Damos las gracias a Susan Gerbi, Heidi Smith, y David Lambert para el suministro de material a prueba in-vivo centrifugación en Sciara coprophila y obsoleta Ilyanassa, respectivamente. Agradecemos a los miembros del laboratorio de Welte para comentarios sobre la técnica y el manuscrito. Desarrollo y el perfeccionamiento de la prueba de centrifugación en vivo fue apoyada por NIGMS conceder GM64687 para el PMA. Las imágenes mostradas en la figura. 1 y la figura. 5E, F se publicó anteriormente con el 2 y se reproduce aquí con permiso.

<ol>
	<li>Wieschaus, E., N&#252;sslein-Volhard, C., Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Looking+at+embryos.">Looking at embryos.</a> Drosophila: A Practical Approach. , 179-214 (1998).</li><li>Cermelli, S., Guo, Y., Gross, S. P., Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lipid+droplet+proteome+reveals+that+droplets+are+a+protein+storage+depot.">The lipid droplet proteome reveals that droplets are a protein storage depot.</a> Curr Biol. 16, 1783-1795 (2006).</li><li>Kiehart, D. P., Crawford, J. M., Montague, R. A., Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+microinjection+of+Drosophila+embryos.">Quantitative microinjection of Drosophila embryos.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , 345-359 (2000).</li><li>LaJeunesse, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+new+Drosophila+markers+of+intracellular+membranes.">Three new Drosophila markers of intracellular membranes.</a> Biotechniques. 36 (784-788), 790-790 (2004).</li><li>Schuh, M., Lehner, C. F., Heidmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+Drosophila+CID/CENP-A+and+CENP-C+into+centromeres+during+early+embryonic+anaphase.">Incorporation of Drosophila CID/CENP-A and CENP-C into centromeres during early embryonic anaphase.</a> Curr Biol. 17, 237-243 (2007).</li><li>Clarkson, M., Saint, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+His2AvDGFP+fusion+gene+complements+a+lethal+His2AvD+mutant+allele+and+provides+an+in+vivo+marker+for+Drosophila+chromosome+behavior.">A His2AvDGFP fusion gene complements a lethal His2AvD mutant allele and provides an in vivo marker for Drosophila chromosome behavior.</a> DNA Cell Biol. 18, 457-462 (1999).</li><li>Welte, M. A., Gross, S. P., Postner, M., Block, S. M., Wieschaus, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+regulation+of+vesicle+transport+in+Drosophila+embryos:+forces+and+kinetics.">Developmental regulation of vesicle transport in Drosophila embryos: forces and kinetics.</a> Cell. 92, 547-557 (1998).</li><li>Tran, S. L., Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=unpublished+observations.">unpublished observations.</a> , .</li><li>Rothwell, W. F., Sullivan, W., Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+analysis+of+Drosophila+embryos.">Fluorescent analysis of Drosophila embryos.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , 141-157 (2000).</li><li>Guo, Y., Jangi, S., Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle-specific+Control+of+Intracellular+Transport:+Distinctly+Targeted+Isoforms+of+the+Regulator+Klar.">Organelle-specific Control of Intracellular Transport: Distinctly Targeted Isoforms of the Regulator Klar.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 16, 1406-1416 (2005).</li><li>Meyer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overlapping+Functions+of+Argonaute+Proteins+in+Patterning+and+Morphogenesis+of+Drosophila+Embryos.">Overlapping Functions of Argonaute Proteins in Patterning and Morphogenesis of Drosophila Embryos.</a> PLoS Genet. 2, 1224-1239 (2006).</li><li>Shubeita, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consequences+of+motor+copy+number+on+the+intracellular+transport+of+kinesin-1-driven+lipid+droplets.">Consequences of motor copy number on the intracellular transport of kinesin-1-driven lipid droplets.</a> Cell. 135, 1098-1107 (2008).</li><li>Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+lipid-droplet+transport+by+the+Perilipin+homologue+LSD2.">Regulation of lipid-droplet transport by the Perilipin homologue LSD2.</a> Curr. Biol. 15, 1266-1275 (2005).</li><li>Phadnis, N., Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unpublished+Observations.">Unpublished Observations.</a> , .</li><li>Phadnis, N., Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unpublished+Observations.">Unpublished Observations.</a> , .</li><li>Morgan, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+XXII:+The+redistribution+of+the+visible+materials+of+the+egg+by+centrifuging.">Chapter XXII: The redistribution of the visible materials of the egg by centrifuging.</a> Experimental Embryology. , (1927).</li><li>Welte, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unpublished+Observations.">Unpublished Observations.</a> , .</li><li>Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+oogenesis+and+embryogenesis+resulting+from+centrifuging+Drosophila+melanogaster+females.">Abnormal oogenesis and embryogenesis resulting from centrifuging Drosophila melanogaster females.</a> J Embryol Exp Morphol. 40, 65-81 (1977).</li></ol>

