Name: electroporation of functional bacterial effectors into mammalian cells
Uploaded: 2015-01-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIGMS, National Institutes of Health (GM094623). Significant portions of this work were performed in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a DOE/BER national scientific user facility located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated for the DOE by Battelle under Contract DE-AC05-76RLO1830.

1. Bereiten Sie im Voraus <ol><li> Warme sterile phosphatgepufferte Salzlösung (PBS) auf 37 ° C. </li><li> Warme Dulbecco modifiziertes Eagle-Medium (DMEM) und Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) mit 10% fötalem Rinderserum (FBS), 100 IU / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin und 37 ° C. Hinweis: Diese stellen das normale Wachstum Medien (NGM) für RAW und HeLa-Zellen auf. </li></ol> 2. Herstellung von Zellen <ol><li> Wachsen RAW 264.7 Zellen 70-90% Konfluenz in NGM. <ol><li> Pflegen Zellen bei 37 ° C in einer befeuchteten 95% Luft / 5% CO 2 Atmosphäre. </li></ol></li><li> Wachsen HeLa-Zellen zu 70-90% Konfluenz in NGM. <ol><li> Pflegen Zellen bei 37 ° C in einer befeuchteten 95% Luft / 5% CO 2 Atmosphäre. </li></ol></li><li> Vor der Sammlung, waschen Zellmonolayer einmal mit sterilem PBS. </li><li> Sammeln vorge konfluenten Zellen in einem sterilen konischen Röhrchen. <ol><li> Sanft kratzen RAW-Zellenmit einem Gummischaber in PBS, mit wiederholtes Pipettieren zu Zellverbänden zu zerstreuen. </li><li> Nehmen HeLa-Zellen mit 0,25% Trypsin-Lösung, bis die visuelle Untersuchung zeigt Distanzierung von Kulturoberfläche. Verwenden Sie beispielsweise 2 bis 3 ml für eine T-75-Kolben. Stellen Sie die Lautstärke entsprechend zu, um sicherzustellen, Trypsin-Lösung deckt gesamte Wachstumsoberfläche. <ol><li> Stillen Sie Dissoziationsreaktion mit NGM 10% FBS enthielt. </li><li> Verwenden Sie mindestens zwei Mal die Lautstärke der NGM zu Trypsin, mit wiederholtes Pipettieren zu Zellverbänden zu zerstreuen. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Leicht pelletisieren Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 900 × g für 4 min. </li><li> Resuspendieren in demselben Volumen wie Trypsin / Quench-Lösung mit sterilem PBS. </li><li> Zählen von Zellen mit Hämozytometer oder Partikelzähler. </li><li> Leicht pelletisieren Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 900 × g für 4 min. </li><li> Resuspendieren in ausreichenden Volumen PBS für 5,5 x 10 6 bis 6,0 × 10 6 Zellen / ml. Hinweis: Zum Beispiel wird eine T-75-Kolben approxim AusbeuteLICH 7,5 x 10 6 Zellen 29. </li><li> Halten Zellsuspension auf Eis, bis die Elektroporation. </li></ol> 3. Vorbereitung für die Elektroporation <ol><li> Vorkühlung Elektroporationsküvetten (0,4 cm Abstand) auf Eis. </li><li> Schalten Sie Elektroporationseinrichtung und stellen Sie die Spannung bis 0,3 kV. HINWEIS: Die Kapazität und Widerstand nicht veränderbaren Einstellungen auf unserer Elektroporator (bei 10 &amp; mgr; F und 600 Ω vom Hersteller festgelegt). </li><li> Füllen Erholung Platten mit NGM und äquilibrieren in befeuchteter 95% Luft / 5% CO 2 -Atmosphäre bei 37 ° C </li></ol> 4. Die Elektroporation <ol><li> Platzieren 400 ul Zellsuspension in vorgekühlte Küvetten überführen und 20 ug des ausgewählten Proteins zur Küvette (50 ug / ml). </li><li> Flick Küvette vorsichtig ~ 10 Mal ohne Beschädigung Zellen mischen. Hinweis: Die Küvette kann auch mehrmals umgedreht werden, um gründlich zu mischen, aber nicht auf- und abpipettieren oder Wirbel zu beschädigen Zellen. </li><li&gt; Dry außerhalb der Küvette mit einem Papiertuch oder einem anderen Wischer um elektrische Überschläge in der Elektroporator vermeiden. </li><li> Elektroporieren Probe bei 0,3 kV für 1,5 bis 1,7 ms. Hinweis: Das war typisch für diese Studie. </li><li> Unmittelbar nach der Elektroporation Flick Küvette vorsichtig ~ 10-mal zu durchmischen. </li></ol> 5. Überzug von Zellen <ol><li> Shop Küvette mit elektroporierten Zellen auf Eis, bis Sie sie in stabile Seitenplatten zu platzieren. </li><li> Für die meisten Downstream-Analysen, waschen Sie die Zellen 1x mit vorgewärmter NGM auf fremde Effektor-Protein zu entfernen. <ol><li> Entfernen Zellen für die Analyse und Aussetzung in 3-5 ml NGM. </li><li> Pelle Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 900 × g für 4 min. </li><li> Resuspendieren in angemessenen Volumens NGM für gewünschte Plattengröße (zB 2 ml für 35-mm-Schale). </li></ol></li><li> Entfernen Sie entsprechende Menge an Zellen für nachfolgende Analyse. <ol><li> Beispiel 1: Platte in Glasbodenschalen für die Mikroskopie Analyse. </li><li> Beispiel 2: Platte into Zellkultur-Kunststoff für die Proteinanalyse wie Affinitätsreinigungen. </li></ol></li><li> Sodass die Zellen im äquilibriertem Platten in befeuchteter 95% Luft / 5% CO 2 -Atmosphäre bei 37 ° C für mindestens 4 Stunden zu erholen. </li></ol> 6. Mikroskopie Analyse 6.1) Befestigung / Immunfluoreszenzfärbungen <ol><li> Waschen Sie die Zellen 1x mit sterilem PBS nach 4 Stunden Erholungsphase. </li><li> Fix-Zellen in 100% Methanol für 2 min bei Raumtemperatur. Verwenden Sie ausreichend Methanol vollständig zu bedecken Zellen (zB 2 ml für 35-mm-Schale). </li><li> Jeweils 3x mit sterilem PBS. </li><li> Permeabilisieren Zellen mit 0,4% Triton X-100 in PBS für 15 min. Verwenden Sie beispielsweise 1 ml für eine 35 mm Durchmesser Teller. <ol><li> Einzustellen Länge Permeabilisierung und Stärke von Triton X-100 nach Epitop und Lage des Zielproteins. Hinweis: Die besten Ergebnisse müssen empirisch