Name: merkel cell polyomavirus infection and detection
Uploaded: 2019-02-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Dr. Meenhard Herlyn (Wistar Institute) and Dr. M. Celeste Simon (University of Pennsylvania) for providing reagents and technical support. We also thank the members of our laboratories for helpful discussion. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants (R01CA187718, R01CA148768 and R01CA142723), the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant (NCI P30 CA016520), and the Penn CFAR award (P30 AI 045008).

Human neonatal foreskins were obtained from Penn Skin Disease Research Center. Adult human fibroblasts were obtained from discarded normal skin after surgery. All the protocols were approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board.
1. Isolation of human dermal fibroblasts
<ol>
	<li>Use a pair of scissors to trim off fat and subcutaneous tissue from the human neonatal foreskin and cut the skin sample in halves or quarters.</li>
	<li>Incubate the tissue in 5 mL of 10 mg/mL...

<ol>
	<li>Gjoerup, O., Chang, Y., Vande Woude, G., Klein, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Advances in Cancer Research. 106, 1-51 (2010).</li><li>Feng, H., Shuda, M., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+integration+of+a+polyomavirus+in+human+Merkel+cell+carcinoma.">Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma.</a> Science. 319, 1096-1100 (2008).</li><li>Lemos, B., Nghiem, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+cell+carcinoma:+more+deaths+but+still+no+pathway+to+blame.">Merkel cell carcinoma: more deaths but still no pathway to blame.</a> Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 127 (9), 2100-2103 (2007).</li><li>Agelli, M., Clegg, L. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+primary+Merkel+cell+carcinoma+in+the+United+States.">Epidemiology of primary Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 49 (5), 832-841 (2003).</li><li>Liu, W., MacDonald, M., You, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+infection+and+Merkel+cell+carcinoma.">Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and Merkel cell carcinoma.</a> Current Opinion in Virology. 20, 20-27 (2016).</li><li>Harrison, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+Assembly+of+Merkel+Cell+Polyomavirus+Large+T-Antigen+Origin+Binding+Domains+at+the+Viral+Origin.">Asymmetric Assembly of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T-Antigen Origin Binding Domains at the Viral Origin.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 409 (4), 529-542 (2011).</li><li>Kwun, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Minimum+Replication+Origin+of+Merkel+Cell+Polyomavirus+Has+a+Unique+Large+T-Antigen+Loading+Architecture+and+Requires+Small+T-Antigen+Expression+for+Optimal+Replication.">The Minimum Replication Origin of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Has a Unique Large T-Antigen Loading Architecture and Requires Small T-Antigen Expression for Optimal Replication.</a> Journal of Virology. 83 (23), 12118-12128 (2009).</li><li>Carter, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+an+overprinting+gene+in+Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+provides+evolutionary+insight+into+the+birth+of+viral+genes.">Identification of an overprinting gene in Merkel cell polyomavirus provides evolutionary insight into the birth of viral genes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (31), 12744-12749 (2013).</li><li>Seo, G. J., Chen, C. J., Sullivan, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+encodes+a+microRNA+with+the+ability+to+autoregulate+viral+gene+expression.">Merkel cell polyomavirus encodes a microRNA with the ability to autoregulate viral gene expression.</a> Virology. 383 (2), 183-187 (2009).</li><li>Theiss, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Comprehensive+Analysis+of+Replicating+Merkel+Cell+Polyomavirus+Genomes+Delineates+the+Viral+Transcription+Program+and+Suggests+a+Role+for+mcv-miR-M1+in+Episomal+Persistence.">A Comprehensive Analysis of Replicating Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Genomes Delineates the Viral Transcription Program and Suggests a Role for mcv-miR-M1 in Episomal Persistence.</a> PLOS Pathogens. 11 (7), 1004974 (2015).</li><li>Schowalter, R. M., Pastrana, D. V., Buck, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosaminoglycans+and+sialylated+glycans+sequentially+facilitate+Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+infectious+entry.">Glycosaminoglycans and sialylated glycans sequentially facilitate Merkel cell polyomavirus infectious entry.</a> PLOS Pathogens. 7 (7), 1002161 (2011).</li><li>Schowalter, R. M., Reinhold, W. C., Buck, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entry+Tropism+of+BK+and+Merkel+Cell+Polyomaviruses+in+Cell+Culture.">Entry Tropism of BK and Merkel Cell Polyomaviruses in Cell Culture.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), 42181 (2012).</li><li>Schowalter, R. M., Buck, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+minor+capsid+protein.">The Merkel cell polyomavirus minor capsid protein.