Los pasos críticos Asegúrese de que la concentración de agar es lo suficientemente alto. Si es demasiado baja, el agar se desintegra durante la centrifugación, y los embriones va a estallar o ser orientadas al azar. Si la concentración de agar es sólo un poco demasiado bajo o si el agar es húmeda (extracción suficientemente seca o insuficiente de los servicios de apoyo técnico en exceso en el paso 4.3), los embriones se saldrán de sus agujeros durante la centrifugación y se convierten en mal orientada. Si el agar se vierte demasiado fino, también se derrumbará o crack durante el centrifugado. Asegúrese de que los embriones no han avanzado más allá de las etapas cellularization. De lo contrario, la separación de los orgánulos no va a funcionar (Fig. 5C), ya que se convertirá en orgánulos secuestrado dentro de miles de células individuales. En los embriones más jóvenes en la etapa de célula, los orgánulos son libres para migrar grandes distancias y se acumulan de acuerdo a su densidad característica. Para evitar el análisis de embriones que son demasiado viejos, asegúrese de que (i) incluye una colección pre-para permitir que las hembras para depositar sus huevos viejos (paso 2.4), (ii) recoger los embriones durante 3 horas o menos (paso 2.5), (iii) seleccionar visualmente los embriones antes de las etapas cellularization para integrarse en agar (paso 4.2), (iv) mantener incorporación de corto tiempo para prevenir el desarrollo hasta el final de cellularization (paso 4.6), y (v) desechar los embriones que no la capa de forma correcta (paso 5.6) . No escatime en el tiempo de centrifugación. Aunque algunos de los embriones muestran capas bien incluso después de sólo 10 minutos de centrifugación, la separación no es coherente desde el embrión al embrión. 30 vueltas min dar resultados muy consistentes. Además, cuanto mayor sea el tiempo de centrifugación, el más largo de las capas se mantienen estables después de la centrifugación ha terminado. Esto es importante para aquellas aplicaciones en las que se necesita tiempo para procesar los embriones más antes de su uso (por ejemplo, si es que necesitan ser procesados ​​para los experimentos de trasplante o montados para el análisis confocal). Posibles modificaciones Recolección de huevos y eliminación de los diferentes protocolos de corion existen muchos de los pasos 2 y 3 1, 3, 9, y el trabajo, así como los aquí descritos, siempre y cuando los embriones utilizados son los jóvenes, la producción de huevo es alta, y la fracción del mis- embriones escena se reduce al mínimo. Antero-posterior alineamiento El protocolo orienta todos los embriones de tal manera que el extremo posterior está enterrado en el agar y el extremo anterior es hacia arriba (Fig. 3). Esta orientación es buena para mantener la coherencia, de modo que es posible utilizar el micrópilo como un hito que terminan apuntando hacia arriba durante la centrifugación (Fig. 1, 5). Sin embargo, con la práctica, es fácil detectar la orientación de los embriones de centrifugado por la aparición de los distintos lípidos gota y las capas de yema de huevo por el microscopio de campo brillante. Entonces se convierte en la posibilidad de montar los embriones, ya sea con terminar, esta flexibilidad se acelera el proceso de montaje. Centrifugación desorientada El aspecto más tiempo y es técnicamente desafiante del protocolo es el montaje de los embriones en agar (paso 4). Se requiere tocar cada embrión en dos ocasiones (una vez que lo inserte en el agujero y una vez que se recuperan después de centrifugación). Como alternativa, se puede transferir los embriones en el paso 4.1 en tubos de microcentrífuga lleno de TSS. Cuando estos tubos se centrifugan en una microcentrífuga (13.000 rpm, 10-30 min), los embriones también suelen capa y 10-13. Esta variación permite procesar cientos de embriones a la vez muy rápidamente. Sin embargo, la estratificación no es tan consistente, una fracción de los embriones no se desarrolla de distintas capas a pesar de las fuerzas de centrifugación mucho mayor (~ 16 000 g) que aplica en el protocolo anterior. Más problemático es el hecho de que la orientación de los embriones es variable, y se puede observar la separación en distintos ángulos con respecto al eje principal del embrión. Esta variabilidad requiere el investigador para clasificar después de la centrifugación como un embrión en particular, se organizó en el tubo de centrífuga. Con el uso de la autofluorescencia yema como un marcador para la parte más densa del embrión, esto es a menudo posible, aunque requiere mucha práctica y más juicio para hacerlo de forma fiable. Si hay embriones suficiente en la muestra, uno puede ser capaz de resolver los casos en que los embriones que pasó a ser dispuestos como en la figura. 