We would like to thank Dr. Junya Toguchida (CiRA) for his help with project administration and funding acquisition, Mr. Mitsuaki Shibata (CiRA) and Ms. Mei Terashima (CiRA) for their technical assistance, Dr. Yayoi Toyooka (CiRA) and Dr. Daisuke Kamiya (CiRA) for their proofreading of the manuscript, and Mr. Masaya Todani (CiRA) for providing an illustration (Figure 1). We also thank all the members of the Ikeya and Toguchida laboratories (CiRA) for their support during this study. This work was supported by Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (26670661), the Program for Intractable Diseases Research Utilizing Disease-Specific iPS Cells from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), the Core Center for iPS Cell Research of the Research Center Network for the Realization of Regenerative Medicine (JST/AMED), and the iPS Cell Research Fund (in part to Makoto Ikeya and Junya Toguchida). Makoto Ikeya was also supported by Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research (JSPS) (16H05447) and the Acceleration Program for Intractable Diseases Research utilizing Disease-specific iPS cells (AMED).

All experimental protocols involving human iPSCs were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University.
1. Human iPSCs Preparation Before Induction
NOTE: Culture human iPSCs (201B7-PAX3-GFP) on SNL feeder cells16 with primate ES cell medium supplemented with 4 ng/mL recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and 0.5% penicillin and streptomycin (hereinafter referred to as hESC medium, see Table 1). When the confluence ratio reaches 70%&#8211;80%, passage the cells as previously described17.
<ol>
	<li>Passaging of human iPSCs on SNL feeder cells17
	<ol>
		<li>For passaging, add PBS into the cell culturing dish and rinse cells. Then, remove the PBS (hereafter, this process will be referred to as wash with PBS).</li>
		<li>Add 1 mL of CTK solution (see Table 1) at room temperature (RT) and wait until the SNL feeder cells start detaching from the bottom of the dish.</li>
		<li>Remove the CTK solution and then wash twice with PBS.</li>
		<li>Add 1 mL of hESC medium (see Table 1) into the dish, then scrape the cells using a scraper and collect into a 15 mL conical tube.</li>
		<li>Gently pipette the contents five times using a 1,000 &#181;L tip, and then transfer to a new dish filled with hESC medium. Use a split ratio of 1:4 to 1:10, depending on the confluence ratio before passaging. Also, vary the volume of hESC medium depending on the scale of the dish (e.g., 3 mL for a 6 cm dish, 8 mL for a 10 cm dish).</li>
		<li>Incubate the human iPSCs at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2.</li>
		<li>Change the medium everyday (except for the day after passaging) and culture the cells until the next passaging procedure.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Feeder-free culturing of human iPSCs before PSM induction 
	NOTE: To minimize the effect of growth factors secreted from SNL feeder cells, culture the human iPSCs under feeder-free conditions with a feeder-free cell culture medium (see Table 1) on extracellular matrix (ECM) solutions (see Table 1) coated dish for 3 days prior to PSM induction.
	<ol>
		<li>Day -4 (4 days prior to starting PSM induction)
		<ol>
			<li>To prepare the ECM solution-coated dish, add 4 mL of ECM solution onto a 10 cm dish at 4 &#176;C overnight. 
			NOTE: Place ECM solution on ice while preparing.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Day -3
		<ol>
			<li>First, remove the ECM solution from the dish and add 8 mL of feeder-free cell culture medium.</li>
			<li>To start feeder-free culturing, wash once with PBS to rinse the cultured cells.</li>
			<li>Add 1 mL of CTK solution at RT until the SNL feeder cells start detaching from the bottom of the dish. 
			NOTE: Use microscopy to confirm all feeder cells are detached from the bottom.</li>
			<li>Remove the CTK solution and wash with PBS twice, so that all SNL feeder cells are fully removed.</li>
			<li>Add 1 mL of feeder-free cell culture medium into the dish, then scrape the cells using a scraper and collect them into a 15 mL conical tube.</li>
			<li>Gently pipette the contents three times using a 1,000 &#181;L tip, then transfer to a new ECM solution-coated 10 cm dish (prepared during step 1.2.1). Use a split ratio of roughly 1:2 to 1:4, depending on the confluence ratio before feeder-free culturing.</li>
			<li>Incubate the human iPSCs at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 for 3 days, changing the medium on day -1.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. PSM Differentiation and Isolation by Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
<ol>
	<li>PSM differentiation (Day 0&#8211;Day 4)
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the feeder-free cell culture medium and add 8 mL of PSM induction medium (CDM basal medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M SB431542, 10 &#181;M CHIR99021, 2 &#181;M DMH1, and 20 ng/mL FGF2, see Table 1). 
		&#8203;NOTE: Cell confluence at the initiation of PSM differentiation is critical for induction efficiency. Use microscopy to confirm the confluent ratio is approximately 30%.</li>
