Marco Bueter y Seyfried Florian con el apoyo de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Thomas A. Lutz fue apoyada por la Fundación Nacional Suiza para la Investigación (SNF). Marco Bueter y Thomas Un. Lutz aún reciben financiamiento del Instituto Nacional de Salud (NIH) y del Centro de Zúrich de Fisiología Humana Integral (ZIHP) Carel le Roux W fue apoyado por un Departamento de Salud Clínico Scientist Award. Imperial College de Londres recibe el apoyo del sistema de financiación NIHR de Investigación Biomédica de Centro.

1. Cuidados preoperatorios <ol><li> Retire el alimento de la rata durante la noche antes de la cirugía. </li><li> Inducir la anestesia en la cámara con 4.5% el flujo de isoflurano y el O2 de 2 l / min. </li><li> Afeitado el abdomen desde el esternón hasta la pelvis con maquinilla de afeitar eléctrica. </li><li> Coloque rata anestesiada en posición supina sobre la almohadilla de calor isotérmica. </li><li> Aplicar pomada para los ojos (Vitagel) antes de poner el hocico de las ratas en la ojiva. </li><li> Mantener la anestesia con isoflurano concentración de 2-3% y el flujo de O2 de 2 l / min. </li><li> Desinfecte la piel con Betadine, solución. </li><li> Confirme la profundidad de la anestesia con pizca pinza entre los dedos de las patas traseras. </li><li> Administrar 5,7 mg / kg por vía intraperitoneal Enrofloxacina como profilaxis perioperatoria antibiótico, y 1 mg / kg de flunixina para analgesia. </li></ol> 2. Laparotomía media <ol><li> Realizar incisión de línea media con bisturí comenzando justo debajo apófisis xifoides (hoja N º 10). </li><li> Movilizar a la piel de forma circunferencial Subrayarying los músculos abdominales con unas tijeras de Metzenbaum. </li><li> Abrir la cavidad abdominal. </li><li> Instale separadores para facilitar la mejor exposición posible de la operación sobre el terreno. </li></ol> 3. Biliopancreática y el asa alimentaria <ol><li> Identificar dónde el yeyuno proximal, duodeno o pasa por debajo de los dos puntos. </li><li> Corte transversal del intestino delgado de unos 10 cm aborally de aquí y de ligar los dos extremos del intestino (PDS 5-0). </li><li> Coloque muñón proximal de los dos extremos en el cuadrante superior izquierdo del abdomen, ya que se utilizarán posteriormente para formar la extremidad biliopancreática de Roux-en-Y la reconstrucción. </li><li> Coloque muñón distal de los dos extremos en el cuadrante superior derecho del abdomen, ya que se utilizarán posteriormente para formar el asa alimentaria de Roux-en-Y la reconstrucción. </li></ol> 4. Yeyuno-yeyunostomía <ol><li> Identificar ciego con válvula ileocecal y el íleon. </li><li> Siga el íleon por vía oral durante aproximadamente 25 cm. El yeyuno-yeyunostomía se colocan aquí como punto de partidadel canal común de Roux-en-Y la reconstrucción. </li><li> Recuperar la extremidad biliopancreática del cuadrante superior izquierdo del abdomen y colocarla al lado del canal común donde se va a realizar yeyuno-yeyunostomía. </li><li> Extremidad biliopancreática segura y canal común con la retención de la puntada (PDS 6-0). </li><li> Una incisión más de dos bucles de aproximadamente 10 mm por el uso de tijeras micro. </li><li> Crear yeyuno-yeyunostomía mediante la realización de lado a lado de la anastomosis con suturas interrumpidas (PDS 6-0). </li><li> En primer lugar el lado dorsal completa y cara ventral de la anastomosis. </li></ol> 5. Bolsa gástrica <ol><li> Identificar la unión gastro-esofágico. </li><li> Movilizar a esta zona mediante la disección de los ligamentos gastro-hepáticos y gastrointestinales-esplénica con unas tijeras de Metzenbaum. </li><li> Mueva arteria gástrica izquierda y fibras vagales de la izquierda para-esofágica paquete lateralmente para evitar las hemorragias importantes y el daño del nervio vago cuando pequeña bolsa gástrica se crea. </li><li> Exponer gastro-esofágico junction mediante la colocación de algodón retro-oesophageally. </li><li> Coagular pequeños vasos del estómago frontal mediante el uso de dispositivo de cauterio disponible en el mercado - también para prevenir las hemorragias. </li><li> Transecto estómago aproximadamente 5 mm por debajo de la unión gastro-esofágico crear bolsa gástrica de un tamaño de no más de 2-3% del tamaño