1. Centrifugación de los embriones en su cáscara de huevo es posible incluir los embriones en agar para el paso 4 sin necesidad de retirar el corion 2 primeros. En este enfoque, los embriones en la placa de la colección están cubiertos con aceite de halocarbonos en lugar de 50% de lejía en el paso 3.2 (halocarbonos se vuelve transparente el corion). Embriones de las etapas apropiadas se seleccionan y se transfieren a una placa de agar con unas pinzas nuevas, sólo por el acaparamiento de los filamentos de huevo con las pinzas, el daño ael embrión adecuado se evita. Los embriones están inmersos en el paso 4.4 hasta 4.8, con los filamentos de huevo anterior que sobresale de el agujero en el agar. La cáscara del huevo se elimina por tratamiento con lejía al 50% después de que los embriones han sido centrifugado y excavado en el agar como en el paso 5.4. Centrifugación en presencia de la cáscara de huevo puede mejorar la tasa de devitellinization después de la fijación (paso 6.2), pero la selección de las etapas de centrifugación correcta (paso 4.2) es más difícil. Aplicaciones Centrifugación embrión es particularmente útil para los experimentos de colocalización, es decir, para probar si una proteína se localiza en un determinado orgánulos más importantes. Por ejemplo, la proteína está presente en Klar principios de gotas de lípidos embrionarias, sin embargo, esta localización es difícil de demostrar en los embriones intactos. En parte, esto se debe a que tanto Klar puntos lagrimales y las gotas de lípidos son abundantes en la periferia del embrión 10, por lo que colocalización duro para descartar falsos. Sin embargo, la centrifugación concentra las gotas de lípidos en una capa distinta, y por lo tanto, colocalización con la señal de Klar se hace evidente 10. Un análisis similar se ha demostrado de manera inequívoca la localización de las otras proteínas a 8 gotas de lípidos, 13-15, con ejemplos sorprendentes como las histonas ciertos 2 y en los casos en que una proteína está presente por doquier, pero enriquecido por las gotas de lípidos 8. Los embriones se pueden seleccionar visualmente la etapa de desarrollo (paso 4.2), es posible la determinación de la contratación desarrollo regulado de proteínas a 8 gotas de lípidos, 15. Las pruebas de colocalización con las gotas de lípidos es muy fácil, ya que las gotas de lípidos se acumulan en una diferencia visual de &quot;tope&quot;, por lo que ningún marcador más o mancha se requiere para identificar a esta capa. De hecho, debido a su facilidad y resultados visuales potencialmente sorprendentes (Fig. 1, fig. 5 D, E), el laboratorio emplea esta técnica de manera rutinaria como la primera prueba si un candidato proteína se localiza en las gotas de lípidos. En principio, los estudios similares colocalización debe trabajar para los orgánulos que se muestran en la figura. 1, y es probable que para otros (incluyendo parásitos intracelulares), cuya distribución en los embriones de centrifugado aún no se ha documentado. Desde la centrifugación se concentra en los organelos bandas apretadas, que facilita el aislamiento de una fracción enriquecida en estos orgánulos. Este enfoque ya ha sido utilizado para recuperar las gotas de lípidos para el trasplante en dos embriones de donantes. También puede ser posible analizar bioquímicamente la fracción enriquecida (por ejemplo, mediante la reducción de las capas de embriones después de la fijación 15). El método descrito aquí tiene aplicaciones más allá de embriones de Drosophila, como la centrifugación puede ser usado para estratificar a los huevos de diferentes especies (incluyendo ranas, nematodos, tunicados, anélidos, erizos de mar, moluscos, cnidarios y) 16. En nuestro propio laboratorio, se ha utilizado el protocolo anterior para los embriones de la mosca doméstica Musca domestica 2 y han utilizado la centrifugación no orientado en el análisis de los embriones de los hongos mosquito Sciara coprophila 17 y el caracol Ilyanassa obsoleta 17. Finalmente, este método no se limita a los embriones: La centrifugación también puede ser útil para estratificar a otras células grandes, como los ovocitos (por ejemplo, en Drosophila 2, 18 y el algodoncillo error Oncopeltus fasciatus 17). Para el modelo diferentes, las condiciones de centrifugación exacta necesita ser optimizado: Por ejemplo, 10 minutos a 3000 g es suficiente para estratificar de manera eficiente los embriones de Musca domestica 2, y si se centrifuga mucho más tiempo, los embriones tienden a separarse durante la fijación y tinción.