		<li>Incubate cells at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 4 days, changing the medium on Day 3.</li>
		<li>Harvest cells for FACS on Day 4 (section 2.2, below).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Isolation of DLL1 positive PSM cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) 
	NOTE: Below is a procedure for cell preparation before FACS sorting of DLL1 positive cells. Perform FACS sorting using a flow cytometer, according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol.
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium, then wash with PBS. Subsequently, add 1 mL of cell dissociation reagent and leave for 3 min at RT.</li>
		<li>Add 4 mL of CDM basal medium, scrape the cells using a scraper, and collect them into a 15 mL conical tube.</li>
		<li>Count the number of cells using an automated cell counter, then centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min.</li>
		<li>Carefully remove the supernatant by aspiration and resuspend the cells in FACS buffer (see Table 1) at a concentration of 1.0 x 107 cells/mL. For a negative control sample (isotype control, or in convention without antibody), transfer 50 &#181;L into a 15-mL conical tube and then suspend with 450 &#181;L of FACS buffer.</li>
		<li>Add DLL1 antibody (see Table of Materials) in a ratio of 1/200. Protect the tube from light and keep on ice for 30 min.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min.</li>
		<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatant and resuspend in FACS buffer (1.0 x 107 cells/mL) supplemented with 1 mg/mL DAPI.</li>
		<li>Transfer into a collection tube, incorporated with a 35 &#181;m nylon mesh in the cap for filtering, then place the tube on ice until sorting is complete. Perform the same procedure with the negative control sample (step 2.2.4).</li>
		<li>Perform sorting using a flow cytometer according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol.</li>
		<li>Collect the sorted DLL1 positive cells into a 15 mL conical tube, containing 4 mL of CDM basal medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M of Y27632. For total RNA extraction, centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min then resuspend in RNA lysis buffer and store at -30 &#176;C. See the RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and RT-qPCR procedures (section 5.1) for more detailed information.</li>
		<li>Perform SM differentiation using the sorted cells according to the below protocol (section 3).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. SM Differentiation from PSM
<ol>
	<li>SM differentiation from sorted DLL1 positive PSM cells (Day 4&#8211;Day 8) 
	NOTE: Prepare the ECM solution-coated 12-well plates the day before FACS sorting. To prepare an ECM solution-coated 12-well plate, add 1 mL of ECM solution into each well at 4 &#176;C and leave overnight. Keep the ECM solution on ice while preparing.
	<ol>
		<li>Following step 2.2.10, centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min.</li>
		<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatant and resuspend in 1 mL of SM induction medium (CDM basal medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M SB431542 and 5 &#181;M CHIR99021, see Table 1).</li>
		<li>Count the number of cells using an automated cell counter.</li>
		<li>Seed 1.0 x 105 cells onto each well of the ECM solution-coated 12-well plates containing 1 mL of SM induction medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M of Y27632.</li>
		<li>Incubate at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2 for 4 days until Day 8. Change the medium not containing Y27632 on Day 5 (the day after FACS sorting) and Day 7.</li>
		<li>Perform SM derivatives differentiation using induced SM cells according to the protocols below. For total RNA extraction from induced SM cells, collect the cells into a 15-mL conical tube and centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min, then resuspend in RNA lysis buffer and store at -30 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. SM Derivatives (DM, MYO, D, SCL, SYN) Differentiation from SM
NOTE: To demonstrate the full-competence of SM cells, first perform DM (dermomyotome) and SCL (sclerotome) induction accordingly using iPSC-derived SM cells. Subsequently, perform MYO (myotome) and D (dermatome) induction using the DM cells, and conduct SYN (syndetome) induction using the SCL cells. Below are the protocols for the induction of each derivative (DM, MYO, D, SCL, and SYN) from induced SM cells in vitro.
<ol>
	<li>DM differentiation from SM cells (Day 8&#8211;Day 11)
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium, then add 1 mL of DM induction medium (CDM basal medium supplemented with 5 &#181;M CHIR99021 and 10 ng/mL BMP4, see Table 1).</li>
		<li>Incubate the cells at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 3 days until Day 11. Change the medium on Day 10 (Day 2 of DM induction).</li>
		<li>Perform MYO and D differentiation using induced DM cells according to the protocols below.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>MYO differentiation from DM cells (Day 11&#8211;Day 41)