del estómago original usando tijeras delicadas y curvas. </li><li> Cerca remanente gástrico (PDS 5-0). </li></ol> 6. Gastro-yeyunostomía <ol><li> Recuperar asa alimentaria en el cuadrante superior derecho del abdomen y colocarla junto a la bolsa gástrica. </li><li> Crear Gastro-yeyunostomía mediante la realización de extremo-a-lado de la anastomosis (PDS 7-0). </li><li> En primer lugar el lado posterior completa y luego parte frontal de la anastomosis. </li></ol> 7. El cierre abdominal <ol><li> Reducir la anestesia mediante la reducción de la concentración de isoflurano al 1,5%. </li><li> Cerca de la capa muscular de la pared abdominal con sutura continua de PDS (4-0). </li><li> Administrar 100 l de 0,3 mg / mlbuprenorfina por vía subcutánea una solución para la analgesia. </li><li> Además reducir la concentración de isoflurano al 1%. </li><li> Cerca de la piel con sutura (Vicryl 4-0). </li></ol> 8. Cuidado Postoperatorio <ol><li> Deje de isoflurano y continuar con O2. </li><li> Administrar 5 ml de solución salina caliente para la reposición de líquidos en los tres depósitos subcutáneos. </li><li> Posición rata bajo la luz roja hasta su completa recuperación. </li><li> Volver a la rata de la jaula de su casa. </li></ol> 9. Los resultados representativos Los animales y la vivienda Hombre ratas Wistar (Harlan Laboratories, Inc., Blackthorn, Reino Unido;. Elevage Janvier, Le-Genest-St Isle, Francia) con un peso entre 350 y 500 g fueron alojados individualmente en un 12 h / 12 h ciclo luz-oscuridad a una temperatura ambiente de 21 ± 2 ° C. Agua y comida estándar ad libitum, a menos que se indique lo contrario. Todos los experimentos se realizaron bajo una licencia emitida por la Ofi Inicioce, Reino Unido (PL70-6669) o aprobados por la Oficina Veterinaria del Cantón de Zurich, Suiza. Todas las ratas se les dio una semana de aclimatación antes de ser asignados al azar a un bypass gástrico o la operación simulada. Después de la cirugía, las ratas recibieron la dieta líquida durante 3 días antes de que el acceso a la comida normal se vuelve a instalar. El peso corporal Los datos de nuestro modelo de rata de bypass gástrico son consistentes con los hallazgos previos de que la cirugía de bypass gástrico es eficaz para reducir el peso corporal y, sobre todo para mantener la pérdida de peso corporal (Figura 2). Promedio de pre-quirúrgica de peso corporal de las ratas utilizadas para el bypass gástrico y la farsa de las operaciones fue similar (simulada: 433,4 ± 8,3 g vs bypass: 420,7 ± 8,4 g, p = 0,28). Cinco días después de la cirugía de simulacro que funcionan con los controles de peso significativamente mayor en comparación con las ratas de bypass gástrico (simulado: 422,2 ± 8,3 g vs bypass: 374,7 ± 7,6 g, p &lt;0,001). El día después del 60, la diferencia en el peso corporal fue casi de 170 g (tratamiento simulado: 533,2 ± 8,1 g vs bypass: 366,2 ± 10,8 g, p &lt;0,001). La ingesta de alimentos La ingesta de alimentos siguieron patrones similares como el peso corporal y se redujo en ratas de bypass gástrico en comparación con el simulacro que funciona con ratas alimentadas ad libitum. La Figura 3 muestra el promedio de ingesta diaria de alimentos para ambos grupos (día del postoperatorio 1-60). Ingesta diaria de alimentos fue consistentemente más baja después del bypass gástrico (simulado: 29,9 ± 0,2 g vs bypass: 25,7 ± 0,3 g, p &lt;0,001). Gut hormonas La sangre de todas las ratas se recogió el día de la terminación del estudio 8,16. Los animales tuvieron acceso ad libitum de alimentos la noche anterior y fueron decapitados al comienzo del ciclo de luz de día postoperatorio 60. Se obtuvo sangre, inmediatamente se centrifuga a 3000 rpm durante 10 minutos a 4 ° C, y se almacenó a -20 ° C hasta que las muestras fueron analizadas por duplicado en una sola tanda. PYY-como inmunoreactividad fue medidamedido con un radioinmunoensayo específico y sensible, que mide, tanto la longitud completa (PYY1-36) y el fragmento (PYY3-36). GLP-1 se midió mediante establecida en las casas radioinmunoensayos 17,18. Las diferencias en la ingesta de alimentos puede explicarse en parte por el aumento de los niveles plasmáticos postprandiales de péptido YY (PYY) y péptido similar al glucagón 1 (GLP-1) como las ratas de bypass