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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
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<tr>
<td>60x15 mm Petri dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
<td>#35-1007</td>
<td>From Falcon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Wire mesh</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Small Parts</td>
<td>CX-0150</td>
<td>stainless steel type 304; mesh size #150 x150, wire diameter: 0.0026 inches</td>
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<tr>
<td>Tungsten needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10130-10</td>
<td>0.25 mm</td>
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<td>Moria Nickel Plated Pin/Needle Holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26016-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Fly Cages</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
<td>59-100 or 59-101</td>
<td>For 65 mm or 100 mm diameter Petri dishes, respectively</td>
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<td>Halocarbon Oil 27</td>
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in-vivo centrifugation of drosophila embryos

Una estrategia importante para la purificación y aislamiento de los diferentes tipos de organelos intracelulares es separarlos unos de otros sobre la base de diferencias en la densidad de flotación. Sin embargo, cuando las células se rompen antes de la centrifugación, las proteínas y orgánulos en este entorno no-nativos a menudo inadecuadamente pegan unas a otras. Aquí se describe un método para separar organelos por la densidad de intacto, viviendo embriones de Drosophila. Principios de los embriones antes de cellularization se cosechan a partir de las jaulas de la población, y sus cáscaras de huevo exterior se eliminan mediante el tratamiento con 50% de lejía. Los embriones se transfieren a una placa de agar pequeña y se inserta, extremo posterior en primer lugar, en pequeños agujeros verticales en el agar. Las placas que contienen embriones incrustado se centrifugan durante 30 min a 3000g. El agar soporta los embriones y los mantiene en una orientación definida. Posteriormente, los embriones son extraídos del agar con una aguja de punta roma. Centrifugación separa orgánulos importantes en distintas capas, una estratificación fácilmente visible por el microscopio de campo brillante. Una serie de marcadores fluorescentes están disponibles para confirmar la estratificación éxito en embriones vivos. Proteínas asociadas con ciertos orgánulos se verá enriquecido en una capa de concreto, lo que demuestra colocalización. Las capas individuales pueden ser recuperados para su análisis bioquímicos o trasplante en la donación de óvulos. Esta técnica es aplicable para la separación de orgánulos en otras células grandes, incluyendo los huevos y los ovocitos de diversas especies.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

Se describe un método para separar los orgánulos de la densidad en la vida<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriones. Los embriones están inmersos en agar y se centrifuga. Esta técnica produce la separación reproducible de los organelos importantes a lo largo del eje antero-posterior del embrión. Este método facilita la colocalización experimentos y las fracciones de los rendimientos de orgánulos para el análisis bioquímico y experimentos de trasplante.