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium, then add 1 mL of MYO induction medium (CDM basal medium supplemented with 5 &#181;M CHIR99021, see Table 1).</li>
		<li>Incubate the cells at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 30 days until Day 41. Change the medium every 3 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>D differentiation from DM cells (Day 11&#8211;Day 20)
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium, then add 1 mL of D induction medium (CDM basal medium supplemented with 5 &#181;M CHIR99021 and 10 ng/mL BMP4, see Table 1).</li>
		<li>Incubate the cells at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 9 days until Day 20. Change the medium every 3 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>SCL differentiation from SM cells (Day 8&#8211;Day 11)
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium, then add 1 mL of SCL induction medium (CDM basal medium supplemented with 100 nM SAG and 0.6 &#181;M LDN193189, see Table 1)14.</li>
		<li>Incubate the cells at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 3 days. Change the medium on Day 10 (Day 2 of SCL induction).</li>
		<li>Perform SYN differentiation using induced SCL cells according to the protocol below.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>SYN differentiation from SCL cells (Day 11&#8211;Day 32) 
	NOTE: Prepare the ECM solution-coated 24-well plates the day before initiating SYN induction. To prepare an ECM solution-coated 24-well plate, add 0.5 mL of ECM solution into each well at 4 &#176;C and leave overnight. Keep the ECM solution on ice while preparing.
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium then wash with PBS, then add 0.2 mL of cell dissociation reagent to each well and leave for 3 min at RT.</li>
		<li>Add 0.8 mL of CDM basal medium to each well then scrape and collect all cells into a 15 mL conical tube.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min.</li>
		<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatant and resuspend in 1 mL of SYN induction medium-1 (CDM basal medium supplemented with 20 ng/mL FGF8, see Table 1), then count the number of cells using an automated cell counter.</li>
		<li>Seed 5.0 x 104 cells into each well of the ECM solution-coated 24-well plates containing 1 mL of SYN induction medium-1.</li>
		<li>Incubate at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 3 days.</li>
		<li>On Day 14 (Day 3 of SYN induction), replace the medium with SYN induction medium-2 (CDM basal medium supplemented with 10 ng/mL BMP7 and 10 ng/mL TGF&#946;3, see Table 1).</li>
		<li>Incubate at 37 &#176;C, with 5% CO2, for 18 days until Day 32. Change the medium every 3 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Characterization of iPSC-derived Products
NOTE: Upon differentiation, characterize human iPSCs derivatives using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), immunocytochemistry (ICC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and mechanical stretch stimulation assays, accordingly.
<ol>
	<li>Cell harvest, total RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis
	<ol>
		<li>Collect the cell samples (procedures 2.2.10, 3.1.6, 5.4.3) into a 1.5 mL tube, then centrifuge at 280 x g for 3 min.</li>
		<li>Remove the supernatant, then resuspend in 350 &#181;L of RNA lysis buffer, provided by an appropriate total RNA extraction kit.</li>
		<li>Extract total RNA using the kit according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol.</li>
		<li>Reverse transcribe the isolated 1 &#181;g of total RNA to cDNA, according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol.</li>
		<li>Perform RT-qPCR using suitable enzymes, reagents, and primers according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol. The primer sequences used in this study are listed in Table 2.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
	<ol>
		<li>Prior to performing immunocytochemistry with antibodies, fix the cells with 2% paraformaldehyde at 4 &#176;C for 10 min, and wash twice with PBS.</li>
		<li>For permeabilization, incubate with 0.2% methanol or 0.2% polysorbate 20/PBS (hereinafter referred to as PBS-T) at 4 &#176;C for 15 min.</li>
		<li>Remove the permeabilization reagents and treat the cells with an appropriate blocking buffer or 1% bovine serum albumin/PBS at 4 &#176;C for 60 min.</li>
		<li>Add the first antibody diluted with 10% blocking buffer in PBS-T and place on a shaking machine at 4 &#176;C overnight.</li>
		<li>Wash three times with PBS-T (add PBS-T and place on the shaking machine at RT for 10 min).</li>
		<li>Add the second antibody, diluted with 10% blocking buffer in PBS-T and place on the shaking machine at RT for 60 min. The first and second antibodies for ICC used in this study are listed in Table 3. 
		NOTE: From this step onwards, protect the plate/dish from light by wrapping it in foil.</li>
		<li>Wash twice with PBS-T.</li>
		<li>For counter staining, add 1/5000 DAPI diluted with PBS and place on the shaking machine at RT for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Remove the DAPI solution and add PBS into each well.</li>
