Name: a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to identify novel nfat2 target genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Uploaded: 2018-12-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the DFG grant MU 3340/1-1 and the Deutsche Krebshilfe grant 111134 (both awarded to M.R.M.). We thank Elke Malenke for excellent technical assistance).

All experiments conducted with&#160;human material were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of T&#252;bingen and written informed consent was obtained from all patients who contributed samples to this study.
1. Isolation and Stimulation of Jurkat cells
NOTE: To optimize the protocol, use the Jurkat cell line which is known to express the high levels of NFAT2. All steps are performed under a laminar flow hood.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 50 mL of RPMI 1640 sup...

The critical steps of performing a successful ChIP assay are the selection of an appropriate antibody and the optimization of the chromatin shearing process25. The selection of the &#945;NFAT2 antibody proved to be particularly challenging during the development of this protocol. While there are several &#945;NFAT2 antibodies commercially available and the majority of these works fine for western blotting and other applications, clone 7A6 was the only antibody which could be successfully used for ...

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents the most common leukemia in adults in western countries, exhibiting distinct accumulation of CD19, CD23, and CD5 expressing mature B cells1. Most patients exhibit an indolent disease course, which does not necessitate&#160;specific treatment for many years. In contrast, some patients show rapid progression requiring immediate therapeutic interventions with immune-chemotherapy or other targeted therapies2,3. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors controlling various developmental and activation processes in numerous cell types4,5,6. We recently demonstrated overexpression and constitutional activation of NFAT2 in CLL cells from patients with indolent disease7. Here, it regulates an unresponsive state to B cell receptor stimulation called anergy7. To demonstrate that NFAT2 binds to the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) promoter and regulates LCK expression in human CLL cells, a specific chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) was developed and employed.
ChIP is one of the several techniques to investigate the role of transcription factors in gene expression8. Gene expression is tightly orchestrated in a very complex manner by several regulators with transcription factors taking an irreplaceable part in this process9,10,11,12. Transcription factors regulating the gene expression in a spatial and temporal context have been identified in numerous species (e.g., for development and differentiation)13,14,15,16,17,18. Errors in the intricate control mechanisms involving transcription factors can lead to a variety of pathologic processes including cancer19,20. Hence, identification of transcription factors and their respective targets might offer novel therapeutic avenues21,22. To investigate this intriguing field several methods are available like ChIP, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), various DNA pull-down assays and reporter-assays8,11,12,23,24.
To demonstrate that a certain transcription factor interacts with specific regions of the genome in vivo, ChIP is an ideal technique25. For this purpose, DNA and associated proteins in living cells are cross-linked using UV irradiation or formaldehyde (cross-linked ChIP, XChIP). This step is omitted to obtain better DNA and protein recovery in the so-called native ChIP (NChIP)26. The DNA-protein complexes are subsequently sheared by sonication into fragments of approximately 200-500 base pairs (bp) and immunoprecipitated from the cell debris using a specific antibody against the transcription factor of interest. The associated DNA fragments are then purified and characterized by PCR, molecular cloning, and sequencing. Alternative techniques use microarrays (ChIP-on-Chip) or the next-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to analyze the immunoprecipitated DNA.
ChIP was first introduced by Gilmour and Lis in 1984 when they used UV light to covalently cross-link DNA and bound proteins in living bacteria27. Upon cell lysis and immunoprecipitation of bacterial RNA polymerase, specific probes of known genes were used to map the in vivo distribution and density of RNA polymerase. The method was subsequently used by the same investigators to analyze the distribution of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II on heat shock protein genes in Drosophila28. The XChIP assay was further refined by Varshavsky and coworkers who first used formaldehyde cross-linking to study the association of histone H4 with heat shock protein genes29,30. The NChIP approach, which carries the advantage of a better DNA and protein recovery due to naturally intact epitopes and, therefore, greater antibody specificity, was first described by Hebbes and colleagues in 198831.
The advantage of ChIP in comparison to other techniques to analyze DNA-protein interactions is in fact, that the actual interaction of a transcription factor can be investigated in vivo and no probes or artificial conditions created by buffers or gels are employed8,11,12. By combining ChIP with&#160;next-generation sequencing, multiple targets can be identified simultaneously.
Major limitations of this technique are its limited applicability to large-scale assays in intact organisms25. The analysis of&#160;differential gene expression patterns can also be challenging using ChIP techniques if the respective proteins are expressed only at low levels or during narrow time windows. Another potentially limiting factor is the availability of an appropriate antibody suited for ChIP11.
The ChIP protocol presented here can be employed for the in vivo identification of target genes of a transcription factor by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Specifically, the goal was to identify novel target genes of NFAT2 in CLL. ChIP was chosen because of its potential to directly demonstrate the binding of NFAT2 to the promoter regions of different target genes under natural conditions in human CLL patient cells.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tube shaker Themomixer comfort</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5355 000.011</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Bolt Sample Reducing Agent</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>B0009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20X Bolt MES SDS Running Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>B0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 % Formaldehyde p.a., ACS</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>4979.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4X Bolt LDS Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>B0007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NFAT2 antibody</td>
			<td>Alexis</td>
			<td>1008505</td>
			<td>Clone 7A6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NFAT2 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>8032S</td>
			<td>Clone D15F1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NFAT2 antibody ChIP Grade</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab2796</td>
			<td>Clone 7A6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>big Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5804R</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD19-FITC mouse Anti-human</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555412</td>
			<td>Clone &#160;HIB19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD5-PE mouse Anti-human CD5&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555353</td>