für jedes Ziel festgelegt werden, aber die oben genannten Bedingungen sollte für die meisten c seinytosolic Ziele. </li></ol></li><li> Blockieren mit 5% Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) in PBS für 1 h bei RT. Verwenden Sie beispielsweise 1 ml für eine 35 mm Durchmesser Teller. </li><li> Jeweils 3x mit PBS. </li><li> Inkubieren primären Antikörper in Antikörperbindungslösung (0,1% Triton X-100 und 1% BSA in PBS) über Nacht bei 4 &#160; ° C unter leichtem Schütteln. Verwenden Sie beispielsweise 0,5 ml für eine 35 mm Durchmesser Teller. <ol><li> Folgen Sie den Empfehlungen des Herstellers für die Antikörperverdünnung. Anmerkung: Beispielsweise wurde die Streptavidin-Bindungspeptid-Tag (SBP-tag) Antikörper in einer 1: 1000 Verdünnung, während die PKN1 Antikörper wurde in 1: 200-Verdünnung. </li></ol></li><li> Waschen Sie 4x mit PBS. </li><li> Inkubieren mit entsprechenden fluoreszenz konjugierten sekundären Antikörpers in Antikörper-Bindungslösung für 1 h bei Raumtemperatur und vor Licht geschützt. <ol><li> Beispielsweise verwenden Alexa 488 oder Alexa 647 für 1 h bei Raumtemperatur. <ol><li> Folgen Sie den Empfehlungen des Herstellers für antibody Verdünnung. (Beispielsweise etwa 1: 1.000 für diese Studie). </li></ol></li><li> Andere Verschmutzungen wie erforderlich, beispielsweise 5 &amp; mgr; M Wheat germ agglutinnin (WGA) Alexa 647 oder DAPI konjugiert gemäß der Empfehlung des Herstellers, für 1 Stunde bei Raumtemperatur. </li></ol></li><li> Wash 5x mit PBS und bei 4 ° C, vor Licht geschützt, bis Sie sie Bild. </li></ol> 6.2) Die konfokale Mikroskopie und Bildanalyse <ol><li> Bild Proben auf einem invertierten konfokalen Mikroskop mit einem 63x Ölimmersionsobjektiv. <ol><li> Bild Grün-Kanal mit dem 488 nm-Linie eines Argon-Laser, mit einer Bandbreite von 492 bis 542 nm Emission zwischen. </li><li> Bild Rot-Kanal mit einem 633 nm Diodenlaser, mit einer Bandbreite von 640 bis 718 nm Emission zwischen. </li><li> Bild Blau-Kanal mit einem 405 nm Diodenlaser, mit einer Bandbreite von 407 bis 453 nm Emission zwischen. </li><li> Sicherstellen, dass die Mehrkanal-Z-Stapel umfassen die Gesamtheit der Zellvolumen. </li></ol></li><li> Prozessbilder mit entsprechenden Bildbearbeitungssoftware. </li></ol> 7. Affinitätsreinigung <ol><li> Nach 4 Stunden Erholungsphase waschen elektroporierten Zellen zweimal mit 4 ° C PBS. </li><li> Lyse mit ~ 1,0 ml Lysepuffer (1% Triton X-100 mit einem Protease-Inhibitor-Cocktail und Phosphatase-Inhibitor in PBS) auf Eis. Verwenden Inhibitoren gemäß Herstellerangaben. Hinweis: Zum Beispiel können sowohl die Phosphatase und Protease-Inhibitoren in dieser Studie verwendet wurden 100x zugeführt wird, aber auch andere Formulierungen sollten gleich gut funktionieren. </li><li> Prompt kratzen Zellen mit Gummiwischer und sammeln in konische Röhrchen. </li><li> Lyse durch kräftiges Vortexen und Ultraschall. Hinweis: Andere Lyse-Verfahren kann genauso gut funktionieren, aber die Effizienz müssen empirisch über die Eignung der Testanforderungen bestimmt werden. <ol><li> Beschallen 3 x 30 sec mit intermittierendem Vortexen. </li></ol></li><li> Zentrifuge bei 10.000 g für 10 min bei 4 ° C zu sammelnZelltrümmer und unlösliche Aggregate; speichern Sie den Überstand. </li><li> Kombinieren gleicher Volumina (~ 1,0 ml) von elektroporiert Zelllysats mit 50 ul Streptavidin-Agarose-Harz Suspension bei 4 ° C über Nacht mit end-over-end-Rotation. Hinweis: Dieses Harz fängt die elektroporierten Protein (und die damit verbundenen Komplexe) über seine Streptavidin-Bindungspeptid Affinitätstag. </li><li> Zentrifugieren bei 2.500 g für 2 min und Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> Zweimal waschen mit 40 Bettvolumen (~ 1 ml) PBS. </li><li> Zugabe von 30 &amp; mgr; l 4x LDS-Ladepuffer (141 mM Tris-Base, 2% LDS, 10% Glycerol, 0,51 mM EDTA, 0,22 mM SERVA Blau G, 0.175 mM Phenolrot, pH 8,5), 20 ul DIH 2 O und 1 ul 0,5 M Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphin (TCEP), gleichzeitig für eine gewisse Volumen in Kügelchen bleiben. </li><li> Wärme bei 95 ° C für 10 Minuten und kühle auf Eis. </li><li> Spin&gt; 10,000 × g bei 4 ° C für 5 min. </li><li> Sammeln Stand. </li><li> Führen Sie eine Western-Blot unter Verwendung geeigneter Antikörper Hinweis: Erre, Anti-PKN1 primären Antikörper verwendet. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mota, L. J., Cornelis, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bacterial+injection+kit:+type+III+secretion+systems.">The bacterial injection kit: type III secretion systems.</a> Annals of Medicine. 37, 234-249 (2005).</li><li>Galan, J. E., Collmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+III+secretion+machines:+bacterial+devices+for+protein+delivery+into+host+cells.">Type III secretion machines: bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells.</a> Science. 284, 1322-1328 (1999).</li><li>Hueck, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+III+protein+secretion+systems+in+bacterial+pathogens+of+animals+and+plants.">Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants.</a> Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR. 62, 379-433 (1998).</li><li>Cornelis, G. R., Van Gijsegem, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly+and+function+of+type+III+secretory+systems.">Assembly and function of type III secretory systems.</a> Annual Review of Microbiology. 54, 735-774 (2000).</li><li>He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+III+protein+secretion+systems+in+plant+and+animal+pathogenic+bacteria.">Type III protein secretion systems in plant and animal pathogenic bacteria.