Name: establishment and characterization of small bowel neuroendocrine tumor spheroids
Uploaded: 2019-10-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH grants P50 CA174521 (to J.R. Howe and A.M. Bellizzi). P.H. Ear is a recipient of the P50 CA174521 Career Enhancement Program award.

All experiments using human neuroendocrine tumor samples have been approved by the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics IRB committee (Protocol number 199911057). A list of all materials and equipment is described in the Table of Materials. A list of growth media and key solutions is found in Table 1.
1. Small bowel neuroendocrine tumor (SBNET) collection and cell dissociation
<ol>
	<li>Obtain resected patient SBNET samples after tumor tissues confirmatio...

<ol>
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Tumor 3D cultures have become a valuable resource for preclinical drug testing15. Various tumor organoid biobanks have recently been established from breast cancer and prostate cancer tumors16,17. In this study, we provide a detailed protocol to culture SBNET as spheroids and a simple and fast method to validate the spheroid cultures for NET markers by immunofluorescence and test drug sensitivity. From our experience, SBNET spheroids can g...

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) originate from enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine. Although SBNETs are generally known to grow slowly, they commonly metastasize to the liver1. While the surgical removal or tumor ablation can be considered in many cases, recurrence is nearly universal, and, therefore, medical therapy plays an important role in management. Tremendous efforts have been invested to generate new SBNET cell lines for drug testing. However, there has been very little success. Only 6 SBNET cell lines (KRJ-I, CND2, GOT1, P-STS, L-STS, H-STS) have been reported2,3,4,5; and unfortunately one cell line no longer expresses NET markers6 and three other SBNET cell lines (KRJ-I, L-STS, H-STS) were determined to be derived from transformed lymphoblasts instead of NETs7. In order to accelerate the identification of drugs for targeting SBNETs, alternative methods for in vitro drug testing are needed.
Here, we take&#160;advantage of the availability of resected SBNETs and have established a way to culture these patient-derived SBNETs as spheroids growing in ECM. The overall goal of this manuscript is to describe a method to culture SBNET as a three-dimensional (3D) culture and outline procedures to characterize these spheroids for the retention of SBNET markers by immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry.
In addition, we demonstrate how these SBNET spheroids can be used for testing the effect of rapamycin, an anti-cancer drug for NETs8. The rationale behind this protocol is to develop a new method to grow SBNET cells in vitro and use them for drug testing. The advantage of this technique over the traditional method of establishing an SBNET cell line is that 3D cultures of SBNETs can rapidly be obtained and drug testing can be done within 3 weeks. SBNET spheroids could potentially be used as a model for performing in vitro drug screens to identify new drugs for SBNET patients. Since SBNET cell lines are not widely available, 3D cultures of SBNET spheroids can serve as a new in vitro model for studying SBNETs and can be shared among scientists in the field.

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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:257px;">Anti-rabbit FITC</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11-095-152</td>
			<td style="width:437px;">Secondary antibody couple to a green fluorophore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antigen Retrieval Solution</td>
			<td>Agilent Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2367</td>
			<td>Solution at pH 9 for preparing slides for IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Autostainer Link 48</td>
			<td>Agilent Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Not Available</td>
			<td>Automated system for antibody staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell freezing container</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>5100-0001</td>
			<td>Container to for freezing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:257px;">CellSence</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 1.18</td>
			<td>Computer software for using fluorescent microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chromogranin A antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam-45179</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RB-9003-PO</td>
			<td>Antibodies for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chromogranin A antibody (clone LK2H10)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>MA5-13096</td>
			<td>Antibodies for IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0130</td>
			<td>Enzyme for digesting tumor tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>Medium for tissue preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11320-033</td>
			<td>Medium for organoid cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td>Solvent for dissolving drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNAse</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DN25</td>
			<td>Enzyme for digesting tumor tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethidium Homodimer</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Chemodex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CDX-E0012-T1E</td>
			<td>DNA and RNA binding dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16000044</td>
			<td>Reagent for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:257px;">Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CKX35</td>
			<td>Microscope for taking pictures of SBENT spheroids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2916801</td>
			<td>Reagent for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:257px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 1.51</td>
			<td>Computer software for image analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I0516</td>
			<td>Reagent for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Corning</td>
			<td>356235</td>
			<td>Matrix to embed and anchore organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mounting medium (VECTASHIELD)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td>Fixative for labelled-cells with a nuclear stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nicotinamide</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>72340</td>
			<td>Reagent for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Reagent to fix cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PEN/STREP</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>Reagent for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PT Link</td>
			<td>Agilent Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Not Available</td>
			<td>Automated system to prepare slides for IHC staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rapamycin</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J62473</td>
			<td>Drug that can inhibit NET growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:257px;">Secondary antibodies for IHC</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Agilent Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K8000</td>
			<td>Secondary antibodies for IHC using Polymer-based EnVision FLEX system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SSTR2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">GeneScritp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A01591</td>
			<td>Antibodies for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SSTR2 antibody (clone UMB1)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab134152</td>
			<td>Antibodies for IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Synaptophysin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>32127</td>
			<td>Antibodies for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Synaptophysin antibody (clone DAK-SYNAP)</td>
			<td>Agilent Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7315</td>
			<td>Antibodies for IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TritonX</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3555 KBGE</td>
			<td>Reagent to permeablize cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:257px;">Y-2763 ROCK inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Adipogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AG-CR1-3564-M005</td>
			<td>To improve SBNET spheroid viability after freeze thaw</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment and characterization of small bowel neuroendocrine tumor spheroids

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited because very few patient derived SBNET cell lines have been generated. Well-differentiated SBNET cells are slow growing and are hard to propagate. The few cell lines that have been established are not readily available, and after time in culture may not continue to express characteristics of NET cells. Generating new cell lines could take many years since SBNET cells have a long doubling time and many enrichment steps are needed in order to eliminate the rapidly dividing cancer-associated fibroblasts. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a protocol to culture SBNET cells from surgically removed tumors as spheroids in extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM forms a 3-dimensional matrix that encapsulates SBNET cells and mimics the tumor micro-environment for allowing SBNET cells to grow. Here, we characterized the growth rate of SBNET spheroids and described methods to identify SBNET markers using immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry to confirm that the spheroids are neuroendocrine tumor cells. In addition, we used SBNET spheroids for testing the cytotoxicity of rapamycin.

There are currently only 2 SBNET cell lines established and published2,3,4,5 and they are not readily available to many researchers. Here, we propose to culture SBNET as spheroids in ECM and use this as an alternative model to study SBNET drug sensitivity. Patient-derived tumor from an SBNET that metastasized to the liver was collected, digested to release SBNET cells, and mixed with liquid ECM...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids at JoVE.com

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) originate from neuroendocrine cells of the neural crest. They are slow growing and challenging to culture. We present an alternative strategy to grow NETs from the small bowel by culturing them as spheroids. These spheroids have small bowel NET markers and can be used for drug testing.

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited ...

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