mineralized callus then undergoes remodeling to restore the original shape and structure of the healed bone. Fracture healing has been studied in mice using various injury models. Still, the best way to recapitulate this entire biological process is to break through the cross-section of a long bone that encompasses both cortices. This protocol describes how a stabilized, transverse femur fracture can be safely performed to assess healing in adult mice. A surgical protocol including detailed harvesting and imaging techniques to characterize the different stages of fracture healing is also provided.

In C57BL/6J mice, a successful surgery completes the healing steps mentioned earlier with little to no local inflammatory response or periosteal involvement in the sham-operated contralateral femur. A hematoma is formed a few hours after surgery, and the periosteum is activated to recruit skeletal progenitors for chondrogenesis. Various cell populations, such as Prx1+ mesenchymal progenitors, can be traced during the repair process using commercially available fluorescent reporter mouse models (<strong class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transverse Fracture of the Mouse Femur with Stabilizing Pin at JoVE.com

Transverse Fracture of the Mouse Femur with Stabilizing Pin

This protocol describes a method to perform fractures on adult mice and monitor the healing process.

Fracture repair is an essential function of the skeleton that cannot be reliably modeled in vitro. A mouse injury model is an efficient approach to test ...

This protocol describes a reliable technique to perform and study femur fracture on adult mice. This technique is easy, fast and requires minimal tools to be performed. It allows for the characterization of different stages of fracture healing.Individuals may initially struggle with properly aligning the fracture ends and creating consistent fractures between mice. Paying close attention to the site of fracture, the insertion of the pin and the closure of the wound will improve success of this surgery. To begin, prepare the animal by injecting 0.05 milligrams per kilogram of buprenorphine subcutaneously.Using an electric trimmer shave a two by two centimeter square on both thighs corresponding to the location of the femur. Sterilize a shaved area using iodine and rinse with 70%ethanol solution. Make a five millimeter incision and expose the underlying fascia.Expose the muscle covering the femur by cutting the fascia. Separate the muscle from the femur without damaging the tissue, then detach the muscle from the bone and secure the femur to make a cut. Make a transverse cut in the middle of the femur shaft.Insert a guide needle through the distal section of the marrow cavity and push the thread across the knee joint. Then, remove the guide needle and perform a similar procedure from the proximal end. Leave the needle in the proximal end with its tip emerged above the skin.Insert a stabilizing pin within the tip of the guide needle, pushing it so that it enters the proximal cavity as the guide needle is pulled out, then discard the guide needle. Align the distal end with the proximal end so that the thread is passed through the distal marrow cavity as it exits the knee joint. Pull the tip of the pin using a surgical clamp so that the proximal and distal sections are pulled together.Then fold the ends of the surgical pin toward the fracture site to realign the fracture ends. Using wire cutters remove the plastic from the base of the needle. Twist the ends of the pin to avoid any internal tissue injury.Finally, replace the muscles onto the femur and close the wound opening by pinching the skin together with clips. Perform a similar procedure without the femur fracture on the other leg and close the wound. Following the successful surgery, fluorescent imaging revealed various Messent-Kinal progenitors, such as Prx1-positive periosteal cells, which were found during the femur fracture repair process.Alcian blue staining of the fractured femur revealed the formation of soft callus. Furthermore, the percentage of the callus or cartilage formation was also determined. By employing Micro-CT at approximately 28 days post fracture, the mineralization process was detected along with the callus gap and fracture gap.It was also observed that if the fracture ends were not aligned properly or secured with a pin, there was a lack of callous formation on all or one side of the fracture end. When attempting this procedure remember to carefully align the two ends of the broken femur and stabilize them with the pin to ensure proper healing. After the surgery, femora can be collected for imaging and molecular analysis.

transverse-fracture-of-the-mouse-femur-with-stabilizing-pin

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3.1K Görüntüleme.  Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Bu protokol, yetişkin farelerde femur kırığı gerçekleştirmek ve incelemek için güvenilir bir tekniği tanımlar. Bu teknik kolay, hızlıdır ve gerçekleştirilmesi gereken minimum araçları gerektirir. Kırık iyileşmesinin farklı aşamalarının karakterizasyonuna izin verir.Bireyler başlangıçta kırık uçlarını düzgün bir şekilde hizalamak ve fareler arasında tutarlı kırıklar oluşturmak için mücadele edebilirler. Kırık bölgesine, pimin yerleştirilmes...