</a> Annual Review of Phytopathology. 36, 363-392 (1998).</li><li>Dean, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+domains+and+motifs+of+bacterial+type+III+effector+proteins+and+their+roles+in+infection.">Functional domains and motifs of bacterial type III effector proteins and their roles in infection.</a> FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 35, 1100-1125 (2011).</li><li>Espinosa, A., Alfano, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disabling+surveillance:+bacterial+type+III+secretion+system+effectors+that+suppress+innate+immunity.">Disabling surveillance: bacterial type III secretion system effectors that suppress innate immunity.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 6, 1027-1040 (2004).</li><li>Orchard, R. C., Alto, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mimicking+GEFs:+a+common+theme+for+bacterial+pathogens.">Mimicking GEFs: a common theme for bacterial pathogens.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 14, 10-18 (2012).</li><li>Galan, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+themes+in+the+design+and+function+of+bacterial+effectors.">Common themes in the design and function of bacterial effectors.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 5, 571-579 (2009).</li><li>Ellis, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+ex+vivo/in+vitro+transduction+efficiency+of+mammalian+primary+cells+and+cell+lines+with+Nine+natural+adeno-associated+virus+(AAV1-9)+and+one+engineered+adeno-associated+virus+serotype.">A survey of ex vivo/in vitro transduction efficiency of mammalian primary cells and cell lines with Nine natural adeno-associated virus (AAV1-9) and one engineered adeno-associated virus serotype.</a> Virology Journal. 10, 74 (2013).</li><li>Sreelatha, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrio+effector+protein,+VopQ,+forms+a+lysosomal+gated+channel+that+disrupts+host+ion+homeostasis+and+autophagic+flux.">Vibrio effector protein, VopQ, forms a lysosomal gated channel that disrupts host ion homeostasis and autophagic flux.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110, 11559-11564 (2013).</li><li>McNeil, P. L., Murphy, R. F., Lanni, F., Taylor, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+incorporating+macromolecules+into+adherent+cells.">A method for incorporating macromolecules into adherent cells.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 98, 1556-1564 (1984).</li><li>Lafon, M., Lafage, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antiviral+activity+of+monoclonal+antibodies+specific+for+the+internal+proteins+N+and+NS+of+rabies+virus.">Antiviral activity of monoclonal antibodies specific for the internal proteins N and NS of rabies virus.</a> The Journal of General Virology. 68 (Pt. 12), 3113-3123 (1987).</li><li>Kriegler, M. P., Livingston, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+facilitated+microinjection+of+proteins+into+intact+monolayers+of+tissue+culture+cells).">Chemically facilitated microinjection of proteins into intact monolayers of tissue culture cells).</a> Somatic Cell Genetics. 3, 603-610 (1977).</li><li>Nossa, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+abundant+nuclear+factor+poly(ADP-ribose)+polymerase-1+by+Helicobacter+pylori.">Activation of the abundant nuclear factor poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by Helicobacter pylori.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 19998-20003 (2009).</li><li>Jordan, M., Schallhorn, A., Wurm, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfecting+mammalian+cells:+Optimization+of+critical+parameters+affecting+calcium-phosphate+precipitate+formation.">Transfecting mammalian cells: Optimization of critical parameters affecting calcium-phosphate precipitate formation.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 24, 596-601 (1996).</li><li>Winegar, R. A., Phillips, J. W., Youngblom, J. H., Morgan, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Electroporation+Is+a+Highly+Efficient+Method+for+Introducing+Restriction+Endonucleases+into+Cells.">Cell Electroporation Is a Highly Efficient Method for Introducing Restriction Endonucleases into Cells.</a> Mutation Research. 225, 49-53 (1989).</li><li>Cortes, F., Ortiz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome+damage+induced+by+restriction+endonucleases+recognizing+thymine-rich+DNA+sequences+in+electroporated+CHO+cells.">Chromosome damage induced by restriction endonucleases recognizing thymine-rich DNA sequences in electroporated CHO cells.</a> International Journal of Radiation Biology. 61, 323-328 (1992).</li><li>Cortes, F., Ortiz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+chromosomal+aberrations+in+the+CHO+mutant+EM9+and+its+parental+line+AA8+by+EcoRI+restriction+endonuclease:+electroporation+experiments.">Induction of chromosomal aberrations in the CHO mutant EM9 and its parental line AA8 by EcoRI restriction endonuclease: electroporation experiments.</a> Mutation Research. 246, 221-226 (1991).</li><li>Baron, S., Poast, J., Rizzo, D., McFarland, E., Kieff, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+of+antibodies,+DNA,+and+other+macromolecules+into+cells:+a+highly+efficient+method.">Electroporation of antibodies, DNA, and other macromolecules into cells: a highly efficient method.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 242, 115-126 (2000).