Name: radiation treatment of organotypic cultures from submandibular and parotid salivary glands models key in vivo characteristics
Uploaded: 2019-05-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by pilot funding provided by University of Arizona Office of Research and Discovery and National Institutes of Health (R01 DE023534) to Kirsten Limesand. The Cancer Biology Training Grant, T32CA009213, provided stipend support for Wen Yu Wong. The authors would like to thank M. Rice for his valuable technical contribution.

1. Preparation of vibratome
<ol>
	<li>Spray detachable components of the vibratome including the buffer tray, blade attachment, agarose block mold, and laboratory film with 70% ethanol, then UV-sterilize for at least 30 min.</li>
	<li>Place and secure an additional sheet of laboratory film over the buffer tray to prevent ice from falling in.</li>
	<li>Fill the ice chamber with crushed ice, remove the laboratory film from the buffer tray, and fill the buffer tray with 100 mL of ice-cold 1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS...

<ol>
	<li>Dirix, P., Nuyts, S., Van den Bogaert, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+xerostomia+in+patients+with+head+and+neck+cancer:+a+literature+review.">Radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a literature review.</a> Cancer. 107 (11), 2525-2534 (2006).</li><li>Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Jemal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+Statistics,+2017.">Cancer Statistics, 2017.</a> CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67 (1), 7-30 (2017).</li><li>Hancock, P. J., Epstein, J. B., Sadler, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+and+dental+management+related+to+radiation+therapy+for+head+and+neck+cancer.">Oral and dental management related to radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.</a> Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 69 (9), 585-590 (2003).</li><li>Nguyen, N. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quality+of+life+following+chemoradiation+and+postoperative+radiation+for+locally+advanced+head+and+neck+cancer.">Quality of life following chemoradiation and postoperative radiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer.</a> Journal for Oto-rhino-laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 69 (5), 271-276 (2007).</li><li>Gorenc, M., Kozjek, N. R., Strojan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malnutrition+and+cachexia+in+patients+with+head+and+neck+cancer+treated+with+(chemo)radiotherapy.+Reports+of+Practical+Oncology+and+Radiotherapy.">Malnutrition and cachexia in patients with head and neck cancer treated with (chemo)radiotherapy. Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy.</a> Journal of Greatpoland Cancer Center in Poznan&#769; and Polish Society of Radiation Oncology. 20 (4), 249-258 (2015).</li><li>Grundmann, O., Mitchell, G. C., Limesand, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+salivary+glands+to+radiation:+from+animal+models+to+therapies.">Sensitivity of salivary glands to radiation: from animal models to therapies.</a> Journal of Dental Research. 88 (10), 894-903 (2009).</li><li>Konings, A. W., Coppes, R. P., Vissink, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+mechanism+of+salivary+gland+radiosensitivity.">On the mechanism of salivary gland radiosensitivity.</a> International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, and Physics. 62 (4), 1187-1194 (2005).</li><li>Chan, Y. -. H., Huang, T. -. W., Young, T. -. H., Lou, P. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+salivary+gland+acinar+cells+spontaneously+form+three-dimensional+structures+and+change+the+protein+expression+patterns.">Human salivary gland acinar cells spontaneously form three-dimensional structures and change the protein expression patterns.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 226 (11), 3076-3085 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen, V. T., Dawson, P., Zhang, Q., Harris, Z., Limesand, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+growth+factors+promotes+salisphere+formation+from+irradiated+parotid+salivary+glands.">Administration of growth factors promotes salisphere formation from irradiated parotid salivary glands.</a> PLoS ONE. 13 (3), e0193942 (2018).</li><li>Limesand, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+Rat+Parotid+and+Submandibular+Acinar+Cell+Apoptosis+In+Primary+Culture.">Characterization of Rat Parotid and Submandibular Acinar Cell Apoptosis In Primary Culture.</a> In Vitro Cellular &amp; Developmental Biology - Animal. 39 (3), 170 (2003).</li><li>Wei, L., Xiong, H., Li, W., Li, B., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upregulation+of+IL-6+expression+in+human+salivary+gland+cell+line+by+IL-17+via+activation+of+p38+MAPK,+ERK,+PI3K/Akt,+and+NF-&#954;B+pathways.">Upregulation of IL-6 expression in human salivary gland cell line by IL-17 via activation of p38 MAPK, ERK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-&#954;B pathways.</a> Journal of Oral Pathology &amp; Medicine. 47 (9), 847-855 (2018).</li><li>Chuong, C., Katz, J., Pauley, K. M., Bulosan, M., Cha, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RAGE+expression+and+NF-&#954;B+activation+attenuated+by+extracellular+domain+of+RAGE+in+human+salivary+gland+cell+line.">RAGE expression and NF-&#954;B activation attenuated by extracellular domain of RAGE in human salivary gland cell line.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 221 (2), 430-434 (2009).</li><li>Edmondson, R., Broglie, J. J., Adcock, A. F., Yang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+cell+culture+systems+and+their+applications+in+drug+discovery+and+cell-based+biosensors.">Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors.</a> Assay and Drug Development Technologies. 12 (4), 207-218 (2014).</li><li>Bhadriraju, K., Chen, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+cellular+microenvironments+to+improve+cell-based+drug+testing.">Engineering cellular microenvironments to improve cell-based drug testing.