</a> PLOS Pathogens. 9 (8), 1003558 (2013).</li><li>Houben, R., Schrama, D., Becker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+pathogenesis+of+Merkel+cell+carcinoma.">Molecular pathogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma.</a> Experimental Dermatology. 18 (3), 193-198 (2009).</li><li>Chang, Y., Moore, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+cell+carcinoma:+a+virus-induced+human+cancer.">Merkel cell carcinoma: a virus-induced human cancer.</a> Annual Review of Pathology. 7, 123-144 (2012).</li><li>Hodgson, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+cell+carcinoma:+Changing+incidence+trends.">Merkel cell carcinoma: Changing incidence trends.</a> Journal of Surgical Oncology. 89 (1), 1-4 (2005).</li><li>Tolstov, Y. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+infection+II.+MCV+is+a+common+human+infection+that+can+be+detected+by+conformational+capsid+epitope+immunoassays.">Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection II. MCV is a common human infection that can be detected by conformational capsid epitope immunoassays.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 125 (6), 1250-1256 (2009).</li><li>Schowalter, R. M., Pastrana, D. V., Pumphrey, K. A., Moyer, A. L., Buck, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+and+two+previously+unknown+polyomaviruses+are+chronically+shed+from+human+skin.">Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 7 (6), 509-515 (2010).</li><li>Foulongne, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Skin+Microbiota:+High+Diversity+of+DNA+Viruses+Identified+on+the+Human+Skin+by+High+Throughput+Sequencing.">Human Skin Microbiota: High Diversity of DNA Viruses Identified on the Human Skin by High Throughput Sequencing.</a> PLoS One. 7 (6), 38499 (2012).</li><li>Hopcraft, S. E., Damania, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour+viruses+and+innate+immunity.">Tumour viruses and innate immunity.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 372 (1732), (2017).</li><li>Feng, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+viral+factors+regulating+Merkel+cell+polyomavirus+replication.">Cellular and viral factors regulating Merkel cell polyomavirus replication.</a> PLoS One. 6 (7), 22468 (2011).</li><li>Neumann, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Expression+and+Particle+Production+by+a+Consensus+Merkel+Cell+Polyomavirus+(MCPyV)+Genome.">Gene Expression and Particle Production by a Consensus Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) Genome.</a> PLoS One. 6 (12), 29112 (2011).</li><li>Tsang, S. H., Wang, X., Li, J., Buck, C. B., You, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+DNA+damage+response+factors+localize+to+merkel+cell+polyomavirus+DNA+replication+sites+to+support+efficient+viral+DNA+replication.">Host DNA damage response factors localize to merkel cell polyomavirus DNA replication sites to support efficient viral DNA replication.</a> Journal of Virology. 88 (6), 3285-3297 (2014).</li><li>Liu, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+the+Target+Cells+and+Mechanisms+of+Merkel+Cell+Polyomavirus+Infection.">Identifying the Target Cells and Mechanisms of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 19 (6), 775-787 (2016).</li><li>Liu, W., Krump, N. A., MacDonald, M., You, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merkel+Cell+Polyomavirus+Infection+of+Animal+Dermal+Fibroblasts.">Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection of Animal Dermal Fibroblasts.</a> Journal of Virology. 92 (4), (2018).</li><li>Liu, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BRD4+regulates+Nanog+expression+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+and+preimplantation+embryos.">BRD4 regulates Nanog expression in mouse embryonic stem cells and preimplantation embryos.</a> Cell Death Differ. 21 (12), 1950-1960 (2014).</li><li>Choi, H. M., Beck, V. A., Pierce, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+in+situ+hybridization+chain+reaction:+higher+gain,+lower+cost,+greater+durability.">Next-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: higher gain, lower cost, greater durability.</a> ACS Nano. 8 (5), 4284-4294 (2014).</li><li>Buck, C. B., Pastrana, D. V., Lowy, D. R., Schiller, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+intracellular+assembly+of+papillomaviral+vectors.">Efficient intracellular assembly of papillomaviral vectors.</a> Journal of Virology. 78 (2), 751-757 (2004).</li><li>. ccr.cancer.gov Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/support.htm">https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/support.htm</a> (2018)</li><li>. ccr.cancer.gov Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/BuckLabAntibodies.htm">https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/BuckLabAntibodies.htm</a> (2018)</li><li>. ccr.cancer.gov Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/NativeMCVproduction.htm">https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/NativeMCVproduction.htm</a> (2018)</li></ol>