</li><li>Lewis, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+edges+toward+clinic+for+both+gene+therapy+and+drug+delivery.">Electroporation edges toward clinic for both gene therapy and drug delivery.</a> Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. 17, (1997).</li><li>Kotzamanis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CFTR+expression+from+a+BAC+carrying+the+complete+human+gene+and+associated+regulatory+elements.">CFTR expression from a BAC carrying the complete human gene and associated regulatory elements.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 13, 2938-2948 (2009).</li><li>Chakrabarti, R., Wylie, D. E., Schuster, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+monoclonal+antibodies+into+mammalian+cells+by+electroporation.">Transfer of monoclonal antibodies into mammalian cells by electroporation.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264, 15494-15500 (1989).</li><li>Graziadei, L., Burfeind, P., Bar-Sagi, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+unlabeled+proteins+into+living+cells+by+electroporation+and+isolation+of+viable+protein-loaded+cells+using+dextran-fluorescein+isothiocyanate+as+a+marker+for+protein+uptake.">Introduction of unlabeled proteins into living cells by electroporation and isolation of viable protein-loaded cells using dextran-fluorescein isothiocyanate as a marker for protein uptake.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 194, 198-203 (1991).</li><li>Wilson, A. K., Horwitz, J., De Lanerolle, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+electroinjection+method+for+introducing+proteins+into+living+cells.">Evaluation of the electroinjection method for introducing proteins into living cells.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 260, C355-C363 (1991).</li><li>Prasanna, G. L., Panda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation:+Basic+principles,+practical+considerations+and+applications+in+molecular+biology.">Electroporation: Basic principles, practical considerations and applications in molecular biology.</a> Bioprocess Engineering. 16, 261-264 (1997).</li><li>Weaver, J. C., Chizmadzhev, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+electroporation:+A+review.">Theory of electroporation: A review.</a> Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics. 41, 135-160 (1996).</li><li>Weaver, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+theory.+Concepts+and+mechanisms.">Electroporation theory. Concepts and mechanisms.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 55, 3-28 (1995).</li><li>McAteer, J. A., Douglas, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monolayer+culture+techniques.">Monolayer culture techniques.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 58, 132-140 (1979).</li><li>Ho, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+GtgE,+a+novel+virulence+factor+encoded+on+the+Gifsy-2+bacteriophage+of+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhimurium.">Identification of GtgE, a novel virulence factor encoded on the Gifsy-2 bacteriophage of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 184, 5234-5239 (2002).</li><li>Niemann, G. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+novel+secreted+virulence+factors+from+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhimurium+by+proteomic+analysis+of+culture+supernatants.">Discovery of novel secreted virulence factors from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by proteomic analysis of culture supernatants.</a> Infection and Immunity. 79, 33-43 (2011).</li><li>Spano, S., Liu, X., Galan, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteolytic+targeting+of+Rab29+by+an+effector+protein+distinguishes+the+intracellular+compartments+of+human-adapted+and+broad-host+Salmonella.">Proteolytic targeting of Rab29 by an effector protein distinguishes the intracellular compartments of human-adapted and broad-host Salmonella.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, 18418-18423 (2011).</li><li>Haraga, A., Miller, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Salmonella+type+III+secretion+effector+interacts+with+the+mammalian+serine/threonine+protein+kinase+PKN1.">A Salmonella type III secretion effector interacts with the mammalian serine/threonine protein kinase PKN1.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 8, 837-846 (2006).</li><li>Zinchuk, V., Grossenbacher-Zinchuk, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+colocalization+analysis+of+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy+images.">Quantitative colocalization analysis of confocal fluorescence microscopy images.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology / Editorial Board, Juan S. Bonifacino ... [et al]. 4 (Unit 4.19), (2011).</li><li>Kimple, M. E., Sondek, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+affinity+tags+for+protein+purification.">Overview of affinity tags for protein purification.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science / Editorial Board, John E. Coligan ... [et al]. 9 (Unit 9.9), (2004).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Sezerniert Effektoren aus pathogenen Bakterien entwickelt haben, um innerhalb des Wirtszellenumgebung funktionieren und somit ist es hilfreich, sie in situ in dem Wirt zu detektieren. Einführung spezifischer Effektoren von Interesse in die Wirtszellen können die relevanten Pathogen-Wirt-Wechselwirkungen, in Isolation, ohne Störung von anderen bakteriellen Proteinen untersucht werden. Das Ziel war es, die Elektroporation als Mittel zur bakteriellen Effektorproteine ​​in eukaryotische Wirtszellen einzubrin...

