Name: the perinatal asphyxiated lamb model: a model for newborn resuscitation
Uploaded: 2018-08-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation at JoVE.com

All protocols have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) by the State University of New York Buffalo. An illustration of the methodology depicting invasive and non-invasive monitoring is shown in Figure 1.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Use time-dated, Q-fever seronegative, pregnant ewes (mixed-breed, Suffolk-Dorset-Katahdin breed) with fetal lambs at 127&#8211;143 days gestation. 
	NOTE: Sheep term gestation is 145 days and 127 ges...

<ol>
	<li>Wyckoff, M. H., Berg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+chest+compressions+during+delivery-room+resuscitation.">Optimizing chest compressions during delivery-room resuscitation.</a> Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 13 (6), 410-415 (2008).</li><li>Black, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global,+regional,+and+national+causes+of+child+mortality+in+2008:+a+systematic+analysis.">Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis.</a> Lancet. 375 (9730), 1969-1987 (2010).</li><li>Guglani, L., Lakshminrusimha, S., Ryan, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+tachypnea+of+the+newborn.">Transient tachypnea of the newborn.</a> Pediatr Rev. 29 (11), e59-e65 (2008).</li><li>Brown, M. J., Olver, R. E., Ramsden, C. A., Strang, L. B., Walters, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+adrenaline+and+of+spontaneous+labour+on+the+secretion+and+absorption+of+lung+liquid+in+the+fetal+lamb.">Effects of adrenaline and of spontaneous labour on the secretion and absorption of lung liquid in the fetal lamb.</a> J Physiol. 344, 137-152 (1983).</li><li>Lakshminrusimha, S., Saugstad, O. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fetal+circulation,+pathophysiology+of+hypoxemic+respiratory+failure+and+pulmonary+hypertension+in+neonates,+and+the+role+of+oxygen+therapy.">The fetal circulation, pathophysiology of hypoxemic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension in neonates, and the role of oxygen therapy.</a> J Perinatol. 36 Suppl 2, S3-S11 (2016).</li><li>Wyckoff, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Part+13:+Neonatal+Resuscitation:+2015+American+Heart+Association+Guidelines+Update+for+Cardiopulmonary+Resuscitation+and+Emergency+Cardiovascular+Care.">Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.</a> Circulation. 132 (18 suppl 2), S543-S560 (2015).</li><li>Bhatt, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delaying+cord+clamping+until+ventilation+onset+improves+cardiovascular+function+at+birth+in+preterm+lambs.">Delaying cord clamping until ventilation onset improves cardiovascular function at birth in preterm lambs.</a> J Physiol. 591 (Pt 8), 2113-2126 (2013).</li><li>Katheria, A. C., Brown, M. K., Rich, W., Arnell, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Providing+a+Placental+Transfusion+in+Newborns+Who+Need+Resuscitation).">Providing a Placental Transfusion in Newborns Who Need Resuscitation).</a> Front Pediatr. 5 (1), (2017).</li><li>Kapadia, V. S., Wyckoff, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drugs+during+delivery+room+resuscitation--what,+when+and+why?.">Drugs during delivery room resuscitation--what, when and why?.</a> Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 18 (6), 357-361 (2013).</li><li>Barcroft, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Researches on Pre-natal Life. 1, 292 (1946).</li><li>Dawes, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Foetal and Neonatal Physiosolgy. A Comparative Study of the Changes at Birth. , (1968).</li><li>Rudolph, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Congenital Diseases of the Heart: Clinical-Physiological Considerations. , 1-24 (2009).