		<li>Observe the cell staining using a fluorescence microscope. Alternatively, store the plate/dish at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 month.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for functional analysis of iPSC-derived D 
	NOTE: Human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) are commercially available. Culture HDF in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (see Table 1).
	<ol>
		<li>Seed 1.0 x 105 cells of iPSC-derived D and HDF onto 24-well plates containing 1 mL of each culture medium (D: D induction medium, HDF: DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum).</li>
		<li>After 3 days of cell culturing, collect 100 &#181;L of each medium, place into a 1.5 mL tube, and store at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Perform the series of procedures, such as the addition of detection antibodies and secondary antibodies, according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instruction, and quantify the number of targets by generating a standard curve against the concentration of the control analyte samples.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mechanical stretch stimulation assay for functional analysis of iPSC-derived SYN 
	NOTE: Adult human tenocytes are commercially available (see Table of Materials). Culture human iPSC-derived SYN and adult human tenocytes on a cell stretching device for the mechanical stretch stimulation assay as described below18,19. Use SYN induction medium-2 and tenocytes growth medium (see Table of Materials) as a culturing medium for each iPSC-derived SYN and adult human tenocytes, respectively.
	<ol>
		<li>At 24 h before stretching, plate 1.0 x 105 cells of iPSC-derived SYN and human tenocytes onto ECM solution-coated multi well-type silicon rubber chambers, each with a culture surface of 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm (see Table of Materials).</li>
		<li>Set the chambers on the device for cell stretching, and force monoaxial cyclic strain (0.5 Hz, 5%) for 12 h.</li>
		<li>For total RNA extraction, add 350 &#181;L of RNA lysis buffer, then scrape and collect the cells into a 1.5 mL tube for total RNA extraction and subsequent RT-qPCR analysis (see procedure 5.1).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A well-known method for the induction of PSC-derived SM through PSM is the combination of CHIR99021 + A83-01 (TGF&#946; inhibitor) during PSM induction from PSC, but not during the PSM maturation process6. In the present study, WNT/beta-catenin signaling was inhibited using C59 to induce SM from PSM. However, we introduced the use of CHIR99021 to activate the WNT pathway during SM differentiation. This decision was made based on the finding that several WNTs are expressed in the surrounding tissues of SM and given the fact that WNT reporters are active in SM20. As a result, we observed epithelialization, a characteristic of SM in vivo, only under the condition with CHIR99021, based on the accumulation of CDH11 in cell-cell junctions (Figure 2E). This observation indicates the critical involvement of WNT signaling during PSM differentiation and SM epithelialization, therefore our protocol may better recapitulate the endogenous signaling environment. However, it also implies a further possibility of fine-tuning the WNT/beta-catenin signaling pathway during differentiation, because robustness and efficiency of differentiation might vary significantly depending on the cell types, cell lines, and various chemical compounds of WNT-inducers used by each researcher.
This method also allows us to generate all four SM derivatives, MYO, D, SCL, and SYN, from human iPSCs. Our stepwise protocols using CDM can be used to identify the signaling requirements during human somitogenesis/somite patterning, and provide important insights into human SM development. For example, our methods could be useful for studying segmentation clock mechanisms, a molecular oscillation system that regulates the formation of SM. It has been thoroughly investigated in mice, chicks, and zebrafish, but not in humans due to the lack of appropriate experimental tools.
Moreover, our method can be applicable to future clinical cell-based therapies. For example, human iPSC-derived D or SYN can be transplanted into severely injured skin or ruptured tendons for regeneration and treatment. However, several limitations need to be resolved before this method can be practically applied. Although in the present study, we used SNL feeder cells for iPSC maintenance and ECM solution, which is extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma, as a surface coat on the dish during induction, these non-human animal-derived reagents should be removed to improve clinical quality. In addition, cell quantity and quality, which includes the purity and maturation of the desired cells, must also be improved. Furthermore, not only the cell number but also the cell strength is an important characteristic for tendon/ligament regeneration. Additionally, the development of surface markers for purification and a novel method for 3D reconstitution are indispensable in order to advance our protocols to clinical cell-based therapies.