En vivo-La centrifugación de embriones de Drosophila

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

in-vivo-centrifugation-of-drosophila-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

18.3K vistas.  University of Rochester. Se describe un método para separar los orgánulos de la densidad en la vida Drosophila Embriones. Los embriones están inmersos en agar y se centrifuga. Esta técnica produce la separación reproducible de los organelos importantes a lo largo del eje antero-posterior del embrión. Este método facilita la colocalización experimentos y las fracciones de los rendimientos de orgánulos para el análisis bioquímico y experimentos de trasplante.

Video: In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Preparación de cultivos neuronales a partir de embriones de Drosophila Midgastrula Etapa

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Investigación

Biología

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, or cell death. Drosophila embryos expressing GFP are readily imaged using either stereoscopic or confocal microscopy. A goal of any live-imaging protocol is to minimize detrimental effects such as dehydration and hypoxia. Previous protocols for preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis have involved placing dechorionated embryos in halocarbon oil and sandwiching them between a halocarbon gas-permeable membrane and a coverslip1-3. The introduction of compression through mounting embryos in this manner represents an undesirable complication for any biomechanical-based analysis of morphogenesis. Our method, which we call the hanging drop protocol, results in excellent viability of embryos during live imaging and does not require that embryos be compressed. Briefly, the hanging drop protocol involves the placement of embryos in a drop of halocarbon oil that is suspended from a coverslip, which is, in turn, fixed in position over a humid chamber. In addition to providing gas exchange and preventing dehydration, this arrangement takes advantage of the buoyancy of embryos in halocarbon oil to prevent them from drifting out of position during timelapse acquisition. This video describes in detail how to collect and prepare Drosophila embryos for live imaging using the hanging drop protocol. This protocol is suitable for imaging dechorionated embryos using stereomicroscopy or any upright compound fluorescence microscope.

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

A simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis is presented. Our protocol provides humidity and gas exchange and does not compress the Drosophila embryo. This method is suitable for GFP-based live imaging of Drosophila embryos using a stereomicroscope or upright compound microscope.

La preparación de los Drosophila Los embriones para Live-Imaging utilizando el protocolo de gota

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Visualizing developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate molecular and functional changes in intact living organisms. Most existing optical imaging methods are inadequate for imaging at dimensions that lie between the penetration limits of modern optical microscopy (0.5-1mm) and the diffusion-imposed limits of optical macroscopy (&gt;1cm) [1]. Thus, many important model organisms, e.g. insects, animal embryos or small animal extremities, remain inaccessible for in-vivo optical imaging. 
Although there is increasing interest towards the development of nanometer-resolution optical imaging methods, there have not been many successful efforts in improving the imaging penetration depth. The ability to perform in-vivo imaging beyond microscopy limits is in fact met with the difficulties associated with photon scattering present in tissues. Recent efforts to image entire embryos for example [2,3] require special chemical treatment of the specimen, to clear them from scattering, a procedure that makes them suitable only for post-mortem imaging. These methods however evidence the need for imaging larger specimens than the ones usually allowed by two-photon or confocal microscopy, especially in developmental biology and in drug discovery.
We have developed a new optical imaging technique named Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography [4], which appropriate for non-invasive in-vivo imaging at dimensions of 1mm-5mm. The method exchanges resolution for penetration depth, but offers unprecedented tomographic imaging performance and it has been developed to add time as a new dimension in developmental biology observations (and possibly other areas of biological research) by imparting the ability to image the evolution of fluorescence-tagged responses over time. As such it can accelerate studies of morphological or functional dependencies on gene mutations or external stimuli, and can importantly, capture the complete picture of development or tissue function by allowing longitudinal time-lapse visualization of the same, developing organism.
The technique utilizes a modified laboratory microscope and multi-projection illumination to collect data at 360-degree projections. It applies the Fermi simplification to Fokker-Plank solution of the photon transport equation, combined with geometrical optics principles in order to build a realistic inversion scheme suitable for mesoscopic range. This allows in-vivo whole-body visualization of non-transparent three-dimensional structures in samples up to several millimeters in size.
We have demonstrated the in-vivo performance of the technique by imaging three-dimensional structures of developing Drosophila tissues in-vivo and by following the morphogenesis of the wings in the opaque Drosophila pupae in real time over six consecutive hours.