</a> Drug Discovery Today. 7 (11), 612-620 (2002).</li><li>Breslin, S., O'Driscoll, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+cell+culture:+the+missing+link+in+drug+discovery.">Three-dimensional cell culture: the missing link in drug discovery.</a> Drug Discovery Today. 18 (5-6), 240-249 (2013).</li><li>Avila, J. L., Grundmann, O., Burd, R., Limesand, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+salivary+gland+dysfunction+results+from+p53-dependent+apoptosis.">Radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction results from p53-dependent apoptosis.</a> International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biololgy, Physics. 73 (2), 523-529 (2009).</li><li>Mitchell, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IGF1+activates+cell+cycle+arrest+following+irradiation+by+reducing+binding.">IGF1 activates cell cycle arrest following irradiation by reducing binding.</a> of DeltaNp63 to the p21 promoter. Cell Death &amp; Disease. 1, (2010).</li><li>Lombaert, I. M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+Salivary+Gland+Function+after+Stem+Cell+Transplantation+in+Irradiated+Glands.">Rescue of Salivary Gland Function after Stem Cell Transplantation in Irradiated Glands.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (4), (2008).</li><li>Warner, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+form+and+function+in+organotypic+slices+of+the+adult+mouse+parotid+gland.">Visualizing form and function in organotypic slices of the adult mouse parotid gland.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 295 (3), G629-G640 (2008).</li><li>Su, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+organotypic+culture+of+human+salivary+glands:+the+slice+culture+model.">Three-dimensional organotypic culture of human salivary glands: the slice culture model.</a> Oral Diseases. 22 (7), 639-648 (2016).</li><li>Mattei, G., Cristiani, I., Magliaro, C., Ahluwalia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profile+analysis+of+hepatic+porcine+and+murine+brain+tissue+slices+obtained+with+a+vibratome.">Profile analysis of hepatic porcine and murine brain tissue slices obtained with a vibratome.</a> PeerJ - The Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences. 3, 932 (2015).</li><li>Pawley, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Limesand, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin-Like+Growth+Factor-1+Preserves+Salivary+Gland+Function+After+Fractionated+Radiation.">Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Preserves Salivary Gland Function After Fractionated Radiation.</a> International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, and Physics. 78 (2), 579-586 (2010).</li><li>Grundmann, O., Fillinger, J. L., Victory, K. R., Burd, R., Limesand, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+radiation+therapy-induced+salivary+gland+dysfunction+in+mice+by+post+therapy+IGF-1+administration.">Restoration of radiation therapy-induced salivary gland dysfunction in mice by post therapy IGF-1 administration.</a> BMC Cancer. 10, 417 (2010).</li><li>Chibly, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=aPKCzeta-dependent+Repression+of+Yap+is+Necessary+for+Functional+Restoration+of+Irradiated+Salivary+Glands+with+IGF-1.">aPKCzeta-dependent Repression of Yap is Necessary for Functional Restoration of Irradiated Salivary Glands with IGF-1.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 6347 (2018).</li><li>Wong, W. Y., Pier, M., Limesand, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+disruption+of+lateral+junctional+complexes+and+actin+cytoskeleton+in+parotid+salivary+glands+following+radiation+treatment.">Persistent disruption of lateral junctional complexes and actin cytoskeleton in parotid salivary glands following radiation treatment.</a> American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 315 (4), R656-R667 (2018).</li><li>Emmerson, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOX2+regulates+acinar+cell+development+in+the+salivary+gland.">SOX2 regulates acinar cell development in the salivary gland.</a> eLife. 6, (2017).</li><li>Nedvetsky, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasympathetic+innervation+regulates+tubulogenesis+in+the+developing+salivary+gland.">Parasympathetic innervation regulates tubulogenesis in the developing salivary gland.</a> Developmental Cell. 30 (4), 449-462 (2014).</li><li>Kwon, H. R., Nelson, D. A., DeSantis, K. A., Morrissey, J. M., Larsen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+regulation+of+salivary+gland+epithelial+patterning.">Endothelial cell regulation of salivary gland epithelial patterning.</a> Development. 144 (2), 211-220 (2017).</li><li>Mellas, R. E., Leigh, N. J., Nelson, J. W., McCall, A. D., Baker, O. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zonula+occludens-1,+occludin+and+E-cadherin+expression+and+organization+in+salivary+glands+with+Sjogren's+syndrome.">Zonula occludens-1, occludin and E-cadherin expression and organization in salivary glands with Sjogren's syndrome.</a> Jounral of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 63 (1), 45-56 (2015).</li><li>Daley, W. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Btbd7+is+essential+for+region-specific+epithelial+cell+dynamics+and+branching+morphogenesis+in+vivo.">Btbd7 is essential for region-specific epithelial cell dynamics and branching morphogenesis in vivo.</a> Development. 144 (12), 2200-2211 (2017).</li><li>Nam, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-Irradiated+Human+Submandibular+Glands+Display+High+Collagen+Deposition,+Disorganized+Cell+Junctions,+and+an+Increased+Number+of+Adipocytes.">Post-Irradiated Human Submandibular Glands Display High Collagen Deposition, Disorganized Cell Junctions, and an Increased Number of Adipocytes.</a> Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 64 (6), 343-352 (2016).</li></ol>