Developing a directed differentiation method for a desired cell type from PSCs is a necessary step for translating the study of PSC-derived cells into clinical applications. Forced expression of key genes is a promising strategy for organ-cell differentiation from PSCs and has improved our understanding of the genetic regulation of cell fate determination, organ morphogenesis, and organization during embryogenesis1. In addition, recapitulating the endogenous signaling environments, using the development of mouse and chick embryos as a roadmap, is considered essential for the directed differentiation of PSCs. However, given the application of PSC-derived cells in clinical studies such as cell-based therapies, the latter strategy is more suitable because it does not require gene manipulation.
Several studies have reported the induction of mesoderm from human and mouse PSCs in chemically defined conditions. Typically, these methods have relied on activin/nodal/transforming growth factor &#946; (TGF&#946;) signaling and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, believed to perform meso-endoderm and mesoderm differentiation, resulting in a low induction efficiency of the paraxial mesoderm (approximately 20%)2. In other words, the PSC-derived mesoderm induced by these signaling pathways was mainly lateral plate mesoderm, and not paraxial mesoderm. Recently, a few studies have demonstrated the efficient production of PSC-derived paraxial mesoderm based on different strategies3,4,5,6,7,8. In these studies, PSCs were cultured with relatively high concentrations of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitors (WNT signaling activators), consequently the induction efficiency of paraxial mesoderm reached 70%&#8211;95%6,7.
In somitogenesis, the paraxial mesoderm first forms the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) posteriorly, and then forms somites (SMs) in the anterior part through mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition9,10. Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1) is known to have a pivotal role during somitogenesis, as oscillatory control of DLL1 expression, both in mRNA and protein level, regulates SM segmentation. SMs eventually subdivide into two parts, giving rise to the dermomyotome (DM) dorsally and sclerotome (SCL) ventrally11. Subsequently, the DM differentiates into the dermatome (D), a precursor of the dermis, and myotome (MYO), a precursor of skeletal muscle; additionally, a ventral portion of SCL forms the syndetome (SYN), a precursor of tendons and ligaments12 (Figure 1). Some researchers have reported the induction of PSC-derived SM derivatives such as MYO4,13 and SCL14; however, there are several limitations in these studies. Notably, since our knowledge of the signaling environments of D and SYN is fragmentary, induction protocols for D and SYN have not yet been systematically established. To demonstrate the full-competence of SMs induced from PSCs, it is essential to show the multi-differentiation capacity of induced SMs into all four derivatives (D, MYO, SCL, and SYN), while previous studies have only focused on specific SM derivatives. Here, we report on how to generate all four SM derivatives, including D and SYN, through PSM and SM fates from human iPSCs15. We believe that establishing an in vitro stepwise method that models the SM development process could contribute to the study of how human SM develops during embryogenesis, without using embryos.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ALX4_Goat antibody</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-22066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>314-BP-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP7</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>354-BP-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>067730-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CDH11_Mouse antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>13577</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell streching device</td>
			<td>Strex</td>
			<td>STB-140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11905-031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>1386</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COL1A1_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab34710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COL2A1_Mouse antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>MS-235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DLL1 APC-conjugated_Mouse antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>FAB1818A</td>
			<td>For FACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D6046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320-082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMH1</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>4126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EN1_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab70993</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Nichirei</td>
			<td>171012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>060-04543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF8</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human dermal fibroblast</td>
			<td>Cell applications</td>
			<td>160-05a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human tenocyte</td>
			<td>Angio proteomie</td>
			<td>cAP-0041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>090-06474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#8217;s modified Dulbecco&#8217;s medium/Ham&#8217;s F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21056023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout SR</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDN193189</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>1509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD bioscience</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Artificial extracellular matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEOX1_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab75895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-20641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MKX_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Atlas antibodies</td>
			<td>A83377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monothioglycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mTeSR1</td>
			<td>Stemcell tech</td>
			<td>85850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi well-type silicon rubber chamber</td>
			<td>Strex</td>
			<td>STB-CH-4W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MYOD_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab133627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MYOG_Mouse antibody</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-12732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NKX3.2_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HPA027564</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Donkey anti Goat IgG(H+L) secondary antibody555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Donkey anti Goat IgG(H+L) secondary antibody647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Goat anti Mouse IgG(H+L) secondary antibody555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Goat anti Rabbit IgG(H+L) secondary antibody555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex Goat anti Rabbit IgG(H+L) secondary antibody647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PARAXIS_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-98796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAX1_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab95227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAX9_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Gene tex</td>
			<td>GTX104454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDGFRa_Goat</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>AF307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primate ES cell medium</td>
			<td>Reprocell</td>
			<td>RCHEMD001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAG</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>566661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>SEL-S1067-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCX_Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab58655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBX6_Goat antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>AF4744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tendon cell growth medium</td>
			<td>Angio-proteomie</td>
			<td>cAP-40</td>
			<td>Tenocytes growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF&#946;3</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>243-B3-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15090046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro generation of somite derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