Viele Gram-negative Bakterien zu verwenden spezialisierte Sekretionssysteme zur Virulenz-verwandte Proteine ​​(die als Effektoren bezeichnet) direkt in die Wirtszellen 1-5 injizieren. Diese Effektoren haben eine breite Palette von biologischen Funktionen, einschließlich: Unterdrückung der Wirtsimmunität, Zytoskelett-Änderungen, Änderung der intrazellulären Transport und Signalisierung, Transkriptionsänderungen und Gastgeber Proteasom Änderungen 9.6. Die Funktionen einiger Effektoren sind bekannt, aber die Wirts Ziele und biochemische Wirkung (en) von vielen anderen noch bestimmt werden. Beim Vergleich Wildtyp und rekombinante bakterielle Infektionen ist ein gültiger Ansatz für die intrazelluläre Effektor Virulenzmechanismen studieren, ist es oft von Vorteil, ein individuelles Effektor in die Wirtszelle einzuführen. Somit ist eine einfache Verfahren zum Einbringen und zur Charakterisierung bakterieller Effektor-Proteine ​​im Rahmen von Wirtszellen sehr wünschenswert. Die Vereinfachung des experimentellen Analyse with eine einzige Effektor ist kritisch, da andere Effektoren können gegnerische oder redundante Funktionen haben. Um diese Vereinfachung zu erreichen, haben die Forscher bereits vorgestellten Makromolekülen in Zellen durch viele verschiedene Methoden, einschließlich der Virusübertragung 10, die Mikroinjektion 11, kratzen Laden 12,13, Zellfusion mit chemisch induzierten Mikroinjektion 14, proprietären Protein &quot;Transfektion&quot; Reagenzien 15, Calciumphosphat Niederschläge 16, 17-20 und Elektroporation. Die eingeführten Moleküle reichen von Nukleinsäuren, einschließlich DNA, RNA, &amp; RNAi-Spezies auf Proteine, zellundurchlässigen Farbstoffen und Antikörpern für die intrazelluläre Targets 21,22. Einige Methoden haben ihre Grenzen, einschließlich der Art von Makromolekülen, die eingeführt werden können, und insbesondere Downstream-Analysen können durch hohe Zelltoxizität, schädlichen Wirkungsmechanismen, geringe Wirksamkeit oder Einführung Effizienz beschränkt. Transfektion, eine often-Methode zur Expression bakterieller Gene in Säugerzellen, leidet auch die Einschränkung, dass einige wichtige Wirtszelltypen, wie beispielsweise Makrophagen und primäre Zellen, sind besonders resistent gegenüber der Transfektion. Darüber hinaus ist es schwierig, das Niveau der Bakterienprotein bei Einführung von Fremd-DNA hergestellt steuern. Viel Arbeit wurde die Elektroporation von Nukleinsäuren in beiden bakteriellen und Säugerzellen als gemeinsame Labortechnik etablierten; jedoch gibt es ständige Suche nach der besten Methoden für die Bereitstellung Proteine ​​in Zellen unter physiologischen Bedingungen. Berichte über Protein Transfektion sind vielversprechend, aber teure Reagenzien und Optimierung. Der Wunsch, die potentiell toxischen Bakterien Effektoren in eine Vielzahl von Zell Ziele mit minimalen Kosten einführen führte uns zur Elektroporation als Mittel zur Untersuchung dieser Proteine ​​in vivo zu prüfen. Protein Elektroporation 23-25 ​​ist ein eingehaltenhod, Proteine ​​in lebenden Zellen über Elektropermeabilisierung, auch als elektro-Transfektion oder elektro-Injektion 26 bekannt vor. Diese Technik verwendet hoher Intensität elektrischer Impulse an Poren in den Zellmembranen zu erstellen. Diese reversible Poren ermöglichen Makromoleküle, die normalerweise von intrazellulären Raum ausgeschlossen sind die Zelle zu gelangen. Nach dem Entfernen des äußeren elektrischen Feldes kann die Membran verschließen, so dass die Zelle auf Moleküle, die durch die Poren 27,28 geführt zu halten. Ein Standard-Elektroporator in dieser Studie verwendet, um bakterielle Effektoren in beiden Maus Makrophagen-ähnlichen Zellen und humane Epithelzellen konsequent einzuführen. Das Verfahren ist schnell, effizient und kostengünstig ist, ohne nennenswerte Verringerung der zellulären Lebensfähigkeit. Die eingebrachten Proteine ​​durch Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie sichtbar oder für funktionelle Assays verwendet werden. Dies wurde unter Verwendung von grün fluoreszierendem Protein (GFP) als einen nicht-toxischen Standard gezeigt, sowiezwei Salmonella-Effektor-Proteine, SspH1 und GtgE. Wir schlagen Protein Elektroporation als zusätzliches Werkzeug in der Literatur für die Untersuchung der bakteriellen Virulenz-Proteine ​​und ihre Funktionen in eukaryotischen Wirtszellen.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA Solution</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>25-050-Cl</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.4 cm Gap-disposable electroporation cuvettes</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>165-2088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% Methanol</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Flammable, Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A4919</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Counting Apparatus - Hemocytometer or Coulter Counter</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Model Z1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Incubator</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Humidified 95% air/5% CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;atmosphere at 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Plastic</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Cell culture flasks/plates, pipets, tubes, rubber policeman</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modification of Eagle&amp;rsquo;s Medium (DMEM)</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>10-013</td><td>Warm to 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Electroporator</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>E. coli Pulser</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>35-016-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent confocal microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ziess</td><td>Model&amp;nbsp; LSM 710&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Bottom Dishes for Microscopy</td><td>Wilco Wells</td><td>HBSt-3522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HALT Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td><td>Pierce</td><td>78430</td><td>Corrosive, Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>HeLa Cell Line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC CCL-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LDS 4X Loading Buffer</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>NP0007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minimal Essential Medium (MEM)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>10-010</td><td>Warm to 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Other fluorescent stains (WGA, DAPI) in conjunction with anti-fade reagent</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>30-002-Cl</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RAW 264.7 Cell line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>TIB-71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primary Antibody Against Target of Interest</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary Antibody Conjugated to Fluorophore</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Chill to 4 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td>Warm to 37 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin Agarose Resin Suspension&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pierce</td><td>20353</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table Top Centrifuge Capable of Accepting Conical Tubes (swinging bucket preferred)</td><td>Any</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCEP</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>646547</td><td>Corrosive, Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T8585</td><td>Irritant, Toxic</td></tr></tbody></table>

