Name: in vitro establishment of a genetically engineered murine head and neck cancer cell line using an adeno-associated virus-cas9 system
Uploaded: 2020-01-09T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System at JoVE.com

We wish to thank Dr. Daniel Gitler for providing us with the pAd Delta 5 Helper plasmid. This work was funded by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF, 700/16) (to ME), the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF, 2017323) (to ME and MS), the Israel Cancer Association (ICA, 20170024) (to ME), the Israel Cancer Research Foundation (ICRF, 17-1693-RCDA) (to ME), and the Concern Foundation (#7895) (to ME). Fellowship: the Alon fellowship to ME and BGU Kreitman fellowships to SJ and MP.

This study was approved by the Ben Gurion University of the Negev Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal experiments were approved by the IACUC (IL.80-12-2015 and IL.29-05-2018(E)). All aspects of animal testing, housing, and environmental conditions used in this study were in compliance with The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals13.
1. Adeno-associated virus production
<ol>
	<li>Day 1: Cell culture
	<ol>
		<li>Seed 4 x 106 HEK293T cells per 14...

<ol>
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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+of+mouse+oral+carcinoma+cell+lines+derived+from+transgenic+mice+and+their+use+as+syngeneic+tumorigenesis+models.">Establishing of mouse oral carcinoma cell lines derived from transgenic mice and their use as syngeneic tumorigenesis models.</a> BMC Cancer. 19 (1), 281 (2019).</li><li>Hoover, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Human+Papillomavirus+16+E6+in+Anchorage-Independent+and+Invasive+Growth+of+Mouse+Tonsil+Epithelium.">The Role of Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 in Anchorage-Independent and Invasive Growth of Mouse Tonsil Epithelium.</a> Archives of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery. 133 (5), 495 (2007).</li><li>Smahel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastatic+MHC+class+I-negative+mouse+cells+derived+by+transformation+with+human+papillomavirus+type+16.">Metastatic MHC class I-negative mouse cells derived by transformation with human papillomavirus type 16.</a> British Journal of Cancer. 84 (3), 374-380 (2001).</li><li>He, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+Growth+of+a+Newly+Established+Mouse+Epithelial+Cell+Line+Transformed+with+HPV-16+E7+in+Diabetic+Mice.">Increased Growth of a Newly Established Mouse Epithelial Cell Line Transformed with HPV-16 E7 in Diabetic Mice.</a> PloS One. 11 (10), e0164490 (2016).</li></ol>

Several methods have previously been used to transform primary cells in culture with variable degrees of success25,26,27,28. Most of these methods use mouse fibroblast cells for transformation14,17,18,19 or use carcinogens such as 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO)<sup ...