</li><li>Sobotka, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+initial+sustained+inflation+improves+the+respiratory+and+cardiovascular+transition+at+birth+in+preterm+lambs.">An initial sustained inflation improves the respiratory and cardiovascular transition at birth in preterm lambs.</a> Pediatr Res. 70 (1), 56-60 (2011).</li><li>Polglase, G. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+end-expiratory+pressure+differentially+alters+pulmonary+hemodynamics+and+oxygenation+in+ventilated,+very+premature+lambs.">Positive end-expiratory pressure differentially alters pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygenation in ventilated, very premature lambs.</a> J Appl Physiol (1985). 99 (4), 1453-1461 (2005).</li><li>Lakshminrusimha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+concentration+and+pulmonary+hemodynamics+in+newborn+lambs+with+pulmonary+hypertension.">Oxygen concentration and pulmonary hemodynamics in newborn lambs with pulmonary hypertension.</a> Pediatr Res. 66 (5), 539-544 (2009).</li><li>Lakshminrusimha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+hemodynamics+in+neonatal+lambs+resuscitated+with+21%,+50%+and+100%+oxygen.">Pulmonary hemodynamics in neonatal lambs resuscitated with 21%, 50% and 100% oxygen.</a> Pediatr Res. 62 (3), 313-318 (2007).</li><li>Hooper, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+transition+at+birth:+a+physiological+sequence.">Cardiovascular transition at birth: a physiological sequence.</a> Pediatr Res. 77 (5), 608-614 (2015).</li><li>Vali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Timing+and+Route+of+Epinephrine+in+a+Neonatal+Model+of+Asphyxial+Arrest.">Evaluation of Timing and Route of Epinephrine in a Neonatal Model of Asphyxial Arrest.</a> J Am Heart Assoc. 6 (2), (2017).</li><li>Vali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+Chest+Compressions+During+Sustained+Inflations+in+a+Perinatal+Asphyxial+Cardiac+Arrest+Lamb+Model.">Continuous Chest Compressions During Sustained Inflations in a Perinatal Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Lamb Model.</a> Pediatr Crit Care Med. , (2017).</li><li>Vali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamics+and+gas+exchange+during+chest+compressions+in+neonatal+resuscitation.">Hemodynamics and gas exchange during chest compressions in neonatal resuscitation.</a> PLoS One. 12 (4), e0176478 (2017).</li><li>Tana, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+Lung+Volume+and+Hemodynamic+Changes+During+High-Frequency+Ventilation+Recruitment+in+Preterm+Neonates+With+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome.">Determination of Lung Volume and Hemodynamic Changes During High-Frequency Ventilation Recruitment in Preterm Neonates With Respiratory Distress Syndrome.</a> Crit Care Med. 43 (8), 1685-1691 (2015).</li><li>Morin, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligating+the+ductus+arteriosus+before+birth+causes+persistent+pulmonary+hypertension+in+the+newborn+lamb.">Ligating the ductus arteriosus before birth causes persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb.</a> Pediatr Res. 25 (3), 245-250 (1989).</li><li>Morin, F. C., Egan, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+hemodynamics+in+fetal+lambs+during+development+at+normal+and+increased+oxygen+tension.">Pulmonary hemodynamics in fetal lambs during development at normal and increased oxygen tension.</a> J Appl Physiol (1985). 73 (1), 213-218 (1992).</li><li>Morin, F. C., Egan, E. A., Ferguson, W., Lundgren, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+pulmonary+vascular+response+to+oxygen.">Development of pulmonary vascular response to oxygen.</a> Am J Physiol. 254 (3 Pt 2), H542-H546 (1988).</li><li>Rawat, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+resuscitation+adhering+to+oxygen+saturation+guidelines+in+asphyxiated+lambs+with+meconium+aspiration.">Neonatal resuscitation adhering to oxygen saturation guidelines in asphyxiated lambs with meconium aspiration.