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopic fluorescence tomography operates beyond the penetration limits of tissue-sectioning fluorescence microscopy. The technique is based on multi-projection illumination and a photon transport description. We demonstrate in-vivo whole-body 3D visualization of the morphogenesis of GFP-expressing wing imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster.

Mesoscópica fluorescencia Tomografía por En vivo Imágenes de desarrollo Drosophila</em

Visualizing  developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often  heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

Preparación de embriones para Microscopía Electrónica de la Drosophila Tubo cardíaco embrionario

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Imagen de la posición vertical Drosophila Los embriones

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

Cultivos de células primarias de Drosophila Gástrula embriones

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal lines have enabled biological processes to be studied in the context of a living, and in some instances even behaving, organism. In this protocol we will describe how to anesthetize intact Drosophila larvae, using the volatile anesthetic desflurane, to follow the development and plasticity of synaptic populations at sub-cellular resolution1-3. While other useful methods to anesthetize Drosophila melanogaster larvae have been previously described4,5,6,7,8, the protocol presented herein demonstrates significant improvements due to the following combined key features: (1) A very high degree of anesthetization; even the heart beat is arrested allowing for lateral resolution of up to 150 nm1, (2) a high survival rate of &gt; 90% per anesthetization cycle, permitting the recording of more than five time-points over a period of hours to days2 and (3) a high sensitivity enabling us in 2 instances to study the dynamics of proteins expressed at physiological levels. In detail, we were able to visualize the postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit GluR-IIA expressed via the endogenous promoter1 in stable transgenic lines and the exon trap line FasII-GFP1. (4) In contrast to other methods4,7 the larvae can be imaged not only alive, but also intact (i.e. non-dissected) allowing observation to occur over a number of days1. The accompanying video details the function of individual parts of the in vivo imaging chamber2,3, the correct mounting of the larvae, the anesthetization procedure, how to re-identify specific positions within a larva and the safe removal of the larvae from the imaging chamber.

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

This protocol describes a reliable method for anesthetization and imaging of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We have utilized the volatile anesthetic desflurane to allow for repetitive imaging at sub-cellular resolution and re-identification of structures for up to a few days1.

Imágenes in vivo de larvas de Drosophila intactos a nivel sub-celular Resolución

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal ...

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements and tools for genetic manipulation have become available in Drosophila 2. Soon after the initial discovery by Frie and Mello 3 that double stranded RNA can be used to knockdown the activity of individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to provide a powerful reverse genetic approach to analyze gene functions in Drosophila organ development 4, 5.
Many organs, including lung, kidney, liver, and vascular system, are composed of branched tubular networks that transport vital fluids or gases 6, 7. The analysis of Drosophila tracheal formation provides an excellent model system to study the morphogenesis of other tubular organs 8. The Berkeley Drosophila genome project has revealed hundreds of genes that are expressed in the tracheal system. To study the molecular and cellular mechanism of tube formation, the challenge is to understand the roles of these genes in tracheal development. Here, we described a detailed method of dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryo to knockdown individual gene expression. We successfully knocked down endogenous dysfusion(dys) gene expression by dsRNA injection. Dys is a bHLH-PAS protein expressed in tracheal fusion cells, and it is required for tracheal branch fusion 9, 10. dys-RNAi completely eliminated dys expression and resulted in tracheal fusion defect. This relatively simple method provides a tool to identify genes requried for tissure and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

RNA interference has been proven very effective to analyze gene function in Drosophila tracheal development. A detailed protocol used by Jiang lab to inject dsRNA into fly embryos to knockdown gene expression is illustrated. This technique has the potential for screening genes required for tissue and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi interferencia por inyección de dsRNA en Drosophila Los embriones

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

Celular imagen Cambiar forma de vida Drosophila Los embriones

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

Aislamiento y purificación de Kinesin desde Drosophila Los embriones

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...