Salivary gland research has utilized a number of culture models, including immortalized 2-D cultures, primary 2-D cultures, 3-D salisphere cultures, and 3-D organ cultures from embryonic explants to ascertain questions on underlying biology and physiology. These culture models have yielded insightful information across a diverse array of research questions and will continue to be important tools in salivary research. The limitations of these culture models include modulation of p53 activity during immortalization, transi...

Proper salivary gland function is essential to oral health and is altered following head and neck cancer treatment with radiotherapy1. In 2017, nearly 50,000 new cases of head and neck cancer were reported in the United States2. Due to the tissue-damaging and frequently irreversible effects of radiation therapy on surrounding normal tissues such as salivary glands, patients are often left with severe side effects and diminished quality of life2,3,4. Common complications caused by radiation damage manifests in symptoms such as xerostomia (the subjective feeling of dry mouth), dental caries, impaired ability to chew and swallow, speech impairments, and compromised oral microbiomes2,3,4. These symptoms collectively can lead to malnutrition and impaired survival in affected individuals5. While salivary gland dysfunction in this population has been well-documented, the underlying mechanisms of damage to acinar cells have been disputed, and there is little integration among different animal models6,7.
The current methods of studying salivary gland function and radiation-induced damage include the use of in vivo models, immortalized cell lines, two-dimensional (2-D) primary cell cultures, and three-dimensional (3-D) salisphere cultures8,9,10,11,12. Traditionally, cell culture models from immortalized cell lines and 2-D cultures involve single layered cells cultured on flat surfaces and are valuable for fast, easy, and cost-effective experimentation. However, artificial cell culture conditions can alter the differentiation status and physiological responses of cells exposed to various conditions, and the results often fail to translate to whole organism models14,15. In addition, immortalized cell cultures require modulation of p53 activity, which is critical for the salivary gland response to DNA damage16,17.
3-D salisphere cultures are enriched for stem and progenitor cells at early time points in culture and have been useful for understanding the radiosensitivity of this subset of salivary gland cells9,18. A critical limitation of all these culture models is they are ineffective in visualizing the 3-D structure of the salivary gland, including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell interactions over various layers, which are crucial in modulating salivary secretion15. The need for a method that encompasses the behavior of the tissue as a whole but can also be manipulated under laboratory conditions to study the effects of treatment is necessary to further discover the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction.
Live tissue sectioning and culture has been documented previously19,20 and is often used to study brain-tissue interactions21. In previous studies, parotid (PAR) salivary gland tissue from mice was sectioned at approximately 50 &#181;m and cultured for up to 48 h, and analysis of viability, cell death, and function was performed thereafter19. Su et al. (2016) expanded on this methodology by culturing human submandibular glands (SMGs) sectioned at 35 &#181;m or 50 &#181;m for 14 days20. The proposed method is an advancement in that it includes both parotid and submandibular salivary glands sectioned at 50 &#181;m and 90 &#181;m and evaluation of the cultures for 30 days. The ability to cut a range of tissue thickness is important in evaluating cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions that are relevant for cellular processes including apical-basolateral polarity and innervation for secretion. Furthermore, the salivary gland slices were irradiated while in culture to determine the feasibility of this culture model to study radiation-induced salivary gland damage.
The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. To determine the maximum time sections that are viable post-dissection, trypan blue staining, live cell staining, and immunohistochemical staining for cell death were performed. Confocal microscopy and immunofluorescent staining were utilized to evaluate specific cell populations, morphological structures, and levels of proliferation. Tissue section cultures were also exposed to ionizing radiation to determine the effects of radiation on various markers in this 3-D model. Induction of cell death, cytoskeletal disruption, loss of differentiation markers, and compensatory proliferation in irradiated ex vivo cultures were compared to previous studies of in vivo models. This methodology provides a means to investigate the role of cell-cell interactions following radiation damage and provides an experimental model to efficiently evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (gene manipulations or pharmacological agents) that may be less suitable for in vivo models.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome VT1000S</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Vibratome for sectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Edge Stainless Steel Razor Blades</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP165-25</td>