			<td>Clone &#160;UCHT2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Density gradient medium Biocoll&#160; (Density 1,077 g/ml)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>L 6115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA LoBind Tube 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>22431021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS superior</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>S0615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>FACSCalibur</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iBlot 2 Gel Transfer Device</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>IB21001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iBlot 2 Transfer Stacks, nitrocellulose, regular size</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>IB23001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iDeal ChIp-seq kit for Histones</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C01010059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ionomycin calcium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3909</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IRDye 680LT Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L), 0.5 mg</td>
			<td>LI-COR Biosciences</td>
			<td>926-68023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IRDye 800CW Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H + L), 0.1 mg</td>
			<td>LI-COR Biosciences</td>
			<td>925-32210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LI-COR Odyssey Infrared Imaging System</td>
			<td>LI-COR Biosciences</td>
			<td>B446</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 96, white</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4729692001</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with other plates in different real-time PCR instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysing Solution&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; OptiLyse B</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>IM1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M220 AFA-grade water</td>
			<td>Covaris</td>
			<td>520101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M220 Focused-ultrasonicator</td>
			<td>Covaris</td>
			<td>500295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic rack, DynaMag-15 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>12301D</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution 100X</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Axiovert 25</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>451200</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microTUBE AFA Fiber Pre-Slit Snap-Cap 6x16mm</td>
			<td>Covaris</td>
			<td>520045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer improved counting chamber</td>
			<td>Karl Hecht GmbH &#38;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Co KG</td>
			<td>40442012</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4 Heparin Monovette</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>02.1064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-free water</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>P1193</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gels, 1.0 mm, 15-well</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>NP0323BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey&#174; Blocking Buffer (TBS) 500 mL</td>
			<td>LI-COR Biosciences</td>
			<td>927-50000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin 100X</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>A2213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerfeCTa SYBR Green FastMix</td>
			<td>Quanta Bio</td>
			<td>95072-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer CD40L promotor region forward</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-ACTCGGTGTTAGCCAGG-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer CD40L promotor region reverse</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-GGGCTCTTGGGTGCTATTGT -3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer IL-2 promotor region forward</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-TCCAAAGAGTCATCAGAAGAG-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer IL-2 promotor region reverse</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-GGCAGGAGTTGAGGTTACTGT-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer LCK promotor region forward</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-CAGGCAAAACAGGCACACAT-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer LCK promotor region reverse</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-CCTCCAGTGACTCTGTTGGC-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit mAb IgG XP Isotype Control</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td># 3900S</td>
			<td>Clone DA1E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real-time PCR instrument</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>LightCycler 480</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roller mixers</td>
			<td>Phoenix Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-TR 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 Medium, GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>61870010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety-Multifly-needle 21G</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>851638235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SeeBlue Plus2 Pre-stained Protein Standard</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>LC5925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker Duomax 1030</td>
			<td>Heidolph Instruments</td>
			<td>543-32205-00</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Heraeus Fresco 17</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with similar instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#223;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Buffered Saline (TBS-10X)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>#12498</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>93595-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to identify novel nfat2 target genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the expansion of malignant B cell clones and represents the most common leukemia in western countries. The majority of CLL patients show an indolent course of the disease as well as an anergic phenotype of their leukemia cells, referring to a B cell receptor unresponsive to external stimulation. We have recently shown that the transcription factor NFAT2 is a crucial regulator of anergy in CLL. A major challenge in the analysis of the role of a transcription factor in different diseases is the identification of its specific target genes. This is of&#160;great significance for the elucidation of pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a classic technique to demonstrate protein-DNA interactions and can, therefore, be used to identify direct target genes of transcription factors in mammalian cells. Here, ChIP was used to identify LCK as a direct target gene of NFAT2 in human CLL cells. DNA and associated proteins are crosslinked using formaldehyde and subsequently sheared by sonication into DNA fragments of approximately 200-500 base pairs (bp). Cross-linked DNA fragments associated with NFAT2 are then selectively immunoprecipitated from cell debris using an &#945;NFAT2 antibody. After purification, associated DNA fragments are detected via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). DNA sequences with evident enrichment represent regions of the genome which are targeted by NFAT2 in vivo. Appropriate shearing of the DNA and the selection of the required antibody are particularly crucial for the successful application of this method. This protocol is ideal for the demonstration of direct interactions of NFAT2 with target genes. Its major limitation is the difficulty to employ ChIP in large-scale assays analyzing the target genes of multiple transcription factors in intact organisms.