</a> Pediatr Res. , (2015).</li><li>Chandrasekharan, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+End-Tidal+Carbon+Dioxide+Monitoring+during+Resuscitation+of+Asphyxiated+Term+Lambs.">Continuous End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring during Resuscitation of Asphyxiated Term Lambs.</a> Neonatology. 109 (4), 265-273 (2016).</li><li>Lakshminrusimha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracheal+suctioning+improves+gas+exchange+but+not+hemodynamics+in+asphyxiated+lambs+with+meconium+aspiration.">Tracheal suctioning improves gas exchange but not hemodynamics in asphyxiated lambs with meconium aspiration.</a> Pediatr Res. 77 (2), 347-355 (2015).</li><li>Meuli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+surgery+rescues+neurological+function+at+birth+in+sheep+with+spina+bifida.">In utero surgery rescues neurological function at birth in sheep with spina bifida.</a> Nat Med. 1 (4), 342-347 (1995).</li><li>Meuli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+of+myelomeningocele+in+utero:+a+model+of+functional+damage+from+spinal+cord+exposure+in+fetal+sheep.">Creation of myelomeningocele in utero: a model of functional damage from spinal cord exposure in fetal sheep.</a> J Pediatr Surg. 30 (7), 1028-1032 (1995).</li><li>Adzick, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+congenital+diaphragmatic+hernia+in+utero.+IV.+An+early+gestational+fetal+lamb+model+for+pulmonary+vascular+morphometric+analysis.">Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. IV. An early gestational fetal lamb model for pulmonary vascular morphometric analysis.</a> J Pediatr Surg. 20 (6), 673-680 (1985).</li><li>Harrison, M. R., Bressack, M. A., Churg, A. M., de Lorimier, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+congenital+diaphragmatic+hernia+in+utero.+II.+Simulated+correction+permits+fetal+lung+growth+with+survival+at+birth.">Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. II. Simulated correction permits fetal lung growth with survival at birth.</a> Surgery. 88 (2), 260-268 (1980).</li><li>Turley, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrauterine+cardiothoracic+surgery:+the+fetal+lamb+model.">Intrauterine cardiothoracic surgery: the fetal lamb model.</a> Ann Thorac Surg. 34 (4), 422-426 (1982).</li><li>Reddy, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+placement+of+aortopulmonary+shunts.+A+model+of+postnatal+pulmonary+hypertension+with+increased+pulmonary+blood+flow+in+lambs.">In utero placement of aortopulmonary shunts. A model of postnatal pulmonary hypertension with increased pulmonary blood flow in lambs.</a> Circulation. 92 (3), 606-613 (1995).</li><li>Hemway, R. J., Christman, C., Perlman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+3:1+is+superior+to+a+15:2+ratio+in+a+newborn+manikin+model+in+terms+of+quality+of+chest+compressions+and+number+of+ventilations.">The 3:1 is superior to a 15:2 ratio in a newborn manikin model in terms of quality of chest compressions and number of ventilations.</a> Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 98 (1), F42-F45 (2013).</li><li>Solev&#229;g, A. L., Schm&#246;lzer, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+Chest+Compression+Rate+and+Compression+to+Ventilation+Ratio+in+Delivery+Room+Resuscitation:+Evidence+from+Newborn+Piglets+and+Neonatal+Manikins.">Optimal Chest Compression Rate and Compression to Ventilation Ratio in Delivery Room Resuscitation: Evidence from Newborn Piglets and Neonatal Manikins.</a> Frontiers in Pediatrics. 5 (3), (2017).</li><li>Solev&#229;g, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chest+compressions+in+newborn+animal+models:+A+review.">Chest compressions in newborn animal models: A review.</a> Resuscitation. 96, 151-155 (2015).</li></ol>