The methods described above , including isolation of dermal fibroblasts from human skin tissue, preparation of recombinant MCPyV virions, infection of cultured cells, immunofluorescent staining, and a sensitive FISH method adapted from HCR technology, which should enable researchers to analyze MCPyV infection27. One of the most critical steps to achieving MCPyV infection in vitro is the production of high-titer virion preparations. Using the protocol for preparation of recombinant MCPyV virions de...

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small, double-stranded DNA virus that has been associated with a rare but aggressive skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)1,2. The mortality rate of MCC, around 33%, exceeds that of melanoma3,4. MCPyV has a circular genome of ~5 kb1,5 bisected by a non-coding regulatory region (NCRR) into early and late coding regions1. The NCRR contains the viral origin of replication (Ori) and bidirectional promoters for viral transcription6,7. The early region encodes tumor antigen proteins called large T (LT), small T (sT), 57kT, alternative LT ORF (ALTO), as well as an autoregulatory miRNA1,8,9,10. The late region encodes the capsid proteins VP1 and VP211,12,13. LT and sT are the best-studied MCPyV proteins and have been shown to support the viral DNA replication and MCPyV-induced tumorigenesis5. Clonal integration of MCPyV DNA into the host genome, which has been observed in up to 80% of MCCs, is likely a causal factor for virus-positive tumor development14,15.
The incidence of MCC has tripled over the past twenty years16. Asymptomatic MCPyV infection is also widespread in the general population17,18,19. With the increasing number of MCC diagnoses and the high prevalence of MCPyV infection, there is a need to improve our understanding of the virus and its oncogenic potential. However, many aspects of MCPyV biology and oncogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood20. This is largely because MCPyV replicates poorly in established cell lines11,12,21,22,23 and, until recently, skin cells capable of supporting MCPyV infection had not been discovered22. Mechanistic studies to fully investigate MCPyV and its interaction with host cells have been hampered by a lack of cell culture system for propagating the virus5.
We discovered that primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) isolated from neonatal human foreskin support robust MCPyV infection both in vitro and ex vivo24. From this study, we established the first cell culture infection model for MCPyV24. Building on this model system, we showed that the induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes by the WNT/&#946;-catenin signaling pathway and other growth factors stimulates MCPyV infection. Moreover, we found that the FDA-approved MEK antagonist trametinib effectively inhibits MCPyV infection5,25. From these studies, we also established a set of protocols for isolating human dermal fibroblasts24,25, preparing MCPyV virions11,12, performing MCPyV infection on human dermal fibroblasts24,25 and detecting MCPyV proteins by IF staining26. In addition, we adapted the in situ DNA hybridization chain reaction (HCR) technology27 to develop a highly sensitive FISH technique (HCR-DNA FISH) for detecting MCPyV DNA in infected human skin cells. These new methods will be useful for studying the infectious cycle of MCPyV as well as the cellular response to MCPyV infection. The natural host reservoir cells that maintain MCPyV infection and the cells that give rise to MCC tumors remain unknown. The techniques we describe in this manuscript could be applied to examine various types of human cells to identify both the reservoir cells and origin of MCC tumors. Our established methods, such as HCR-DNA FISH, could also be employed in the detection of other DNA tumor viruses and the characterization of host cell interactions.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:837px;" width="838">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30071.03</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution, 100X</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">GLUTAMAX I, 100X</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14190136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">0.05% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">DMEM/F12 medium</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Recombinant Human EGF Protein, CF</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>236-EG-200</td>
			<td>Store at -80 degree celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>13122</td>
			<td>Store at -80 degree celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>SML1046</td>
			<td>Store at -80 degree celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Collagenase type IV</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Dispase II</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Roche</td>
			<td>4942078001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td>Protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">DMEM medium</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11965084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A11032</td>
			<td>Protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td>Protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">OptiPrep Density Gradient Medium</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D1556</td>
			<td>Protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">anti-MCPyV LT (CM2B4)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-136172</td>
			<td>Lot # B2717</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">MCV VP1 rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal serum #10965</td>
			<td>https://home.ccr.cancer.gov/lco/BuckLabAntibodies.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Hygromycin</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Roche</td>
			<td>10843555001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:339px;">Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors (bFGF), Human Recombinant</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Corning</td>
			<td>354060</td>
			<td>Store at -80 degree celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Benzonase Nuclease</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E8263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Plasmid-Safe ATP-Dependent DNase</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">EPICENTRE</td>
			<td>E3101K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Probe hybridization buffer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Molecular technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:339px;">Probe wash buffer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Molecular technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Amplification buffer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Molecular technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Alexa 594-labeled hairpins</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Molecular technologies</td>
			<td>B4</td>
			<td>Protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P7581</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">BamHI-HF</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R3136</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Buffer PB</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19066</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">blue miniprep spin column</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27104</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">T4 ligase</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0202T</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagicMark XP</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LC5602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