All figures in this report were obtained with 201B7-PAX3-GFP iPSCs, in which EGFP replaces one allele of the PAX3 coding sequence in exon 1. Establishment of 201B7-PAX3-GFP iPSCs will be described elsewhere (H. Sakurai, personal communication). The statistical significance was evaluated using statistical software. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered significant.
Characterization of human iPSC-derived PSM and SM cells 
To assess the differentiation of human iPSCs toward SM through the PSM state (Figure 2A), FACS analysis, ICC analysis, and RT-qPCR analysis were performed. As shown in Figure 2B, over 85% of the cells were positive for DLL1, a marker of PSM, but negative for PAX3, a marker of SM, after 4 days of PSM induction with human iPSCs. Subsequently, this population became PAX3 positive SM cells after 4 days of SM induction. The PSM-SM transition was also confirmed by ICC (Figure 2C) and RT-qPCR (Figure 2D). TBX6, MSGN1, and WNT3A, PSM markers were expressed at the PSM state (day 4), but not expressed at the SM state (day 8). PARAXIS, MEOX1, and PAX3, SM markers, were expressed at SM, but not expressed at PSM. Furthermore, staining of CDH11, a marker of epithelialized SM, only accumulated at the cell-cell junction, following the addition of SB431542 with CHIR99021 (Figure 2E).
Characterization of SM derivatives induced from human iPSC-derived SM cells 
To evaluate the differentiation potency of human iPSC-derived SM, differentiation toward DM, MYO, D, SCL, and SYN (Figure 3A) was assessed by ICC analysis and PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence. As shown in Figure 3B, DM differentiation was confirmed by ALX4 and EN1 staining, and PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence; MYO differentiation was confirmed by MYOD, MYOG, and Myosin heavy chain (MHC) staining; D differentiation was confirmed by EN1 and PDGFRa staining; SCL differentiation was confirmed by PAX1, PAX9, and NKX3.2 staining; and SYN differentiation was confirmed by SCX, MKX, COL1A1, and COL1A2 staining.
Characterization of induced D and SYN 
1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for functional analysis of iPSC-derived D 
In the human body, one of the primary functions of dermal fibroblasts is to secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen and hyaluronic acid that hydrate the skin and help sustain the skin structure. To demonstrate that a comparable amount of collagen-type 1 and hyaluronic acid proteins were secreted in the culture medium of iPSC-derived D and HDF, ELISA was performed, as shown in Figure 4A.
2. Mechanical stretch stimulation assay for functional analysis of iPSC-derived SYN 
As several studies have already reported, mechanical stimulation affects tendon development before and after birth, and promotes the differentiation of tenocytes from precursor cells18,19. Therefore, it is well known that reactivity to mechanical stress is one of the characteristics of tenocytes. To demonstrate the comparable reactivity of human iPSC-derived SYN and human adult tenocytes, a mechanical stretch stimulation assay was performed as shown in Figure 4B.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic view of hierarchical differentiation of paraxial mesoderm. Presomitic mesoderm is a cell population that transiently emerges during early embryogenesis and undergoes segmentation to form somites. Somites are a transient stem cell population that gives rise to multiple cell types, such as sclerotome, dermomyotome, syndetome, dermatome, and myotome cells, which eventually differentiate into tendon/Ligament, bone/cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis cells. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: FACS, RT-qPCR, and ICC analysis of human iPSC-derived PSM and SM. (A) Schematic view of a protocol for SM differentiation through PSM. (B) Representative dot plot of DLL1 staining and PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence on day 4 of PSM induction and day 4 (day 8 from iPSC) of SM induction. (C) Representative immunocytochemical images and PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence on day 4 of PSM induction and day 4 (day 8 from iPSC) of SM induction. Cells were stained with anti-TBX6, PARAXIS, and MEOX1 antibodies (red) and co-stained with DAPI (blue) or detected with PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence (green). (D) RT-qPCR analysis of markers for PSM and SM at iPSC, PSM and SM. The means &#177; standard error (S.E.) from three sets of experiments are shown. (E) Representative immunocytochemical images on day 4 (day 8 from iPSC) of SM, cultured in S10I10 (combination of SB431542 and IWR1, an inhibitor of WNT signaling), S10 (SB431542), and S10C5 (combination of SB431542 and CHIR99021) conditions. Cells were stained with anti-CDH11 antibody (red) and co-stained with DAPI (blue). iPS, induced pluripotent stem cell; PSM, presomitic mesoderm; SM, somite; S10, SB431542 10 &#956;M; C5, CHIR99021 5 &#956;M; I10, IWR1 10 &#956;M; Scale bars = 50 &#956;m. This figure has been modified from Nakajima et al. (2018)15. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: ICC analysis of DM, MYO, D, SCL, and SYN differentiated from human iPSC-derived SM. (A) Schematic view of protocols for SM derivatives differentiation. (B) Representative immunocytochemical images and PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence on day 3 (day 11 from iPSC) of DM induction, day 30 (day 41 from iPSC) of MYO induction, day 9 (day 20 from iPSC) of D induction, day 3 (day 11 from iPSC) of SCL induction, and day 21 (day 32 from iPSC) of SYN induction. DM, cells were stained with anti-ALX4 and EN1 antibodies (red) and co-stained with DAPI (blue) or detected with PAX3 (GFP)-fluorescence (green); MYO, cells were stained with anti-MYOD, MYOG (red), and MHC (cyan) antibodies, also co-stained with DAPI (blue); D, cells were stained with anti-EN1 (red) and PDGFRa (cyan) antibodies and co-stained with DAPI (blue); SCL, cells were stained with anti-PAX1, PAX9, and NKX3.2 (red) antibodies, and co-stained with DAPI (blue); SYN, cells were stained with anti-SCX, MKX, COL1A1, and COL1A2 (red) antibodies, and co-stained with DAPI (blue). DM, dermomyotome; MYO, myotome; D, dermatome; SCL, sclerotome; SYN, syndetome; Scale bars = 50 &#956;m. This figure has been modified from Nakajima et al. (2018)15. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Functional assay of induced D and SYN. (A) The amount of collagen-type 1 and hyaluronic acid proteins in the culture medium were analyzed by ELISA. (B) The effect of mechanical stretch stimulation on induced SYN and human adult tenocytes was assessed by RT-qPCR. The means &#177; standard error (S.E.) from three sets of experiments are shown. *p &#60; 0.05; **p &#60; 0.01; *** p &#60; 0.001 by Dunnett&#8217;s multiple comparisons t-test compared to Stretch (-); n.s, not significant, HDF, human adult dermal fibroblast. This figure has been modified from Nakajima et al. (2018)15. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/59359/59359fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium/solution</td>