electroporation of functional bacterial effectors into mammalian cells

Die Untersuchung von Protein-Interaktionen in Zusammenhang mit lebenden Zellen können wichtige Informationen über die Lokalisierung, Dynamik und Interaktionspartner zu erzeugen. Diese Informationen sind im Rahmen der Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen besonders wertvoll. Viele Erregerproteine ​​Funktion innerhalb von Wirtszellen in einer Vielzahl von Art und Weise, wie ermöglichen Umgehung des Immunsystems des Wirts und das Überleben in der intrazellulären Umgebung. Um diese Pathogen-Protein-Host-Zell-Wechselwirkungen zu untersuchen, werden verschiedene Ansätze häufig verwendet, unter anderem: in vivo-Infektion mit einem Stamm ein markiertes oder mutierte Protein, oder Einführung von Pathogen-Gene mittels Transfektion oder Transduktion exprimieren. Jeder dieser Ansätze hat Vorteile und Nachteile. Wir suchten ein Mittel, um exogene Proteine ​​direkt in die Zellen einzuführen. Die Elektroporation wird üblicherweise verwendet, um Nukleinsäuren in Zellen einzuführen, wurde jedoch seltener auf Proteine ​​angewandt, obwohl die biophysikalischen Basis ist genau die gleiche.Ein Standard Elektroporator wurde verwendet, um affinitätsmarkierten bakterielle Effektoren in Säugetierzellen einzuführen. Humanen epithelialen und Maus-Makrophagen-Zellen wurden durch traditionelle Methoden kultiviert, freistehend, und in 0,4 cm Abstand Elektroporationsküvetten mit einem exogenen bakteriellen Erreger Protein von Interesse (zB Salmonella Typhimurium GtgE) platziert. Nach der Elektroporation (0,3 kV) und einem kurzen (4 h) Erholungsperiode wurde die intrazelluläre Protein durch Fluoreszenzmarkierung, die das Protein über seine Affinitätsmarkierung und, die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung von konfokaler Mikroskopie verifiziert. Die elektroporierten Protein wurde auch gezeigt funktionellen innerhalb der Zelle und in der Lage, korrekte subzelluläre Handel und Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung zu sein. Während die exogenen Proteine ​​eher auf der Oberfläche der Zellen zu akkumulieren, war die elektroporierten Proben große Erhöhungen der intrazellulären Effektors Konzentration bezogen auf allein Inkubation. Das Protokoll ist einfach und schnell genug, um in ap geschehenarallel Mode, so dass für Hochdurchsatz-Charakterisierung der Erreger Proteine ​​in Wirtszellen einschließlich subzelluläre Targeting und Funktion Virulenzproteine.

Als ersten Beweis des Konzeptes wurde gereinigtes grün fluoreszierende Protein erfolgreich in Säugerzellen unter Verwendung Elektroporation eingeführt. GFP, eine ungefähre 27 kD ein Molekulargewicht Protein wird üblicherweise in Säugerzellen (in der Regel aus dem Plasmid DNA exprimiert) als Molekularbiologie Werkzeug ohne signifikante zelluläre Toxizität eingeführt. HeLa-Zellen wurden inkubiert (Figur 1A) oder durch Elektroporation (1B) mit 25 ug / ml GFP, gefolgt von Immunfluo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation was used to insert purified bacterial virulence effector proteins directly into living eukaryotic cells. Protein localization was monitored by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. This method allows for studies on trafficking, function, and protein-protein interactions using active exogenous proteins, avoiding the need for heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells.

Elektroporation von Functional bakterielle Effektoren in Säugerzellen

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. ...

electroporation-of-functional-bacterial-effectors-into-mammalian-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.0K Aufrufe.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Electroporation was used to insert purified bacterial virulence effector proteins directly into living eukaryotic cells. Protein localization was monitored by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. This method allows for studies on trafficking, function, and protein-protein interactions using active exogenous proteins, avoiding the need for heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells. 

Serie: Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall, but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly-related species such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In spite of these obstacles, mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and DNA transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described. The most successful method for introducing DNA into mycobacteria is electroporation. Many parameters contribute to successful transformation; these include the species/strain, the nature of the transforming DNA, the selectable marker used, the growth medium, and the  conditions for the electroporation pulse. Optimized methods for the transformation of both slow- and fast-grower are detailed here. Transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported.

Mycobacterial pathogenic strategies remain poorly understood. The slow growth rate of most species, the impenetrable nature of the cell-wall, and the hazards of working with pathogens make mycobacteria difficult to study and are largely responsible for our poor understanding of these organisms. In this video we will demonstrate the technique of electroporation, which involves subjecting cells to a brief high electrical impulse to allow the entry of DNA. It is the most widely used method for introducing DNA into mycobacterial cells.

Elektroporation von Mykobakterien

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly ...

Forschung

Biologie

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant variants) in order to investigate their endogenous distribution and functional relevance. An interesting approach that has been implemented to fulfill this objective in fully differentiated cells is the in vivo transfection of plasmids by various methods into specific tissues such as liver1, skeletal muscle2,3, and even the brain4. We present here a detailed description of the steps that must be followed in order to efficiently transfect genetic material into fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and interosseus (IO) muscles of adult mice using an in vivo electroporation approach. The experimental parameters have been optimized so as to maximize the number of muscle fibers transfected while minimizing tissue damages that may impair the quality and quantity of the proteins expressed in individual fibers. We have verified that the implementation of the methodology described in this paper results in a high yield of soluble proteins, i.e. EGFP and ECFP3, calpain, FKBP12, &beta;2a-DHPR, etc. ; structural proteins, i.e. minidystrophin and &alpha;-actinin; and membrane proteins, i.e. &alpha;1s-DHPR, RyR1, cardiac Na/Ca2+ exchanger , NaV1.4 Na channel, SERCA1, etc., when applied to FDB, IO and other muscles of mice and rats. The efficient expression of some of these proteins has been verified with biochemical3 and functional evidence5. However, by far the most common confirmatory approach used by us are standard fluorescent microscopy and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which permit to identify not only the overall expression, but also the detailed intracellular localization, of fluorescently tagged protein constructs. The method could be equally used to transfect plasmids encoding for the expression of proteins of physiological relevance (as shown here), or for interference RNA (siRNA) aiming to suppress the expression of normally expressed proteins (not tested by us yet). It should be noted that the transfection of FDB and IO muscle fibers is particularly relevant for the investigation of mammalian muscle physiology since fibers enzymatically dissociated from these muscles are currently one of the most suitable models to investigate basic mechanisms of excitability and excitation-contraction coupling under current or voltage clamp conditions2,6-8.