The lamb model is comparable in size to human newborns and allows easy instrumentation to measure invasive hemodynamic variables. The fetal/newborn lamb model has been an invaluable research tool that has richly contributed to understanding the transitioning circulation, as well as the newborn&#39;s pulmonary and cardiovascular physiology. Several experimental lamb models have been established over the years to study optimal ventilation strategies in preterm lambs13,14...

Perinatal asphyxia occurs in roughly 4 per 1,000 term births in the United States and is responsible for approximately 25% of the 4 million neonatal deaths worldwide1,2. Throughout the fetus&#39;s natural development, several adaptations must take place during labor and at birth to allow for a seamless transition from the intra- to the extrauterine environment when the lungs take on the role of the placenta as the organ of gas exchange. Any failure of the newborn to adequately transition at birth further compromises resuscitative efforts. Instances when fetal lung clearance is incomplete or delayed3,4, and circumstances that result in a persistent high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)5 impact the efficacy of ventilation, which remains the most important intervention in the resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn6. In addition, immediate clamping of the umbilical cord and removal of the low-resistance placenta can lead to abrupt changes in cardiac output that may cause myocardial dysfunction7,8.
Owing to the infrequent need for aggressive resuscitation (need for chest compressions and/or epinephrine administration)1,9, there is a lack of strong evidence from large randomized clinical trials to support the current neonatal resuscitation program (NRP) guidelines. Many translational research studies in neonatal resuscitation are conducted using postnatal animal models (particularly piglets) that fail to adequately depict the transitioning fetal circulation and fluid-filled lungs inherent to the newborn in the delivery room. Given the unique challenges related to transition from fetal circulation to neonatal circulation, the perinatal asphyxiated cardiac arrest fetal lamb model is ideal to study newborn resuscitative physiology.
The studies by Joseph Barcroft on fetal lambs, as early as the 1930&#39;s, laid the foundation for fetal and neonatal physiology10. In the second half of the 20th century, Geoffrey Dawes&#39; innovative and meticulous experiments on fetal lamb models, and later those by Abraham Rudolph have tremendously contributed to the knowledge of cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology in the fetus11,12. In recent years, studies on fetal/neonatal lamb models have provided a better understanding of the impact of ventilation on hemodynamics13,14, the effects of oxygenation on PVR15,16, as well as the circulatory changes that occur during cord clamping7,17. Finally, in the past year, the newborn lamb has served as a novel model to study the hemodynamic effects during resuscitation18,19,20. A step-by-step narrative of what is involved in conducting a lamb experiment, as well as a detailed description of the surgical instrumentations and the experimental methodology will be presented.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="819">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Babcock forceps</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>16-44</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Blood pressure transducer</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P23XL-1</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Used with saline filled diaphragm domes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Blunt tipped scissors</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">98SCS50-56</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Capnograph</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">7900</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Used with Neonatal Flow Sensors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cautery pencil</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valley Lab</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">287879</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cautery unit</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valley Lab</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SSE2K</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Curved Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Everost</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">711714</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Data acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Biopac Systems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACK100W</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EKG</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Biopac Systems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ECG100C</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Endotracheal tube -cuffed</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Rusch</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">111780035</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Flow modulator</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Transonic Systems Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T403</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Flow-probe</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Transonic Systems Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">MC4PSS-LS-WC100-CM4B-GA</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Gastric tube</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Jorgensen Labs Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">J0106LE</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">To decompress and drain ewe stomach</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hair clipper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Andis Company</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">65340</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">&#160;# 40 Clipper Blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Infant radiant warmer</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>7810</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Intravenous catheters</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>381234</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iris surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Patterson</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">510585</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Kelly Foreceps</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Patterson</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">510535</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mosquito Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">RICA Surgical Products INC</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">1-74</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Near-infrared spectroscopy</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Nonin Medical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">X-100M</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sensmart Equanox &#38; PureSAT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RSO2 Sensor</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Nonin Medical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">8004CB-NA</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Neonatal&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel handle and blade</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Everost</td>
			<td>707203</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sutures -silk 2-0</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SS-695</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Used for tying catheters to vessels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sutures -vicryl&#160; 2-0</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">J269H</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Used for closing thoracotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">T-piece resuscitator</td>
			<td>Neo-Tee</td>
			<td>MCM1050812</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Umbilical ties</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Jorgensen Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>J0025UA</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Weitlander Retractor</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">11-625</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the perinatal asphyxiated lamb model: a model for newborn resuscitation

Birth asphyxia accounts for nearly one million deaths worldwide each year, and is one of the primary causes of early neonatal morbidity and mortality. Many aspects of the current neonatal resuscitation guidelines remain controversial given the difficulties in conducting randomized clinical trials owing to the infrequent and often unpredictable need for extensive resuscitation. Most studies on neonatal resuscitation stem from manikin models that fail to truly reflect physiologic changes or piglet models that have cleared their lung fluid and that have completed the transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. The present protocol provides a detailed step-by-step description on how to create a perinatal asphyxiated fetal lamb model. The proposed model has a transitioning circulation and fluid-filled lungs, which mimics human newborns following delivery, and is, therefore, an excellent animal model to study newborn physiology. An important limitation to lamb experiments is the higher associated cost.

Following instrumentation of the fetal lambs, hemodynamic variables can be recorded (Figure 3 and Figure 4), then analyzed and interpreted (Figure 5). Frequent blood samples can be collected, and Figure 6 shows the pH and PaCO2 data from one of the experiments. Occasionally, catheters or flow probes may malfunction or get dislodged and data can, therefore, not...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation at JoVE.com

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Invasive instrumentation of the fetal lamb provides accurate physiologic measurements of the transitioning circulation in a model that closely mimics the newly born infant.

Birth asphyxia accounts for nearly one million deaths worldwide each year, and is one of the primary causes of early neonatal morbidity and mortality. ...

Research

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