Figure 1 shows an exemplary flow cytometry analysis of a CLL patient performed after staining with CD19-FITC and CD5-PE antibodies. Figure 1a shows the gating of the lymphocytes, representing the majority of cells in the blood of CLL patients. Figure 1b shows the proportion of CD19+/CD5+ CLL cells, which represent 89.03% of lymphocytes in this example. The proportion of CD19<sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world. NFAT transcription factors are important regulators of development and activation in numerous cell types. Here, we present a protocol for the use of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in human CLL cells to identify novel target genes of NFAT2.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the expansion of malignant B cell clones and represents the most common leukemia in western ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery ...

Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Response criteria in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has recently been re-established, with morphologic examination utilized to determine whether patients ...

Flow Cytometry to Estimate Leukemia Stem Cells in Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia and in Patient-derived-xenografts, at Diagnosis and Follow Up

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous, and if not treated, fatal disease. It is the most common cause of leukemia-associated mortality in ...

Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Using Murine Brain Tumor Neurospheres

Epigenetic modifications may be involved in the development and progression of glioma. Changes in methylation and acetylation of promoters and regulatory ...

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

During B cell maturation, the complex process of immunoglobulin (IG) gene V(D)J recombination coupled with somatic hypermutation (SHM) gives rise to a ...

Assessment of the Metabolic Profile of Primary Leukemia Cells

The metabolic requirement of cancer cells can negatively influence survival and treatment efficacy. Nowadays, pharmaceutical targeting of metabolic ...

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a ...

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

A synthetic lethal interaction between two genes is given when knock-out of either one of the two genes does not affect cell viability but knock-out of ...

Subcellular Fractionation of Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Monitor Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Protein Trafficking

Nuclear export of macromolecules is often deregulated in cancer cells. Tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, can be rendered inactive due to aberrant ...

Analyzing Tumor and Tissue Distribution of Target Antigen Specific Therapeutic Antibody

Monoclonal antibodies are high affinity multifunctional drugs that work by variable independent mechanisms to eliminate cancer cells. Over the last few ...