			<td>Reagant</td>
			<td>Concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="7">CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>Iscove&#8217;s modified Dulbecco&#8217;s medium/Ham&#8217;s F12</td>
			<td>1:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>0.5 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td>1 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td>15 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monothioglycerol</td>
			<td>450 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>5 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>7 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="5">CTK solution</td>
			<td>Water</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>0.25 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>0.1 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>1 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout SR</td>
			<td>20 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">D induction medium</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4</td>
			<td>10 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">DM induction medium</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4</td>
			<td>10 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">ECM solution</td>
			<td>Artificial extracellular matrix</td>
			<td>0.3 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">FACS buffer</td>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>0.1 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Feeder-free cell culture medium</td>
			<td>mTeSR1</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>0.5 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">HDF culture medium</td>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>10 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">hESC medium</td>
			<td>Primate ES cell medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>0.5 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>4 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">MYO induction medium</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="5">PSM induction medium</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMH1</td>
			<td>2 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>20 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">SCL induction medium</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAG</td>
			<td>100 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDN193189</td>
			<td>0.6 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">SM induction medium</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">SYN induction medium-1</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF8</td>
			<td>20 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">SYN induction medium-2</td>
			<td>CDM basal medium</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP7</td>
			<td>10 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF&#946;3</td>
			<td>10 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Media and solution recipes.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NAME</td>
			<td>Forward</td>
			<td>Reverse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACTB</td>
			<td>CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC</td>
			<td>AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COL1A1</td>
			<td>GGACACAGAGGTTTCAGTGGT</td>
			<td>GCACCATCATTTCCACGAGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEOX1</td>
			<td>GAGATTGCGGTAAACCTGGA</td>
			<td>GAACTTGGAGAGGCTGTGGA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MSGN1</td>
			<td>GGAGAAGCTCAGGATGAGGA</td>
			<td>GTCTGTGAGTTCCCCGATGT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PARAXIS</td>
			<td>TCCTGGAGAGCTGTGAGGAT</td>
			<td>CACACCCTGTCACCAACAGT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAX3</td>
			<td>AGGAAGGAGGCAGAGGAAAG</td>
			<td>CAGCTGTTCTGCTGTGAAGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCX</td>
			<td>CCCAAACAGATCTGCACCTTC</td>
			<td>GCGAATCGCTGTCTTTCTGTC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBX6</td>
			<td>AGCCTGTGTCTTTCCATCGT</td>
			<td>AGGCTGTCACGGAGATGAAT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNMD</td>
			<td>CCCTTCATGCTGAAGCCACTT</td>
			<td>CTCACTTTCAGCAGAATTGGGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WNT3A</td>
			<td>CAAGATTGGCATCCAGGAGT</td>
			<td>ATGAGCGTGTCACTGCAAAG</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2: Primer sequences for RT-qPCR analysis.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="17">1st 
			Antibody</td>
			<td>ALX4_Goat</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CDH11_Mouse</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COL1A1_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COL2A1_Mouse</td>
			<td>1-2 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EN1_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEOX1_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MKX_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MYOD_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MYOG_Mouse</td>
			<td>1/400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NKX3.2_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PARAXIS_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAX1_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAX9_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDGFRa_Goat</td>
			<td>1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCX_Rabbit</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBX6_Goat</td>
			<td>1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="5">2nd 
			Antibody</td>
			<td>Donkey anti Goat IgG(H+L) secondary antibody555</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti Goat IgG(H+L) secondary antibody647</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti Mouse IgG(H+L) secondary antibody555</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti Rabbit IgG(H+L) secondary antibody555</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti Rabbit IgG(H+L) secondary antibody647</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 3: First and second antibodies for ICC.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