merkel cell polyomavirus infection and detection

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection can lead to Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a highly aggressive form of skin cancer. Mechanistic studies to fully investigate MCPyV molecular biology and oncogenic mechanisms have been hampered by a lack of adequate cell culture models. Here, we describe a set of protocols for performing and detecting MCPyV infection of primary human skin cells. The protocols describe the isolation of human dermal fibroblasts, preparation of recombinant MCPyV virions, and detection of virus infection by both immunofluorescent (IF) staining and in situ DNA-hybridization chain reaction (HCR), which is a highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach. The protocols herein can be adapted by interested researchers to identify other cell types or cell lines that support MCPyV infection. The described FISH approach could also be adapted for detecting low levels of viral DNAs present in the infected human skin.

The protocol described in this manuscript allowed isolation of a nearly homogenous population of HDFs (Figure 1). As demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining, almost 100% of the human dermal cells isolated using the conditions described in this protocol were positively stained for dermal fibroblast markers, vimentin, and collagen I24, but negative for human foreskin keratinocyte marker K14 (Figure 1). <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection at JoVE.com

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection

Here, we present a protocol to infect primary human dermal fibroblast with MCPyV. The protocol includes isolation of dermal fibroblasts, preparation of MCPyV virions, virus infection, immunofluorescence staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. This protocol can be extended for characterizing MCPyV-host interactions and discovering other cell types infectable by MCPyV.

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection can lead to Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a highly aggressive form of skin cancer. Mechanistic studies to fully ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular  nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins  into a wide variety of ...

Detection of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Interactions with Primary Immune Cell Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry

Engineered nanoparticles are endowed with very promising properties for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. This work describes a fast and reliable ...

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...

Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers by Using a Molecular Imprinting Based Capacitive Biosensor

The ability to detect and quantitate biomolecules in complex solutions has always been highly sought-after within natural science; being used for the ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...