HNC is a common malignancy worldwide1. Modeling the genesis of HNC neoplasia is currently at a scientific turning point2. While many genetic mutations have been identified in HNC2,3,4 (e.g., TP53, PIK3CA, NOTCH1, FAT1, and RAS) the specific combinations of genomic alterations required in concert to induce HNC remain unclear.
The current use of human HNC cell lines has significantly helped to elucidate the mechanisms associated with pathogenesis and treatment3. However, the study of human cell lines in immunocompromised murine systems has its limitations, because these systems do not address the in vivo neoplastic process, the role of specific gene mutations, and treatment responses in an immune microenvironment. Hence, the development and establishment of murine cell lines with specific genetic alterations are of primary importance to study how different genes contribute to the transformation process and to test novel molecule-based therapies in immunocompetent mice.
Gene function studies in biomedical research have been significantly affected by advances in DNA editing technologies, by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs), for example5. These technologies, including the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), allow for the manipulation of any gene of interest at its locus. The latest CRISPR/Cas9 systems is comprised of a guide RNA (gRNA) that directs the Cas9 nuclease to generate a DSB at a specific site in the genome. This system has gained extensive recognition in modifying endogenous genes in any cell or target tissue, even in the most traditionally difficult-to-treat organisms5. It has multiple advantages over other systems due to its simplicity, speed, and efficiency.
In oncology, CRISPR/CAS9 technology has fulfilled the need to effectively mimic cancer cells. To establish this system in HNC, we manipulated the potent KRAS oncogene and two important tumor suppressor genes, APC and p536. According to the GENIE database7, this combination is rare in HNC. RAS mutations (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) are present in only ~7% of all HNC populations. These tumors tend to be resistant to therapy8,9.
Delivery of Cas9 and its gRNA is achieved through viral transduction using either AAVs or lentiviruses. Recombinant AAV is often the preferred method for delivering genes to target cells owing to its high titer, mild immune response, ability to transduce a broad range of cells, and overall safety. Using an AAV system, various tissue-specific mouse cell lines have been generated, and new cell lines are still being developed10,11,12. However, an efficient genomic editing system that can generate murine HNC cell line models cells remains to be developed. In this study, we sought to develop an in vitro AAV-Cas9-based system for transforming primary murine tongue cells into a tumorigenic state. This unique CRISPR/Cas9 transformation protocol and the established tumor cell line can be used to better understand the biology of HNC induced by a diversity of genomic alterations.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
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			<td>Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti mouse HRP</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-035-146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti rabbit HRP</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>711-035-152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 Mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>14697</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cre</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>900901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-165-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-165-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-9996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>4370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit monoclonal anti E cadherin</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>3195S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit monoclonal anti-KRT 14</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB-ab181595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946; actin</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>691001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946; catenin</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9582S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell lines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK93T</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/All/CRL-3216.aspx" target="_blank">CRL-3216</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Media, Chemicals and Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bradford Reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>30015484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0332-TAM-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI fluoromount</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>0100-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Biological Industries Israel Beit-Haemek Ltd.</td>
			<td>01-055-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECL (Westar Supernova and Westar Nova 2.0)</td>
			<td>Cyanagen</td>
			<td>XLS3.0100 and XLS071.0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biological Industries Israel Beit-Haemek Ltd.</td>
			<td>04-127-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H6648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin - Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H6508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolate II Genomic DNA Kit</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-52066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Panreac AppliChem</td>
			<td>300283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Bio Lab Ltd</td>
			<td>1903059100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Biological Industries Israel Beit-Haemek Ltd.</td>
			<td>02-023-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>23966-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen Strep Solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries Israel Beit-Haemek Ltd.</td>
			<td>03-031-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>30525-89-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Biotool</td>
			<td>B15001A/B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P2714-1BTL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris buffer</td>
			<td>MERCK Millipore</td>
			<td>648311-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzymes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzonase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18047019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Biological Industries Israel Beit-Haemek Ltd.</td>
			<td>03-050-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass wares</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slips</td>
			<td>Bar Naor</td>
			<td>BNCB00130RA1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides</td>
			<td>Bar Naor</td>
			<td>BN9308C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6</td>
			<td>Envigo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6;129-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1(CAG-cas9*,-EGFP)Fezh/J</td>
			<td>Jackson labs</td>
			<td>24857</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOD.CB17-Prkdc-scid/NCr Hsd (Nod.Scid)</td>
			<td>Envigo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV pCM109 EFS Cre sg APC sg Kras sg P53- Kras HDR</td>
			<td>Broad Institute of MIT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kind gift from Dr Randall J Platt and Dr. Joseph Rosenbluh, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV 2/9 capsid vector</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>112865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAD Delta F5 helper</td>
			<td>Ben Gurion University of the Negev</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided by Dr Daniel Gitler, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic wares</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon-ULTRA filter 100 KDa</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC910024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m sterile filters, 4 mm</td>
			<td>Millex</td>
			<td>SLGV004SL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 &#181;m sterile filters, 13 mm</td>
			<td>Millex</td>
			<td>SLHV013SL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro establishment of a genetically engineered murine head and neck cancer cell line using an adeno-associated virus-cas9 system

The use of primary normal epithelial cells makes it possible to reproducibly induce genomic alterations required for cellular transformation by introducing specific mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, using clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based genome editing technology in mice. This technology allows us to accurately mimic the genetic changes that occur in human cancers using mice. By genetically transforming murine primary cells, we can better study cancer development, progression, treatment, and diagnosis. In this study, we used Cre-inducible Cas9 mouse tongue epithelial cells to enable genome editing using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in vitro. Specifically, by altering KRAS, p53, and APC in normal tongue epithelial cells, we generated a murine head and neck cancer (HNC) cell line in vitro,which is tumorigenic in syngeneic mice. The method presented here describes in detail how to generate HNC cell lines with specific genomic alterations and explains their suitability for predicting tumor progression in syngeneic mice. We envision that this promising method will be informative and useful to study tumor biology and therapy of HNC.

Using the AAV system to transform normal Cas9 cells 
Figure 1 provides a detailed vector map of the AAV transgene plasmid used in this study. Figure 2 outlines the design and working of the AAV-Cas9 based-system. To produce viral particles, the HEK293T cells were transfected with the AAV transgene vector and other viral packaging vectors using the PEI transfection method. After transfection, the virus-contai...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System at JoVE.com

In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System

Development of murine models with specific genes mutated in head and neck cancer patients is required for understanding of neoplasia. Here, we present a protocol for in vitro transformation of primary murine tongue cells using an adeno-associated virus-Cas9 system to generate murine HNC cell lines with specific genomic alterations.

The use of primary normal epithelial cells makes it possible to reproducibly induce genomic alterations required for cellular transformation by ...

Research

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Cancer Research

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