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

We describe detailed procedures for the efficient transfection of plasmid DNA into the fibers of foot muscles of live mice using electroporation and the subsequent visualization of protein expression using fluorescence microscopy.

DNA Transfektion von Säuger Skelettmuskulatur mit In Vivo Elektroporation

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see 1,2]. For this one can make use of the translocating ability of so-called cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also designated as protein transduction domains (PTDs). The TAT-CPP derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat (trans-activator of transcription) protein has been widely used. The positively charged TAT promotes cell permeability thereby overcoming the barriers of the cellular membrane by endocytosis or/and direct membrane penetration2. In combination with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) fusion proteins are able to enter the nucleus exhibiting functionality. Our video presentation demonstrates, as an exemplification for the engineering of cell-permeable proteins, the construction, production and application of a cell-permeable version of the DNA-modifying enzyme Cre.
Cre is a site-specific recombinase that is able to recognize and recombine 34 base pair loxP sites in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore the Cre/loxP system is widely used to conditionally induce mutations in the genome of living cells3,4. The delivery of active Cre recombinase to cells, however, represents a limitation.
We describe the pSESAME vector system, which allows a direct insertion of the gene-of-interest and provides a platform to rapidly clone different domains and tags used within the vector in a convenient and standardized manner. Rearranging of the different tags has been shown to modify the biochemical properties of the fusion proteins providing a possibility to achieve higher yield and better solubility. We demonstrate how to express and purify recombinant cell-permeant proteins in and from E. coli. The functionality of the recombinant Cre protein is finally validated in cell culture by assessing its intracellular recombinase activity.

Protein transduction enables the direct delivery of biologically active proteins into cells. In contrast to conventional methods such as DNA transfection or viral transduction this non-invasive paradigm allows highly efficient cellular manipulation in a titratable manner circumventing cellular toxicity and the risk of oncogenic transformation by permanent genetic modification.

Engineering zellpermeablen Protein

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see 1,2]. For this one can ...

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) extends a single axon with two branches. One branch goes to the peripheral nerve (peripheral branch), and the other branch enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root (central branch). After the neural injury, the peripheral branch regenerates robustly whereas the central branch does not regenerate. Due to the high regenerative capacity, sensory axon regeneration has been widely used as a model system to study mammalian axon regeneration in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe a previously established approach protocol to manipulate gene expression in mature sensory neurons in vivo via electroporation. Based on transfection with plasmids or small RNA oligos (siRNAs or microRNAs), the approach allows for both loss- and gain-of-function experiments to study the roles of genes-of-interests or microRNAs in regulation of axon regeneration in vivo. In addition, the manipulation of gene expression in vivo can be controlled both spatially and temporally within a relatively short time course. This model system provides a unique tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated in vivo.

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an effective approach to deliver genes of interests into cells. By applying this approach in vivo on the neurons of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG), we describe a model to study axon regeneration in vivo.

Ermittelnden Säugetier-Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Elektroporation von Erwachsenen Maus Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the ...

Neurowissenschaften

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has become the method of choice for introducing DNA into prokaryotes that are not naturally competent. Electroporation is a rapid, efficient, and streamlined transformation method that, in addition to purified DNA and competent bacteria, requires commercially available gene pulse controller and cuvettes. In contrast to the pulsing step, preparation of electrocompetent cells is time consuming and labor intensive involving repeated rounds of centrifugation and washes in decreasing volumes of sterile, cold water, or non-ionic buffers of large volumes of cultures grown to mid-logarithmic phase of growth. Time and effort can be saved by purchasing electrocompetent cells from commercial sources, but the selection is limited to commonly employed E. coli laboratory strains. We are hereby disseminating a rapid and efficient method for preparing electrocompetent E. coli, which has been in use by bacteriology laboratories for some time, can be adapted to V. cholerae and other prokaryotes. While we cannot ascertain whom to credit for developing the original technique, we are hereby making it available to the scientific community.

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation is a commonly employed method for introducing DNA into bacteria in a process known as transformation. Traditional protocols for the preparation of electrocompetent cells are time consuming and labor intensive. This article describes an alternate, rapid, and efficient method for the preparation of electrocompetent cells presently employed by some laboratories.

Rapid-Protokoll für die Herstellung von Elektrokompetente<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Und<em&gt; Vibrio cholerae</em

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has ...

Single-Cell Electroporation across Different Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Excitatory and Class-Specific Inhibitory Neurons

Electroporation has established itself as a critical method for transferring specific genes into cells to understand their function. Here, we describe a single-cell electroporation technique that maximizes the efficiency (~80%) of in vitro gene transfection in excitatory and class-specific inhibitory neurons in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice culture. Using large glass electrodes, tetrodotoxin-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid and mild electrical pulses, we delivered a gene of interest into cultured hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Moreover, electroporation could be carried out in cultured hippocampal slices up to 21 days in vitro with no reduction in transfection efficiency, allowing for the study of varying slice culture developmental stages. With interest growing in examining the molecular functions of genes across a diverse range of cell types, our method demonstrates a reliable and straightforward approach to in vitro gene transfection in mouse brain tissue that can be performed with existing electrophysiology equipment and techniques.