			<td>Low-melt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin-Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-745H</td>
			<td>PSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>CellTreat</td>
			<td>229124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loctite UltraGel Control Superglue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purchased at hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural Red Sable Round Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Princeton Art &#38; Brush Co</td>
			<td>7400R-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ICN1676045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T-8158-100mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutatmine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trace Elements</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>ICN1676549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12585014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epidermal Growth Factor</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A3160602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 Media</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>150-90-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell Cell Culture Insert</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>PICM01250</td>
			<td>12 mm, 0.4 um pore size for 24 well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4% Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Cell Imaging Kit (488/570)</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>R37601</td>
			<td>Only used LIVE dye component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Ki-67 Antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9129S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-E-cadherin Antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>3195S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Cleaved Caspase-3 Antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9661L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SMA Antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-amylase Antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD31 Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab28364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TUBB3 Antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>5568S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 Antibody Labeling Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>A20185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>A12381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>21568-2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde Prills</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5027632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>New England Nuclear Blocking Agent</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>2346249</td>
			<td>No longer sold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>4083S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold Antifade Mounting Media</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica SPSII Spectral Confocal</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>For confocal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica DMIL Inverted Phase Contrast Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Instrument</td>
			<td>Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd Theratron-80</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amac Box, Clear</td>
			<td>The Container Store</td>
			<td>60140</td>
			<td>Agarose block mold</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

radiation treatment of organotypic cultures from submandibular and parotid salivary glands models key in vivo characteristics

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.

Primary 2-D cultures are grown in fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented media while primary 3-D salisphere culture are typically cultured in serum-free conditions10,11. In addition, the two previous studies utilizing vibratome cultures from salivary glands cultured their sections in 0% or 10% FBS supplemented media19,20. Mouse submandibular slices were sectioned at a thick...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics at JoVE.com

Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics

Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures to visualize morphology and functional markers of salivary glands may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of tissue damage following radiation. Described here is a protocol to section, culture, irradiate, stain, and image 50&#8211;90 &#956;m thick salivary gland sections prior to and following exposure to ionizing radiation.

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality ...

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research  that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive  biologic markers of ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing

The use of patient-derived xenografts for modeling cancers has provided important insight into cancer biology and drug responsiveness. However, they are ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Radiation Planning Assistant - A Streamlined, Fully Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System

The Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) is a system developed for the fully automated creation of radiotherapy treatment plans, including volume-modulated ...

Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In ...