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9.2K Views.  Kyoto University. We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Video: In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.

This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are distributed along the dendrites. Their morphology is largely dependent on neuronal activity, and they are dynamic. Dendritic spines express glutamatergic receptors (AMPA and NMDA receptors) on their surface and at the levels of postsynaptic densities. Each spine allows the neuron to control its state and local activity independently. Spine morphologies have been extensively studied in glutamatergic pyramidal cells of the brain cortex, using both in vivo approaches and neuronal cultures obtained from rodent tissues. Neuropathological conditions can be associated to altered spine induction and maturation, as shown in rodent cultured neurons and one-dimensional quantitative analysis 1. The present study describes a protocol for the 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies using human cortical neurons derived from neural stem cells (late cortical progenitors). These cells were initially obtained from induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells. This protocol allows the analysis of spine morphologies at different culture periods, and with possible comparison between induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells obtained from control individuals with those obtained from patients with psychiatric diseases.

Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons are the sites of most excitatory synapses in mammalian brain cortex. This method describes a 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies in human cortical pyramidal glutamatergic neurons derived from induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells.

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on dermal fibroblasts obtained by invasive biopsy and retroviral genomic insertion of transgenes, there have been many efforts to avoid these disadvantages. Human peripheral T cells are a unique cell source for generating iPSCs. iPSCs derived from T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and are a source of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, T cell receptor rearrangement in the genome has the potential to label individual cell lines and distinguish between transplanted and donor cells. For safe clinical application of iPSCs, it is important to minimize the risk of exposing newly generated iPSCs to harmful agents. Although fetal bovine serum and feeder cells have been essential for pluripotent stem cell culture, it is preferable to remove them from the culture system to reduce the risk of unpredictable pathogenicity. To address this, we have established a protocol for generating iPSCs from human peripheral T cells using Sendai virus to reduce the risk of exposing iPSCs to undefined pathogens. Although handling Sendai virus requires equipment with the appropriate biosafety level, Sendai virus infects activated T cells without genome insertion, yet with high efficiency. In this protocol, we demonstrate the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of activated T cell culture and Sendai virus.

This protocol describes how to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of matrigel and Sendai virus vectors containing reprogramming factors.

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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets of patients with metastatic melanoma. Major obstacles of this approach are the reduced viability of transferred T cells, caused by telomere shortening, and the limited number of TILs obtained from patients. Less-differentiated T cells with long telomeres would be an ideal T cell subset for adoptive T cell therapy;however, generating large numbers of these less-differentiated T cells is problematic. This limitation of adoptive T cell therapy can be theoretically overcome by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that self-renew, maintain pluripotency, have elongated telomeres, and provide an unlimited source of autologous T cells for immunotherapy. Here, we present a protocol to generate iPSCs using Sendai virus vectors for the transduction of reprogramming factors into TILs. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed, vector-free clones. These TIL-derived iPSCs might be able to generate less-differentiated patient- and tumor-specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy.

The goal of this protocol is to show the protocol for reprogramming melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

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Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the human body. The differentiation of hPSCs to human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) has been extensively studied, and efficient differentiation protocols have been established. The combination of extracellular matrix and biological stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules, have made it possible to generate HLCs that resemble primary human hepatocytes. However, the majority of procedures still employ undefined components, giving rise to batch-to-batch variation. This serves as a significant barrier to the application of the technology. To tackle this issue, we developed a defined system for hepatocyte differentiation using human recombinant laminins as extracellular matrices in combination with a serum-free differentiation process. Highly efficient hepatocyte specification was achieved, with demonstrated improvements in both HLC function and phenotype. Importantly, this system is easy to scale up using research and GMP-grade hPSC lines&#160;promising advances in cell-based modelling and therapies.

The method presented here describes a scalable and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-ready differentiation system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. It serves as a cost-effective and standardized system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human liver research.

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Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

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Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. Efforts to study human cerebral cortex development have been limited by the availability of model systems. Translating results from rodent studies to the human system is restricted by species differences and studies on human primary tissues are hampered by a lack of tissue availability as well as ethical concerns. Recent development in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology include the generation of three-dimensional (3D) self-organizing organotypic culture systems, which mimic to a certain extent human-specific brain development in vitro. Currently, various protocols are available for the generation of either whole brain or brain-region specific organoids. The method for the generation of homogeneous and reproducible forebrain-type organoids from induced PSC (iPSC), which we previously established and describe here, combines the intrinsic ability of PSC to self-organize with guided differentiation towards the anterior neuroectodermal lineage and matrix embedding to support the formation of a continuous neuroepithelium. More specifically, this protocol involves: (1) the generation of iPSC aggregates, including the conversion of iPSC colonies to a confluent monolayer culture; (2) the induction of anterior neuroectoderm; (3) the embedding of neuroectodermal aggregates in a matrix scaffold; (4) the generation of forebrain-type organoids from neuroectodermal aggregates; and (5) the fixation and validation of forebrain-type organoids. As such, this protocol provides an easily applicable system for the generation of standardized and reproducible iPSC-derived cortical tissue structures in vitro.

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Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...