Presented here is a protocol for single-cell electroporation that can deliver genes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons across a range of in vitro hippocampal slice culture ages. Our approach provides precise and efficient expression of genes in individual cells, which can be used to examine cell-autonomous and intercellular functions.

Einzelzell-Elektroporation über verschiedene organotypische Slice-Kulturen von Hippocampus-Exzitatorischen und klassenspezifischen inhibitorischen Neuronen der Maus

Electroporation has established itself as a critical method for transferring specific genes into cells to understand their function. Here, we describe a ...

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. A variety of molecules, such as peptides or oligonucleotides can be introduced into essentially 100% of the cells in a non-traumatic manner.&#160; Here, we describe how it can be used to study intercellular, gap junctional communication. Lucifer yellow penetrates into the cells when an electric pulse, applied to the conductive surface on which they are growing, causes pores to form through the cell membrane. This is electroporation. Cells growing on the nonconductive&#160;glass surface immediately adjacent to the electroporated region do not take up Lucifer yellow by electroporation but do acquire the fluorescent dye as it is passed to them via gap junctions that link them to the electroporated cells. The results of the transfer of dye from cell to cell can be observed microscopically under fluorescence illumination. This technique allows for precise quantitation of gap junctional communication. In addition, it can be used for the introduction of peptides or other non-permeant molecules, and the transfer of small electroporated peptides via gap junctions to inhibit the signal in the adjacent, non-electroporated cells is a powerful demonstration of signal inhibition.

This presentation demonstrates a method whereby electroporation of adherent, cultured cells is used for the study of intercellular, junctional communication, while the cells grow on a slide coated with conductive and transparent indium-tin oxide.

Ein Funktionstest für Gap Junction-Prüfung; Elektroporation von adhärenten Zellen auf Indium-Zinn-Oxid

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. ...

Electroporation-Based Genetic Modification of Primary Human Pigment Epithelial Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

Our increasingly aging society leads to a growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. So far, the pathological mechanisms are inadequately understood, thus impeding the establishment of defined treatments. Cell-based additive gene therapies for the increased expression of a protective factor are considered as a promising option to medicate neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have developed a method for the stable expression of the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which is characterized as a neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic protein in the nervous system, into the genome of primary human pigment epithelial (PE) cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Primary PE cells were isolated from human donor eyes and maintained in culture. After reaching confluence, 1 x 104 cells were suspended in 11 &#181;L of resuspension buffer and combined with 2 &#181;L of a purified solution containing 30 ng of hyperactive SB (SB100X) transposase plasmid and 470 ng of PEDF transposon plasmid. Genetic modification was carried out with a capillary electroporation system using the following parameters: two pulses with a voltage of 1,100 V and a width of 20 ms. Transfected cells were transferred into culture plates containing medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum; antibiotics and antimycotics were added with the first medium exchange. Successful transfection was demonstrated in independently performed experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed the increased expression of the PEDF transgene. PEDF secretion was significantly elevated and remained stable, as evaluated by immunoblotting, and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SB100X-mediated transfer allowed for a stable PEDF gene integration into the genome of PE cells and ensured the continuous secretion of PEDF, which is critical for the development of a cell-based gene addition therapy to treat AMD or other retinal degenerative diseases. Moreover, analysis of the integration profile of the PEDF transposon into human PE cells indicated an almost random genomic distribution.

We have developed a protocol to transfect primary human pigment epithelial cells by electroporation with the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Successful transfection was demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Elektroporationsbasierte genetische Veränderung von primären menschlichen Pigmentepithelzellen mit dem Dornröschen-Transposon-System

Our increasingly aging society leads to a growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. So far, the pathological mechanisms are inadequately ...

Medizin

Electroporation of Plasmid DNA into Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Transient gene expression modulation in murine skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation is a useful tool for assessing normal and pathological physiology. Overexpression or knockdown of target genes enables investigators to manipulate individual molecular events and, thus, better understand the mechanisms that impact muscle mass, muscle metabolism, and contractility. In addition, electroporation of DNA plasmids that encode fluorescent tags allows investigators to measure changes in subcellular localization of proteins in skeletal muscle in vivo. A key functional assessment of skeletal muscle includes the measurement of muscle contractility. In this protocol, we demonstrate that whole muscle contractility studies are still possible after plasmid DNA injection, electroporation, and gene expression modulation. The goal of this instructional procedure is to demonstrate the step-by-step method of DNA plasmid electroporation into mouse skeletal muscle to facilitate uptake and expression in the myofibers of the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles, as well as to demonstrate that skeletal muscle contractility is not compromised by injection and electroporation.

Electroporation of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle is a viable method to modulate gene expression without compromising muscle contractility in mice.

Elektroporation von Plasmid-DNA in die Skelettmuskulatur der Maus

Transient gene expression modulation in murine skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation is a useful tool for assessing normal and pathological ...

Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA. In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria. In molecular biology, however, transformation is artificially induced through the creation of pores in the bacterial cell walls. Bacterial cells that are able to take up DNA from the environment are called competent cells. Electrocompetent cells can be produced in the laboratory and transformation of these cells can be achieve via the application of an electrical field that creates pores in the cell wall through which DNA can pass.
The video explains the equipment used in electroporation such as an electroporator and electroporation cuvette. The video also goes through a step-by-step procedure about how to create electrocompetent cells and electroporate cells of interest. 
Prediction of the success of a transformation of an experiment, by observing the time constant, as well as the importance of removing salt from the solutions when electroporating, are also mentioned.

Transformation von Bakterien: Elektroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...