gástrico mostraron niveles significativamente más altos de PYY (tratamiento simulado: 26 ± 2 pmol / l frente a . de derivación: 141 ± 14 pmol / L, p &lt;0,001) y GLP-1 (tratamiento simulado: 40 ± 5 pmol / l vs bypass: 215 ± 23 pmol / L, p &lt;0,001; Figura 4). <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Anatomía del bypass gástrico. Representación esquemática de la anatomía del intestino delgado antes (A) y después (B) la operación de bypass gástrico. Los diferentes tonos de rojo representan aproximadamente segmentos correspondientes del intestino delgado con el rojo que representa la media del intestino anterior(Esófago, duodeno, el estómago y el yeyuno proximal), la luz roja que representa el intestino (yeyuno proximal y medio, íleon proximal) y la de color rojo oscuro que representa el intestino grueso (íleon, ciego). <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. . Pérdida de peso corporal después de la cirugía de bypass gástrico en ratas cambio de peso corporal de un grupo representativo de las ratas después del bypass gástrico (-) (n = 52) y el simulacro de accionamiento ratas (-) (n = 52) a lo largo de un período de observación de la 60 días. Se combinaron los datos de anteriores publicaciones 6,8-10 y se muestran como valores medios ± SEM (*** = p &lt;0,001). <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Ingesta media de alimentos después de la cirugía de bypass gástrico en ratas. Ingesta diaria de alimentos de un grupo representativo de las ratas después del bypass gástrico (negro, n = 52) y las ratas sham-operados (blanco, n = 52) a través de unapostoperatorio de 60 días. Se combinaron los datos de anteriores publicaciones 6,8-10 y se muestran como valores medios ± SEM. <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3940/3940fig3.jpg" /> Figura 4. Postprandial PYY y GLP-1 los niveles séricos después de la cirugía de bypass gástrico en ratas. Postprandial de PYY y el nivel de GLP-1 en suero de ratas de bypass gástrico (negro, n = 18) y la farsa que funciona con ratas (blanco, n = 22). Se combinaron los datos de las publicaciones anteriores 8,16 y se muestran como valores medios ± SEM.

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deoxycholate+is+an+important+releaser+of+peptide+YY+and+enteroglucagon+from+the+human+colon.">Deoxycholate is an important releaser of peptide YY and enteroglucagon from the human colon.</a> Gut. 34, 1219-1224 (1993).</li><li>Nakatani, H., Kasama, K., Oshiro, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+bile+acid+along+with+plasma+incretins+and+serum+high-molecular+weight+adiponectin+levels+are+increased+after+bariatric+surgery.">Serum bile acid along with plasma incretins and serum high-molecular weight adiponectin levels are increased after bariatric surgery.</a> Metabolism. 58, 1400-1407 (2009).</li><li>Ashrafian, H., le Roux, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+surgery+and+gut+hormones+-+a+review+of+bariatric+entero-humoral+modulation.">Metabolic surgery and gut hormones - a review of bariatric entero-humoral modulation.</a> Physiol. Behav. 97, 620-631 (2009).</li><li>Choban, P. S., Flancbaum, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Roux+limb+lengths+on+outcome+after+Roux-en-Y+gastric+bypass:+a+prospective,+randomized+clinical+trial.+Obes.">The effect of Roux limb lengths on outcome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Obes.</a> Surg. 12, 540-545 (2002).</li><li>Gleysteen, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five-year+outcome+with+gastric+bypass:+Roux+limb+length+makes+a+difference.">Five-year outcome with gastric bypass: Roux limb length makes a difference.</a> Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 5, 242-247 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S., Sahagian, K. G., Schriver, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+varying+Roux+limb+lengths+and+weight+loss+in+gastric+bypass.">Relationship between varying Roux limb lengths and weight loss in gastric bypass.</a> Curr. Surg. 63, 259-263 (2006).</li><li>Hayes, M. R., Kanoski, S. E., De Jonghe, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+common+hepatic+branch+of+the+vagus+is+not+required+to+mediate+the+glycemic+and+food+intake+suppressive+effects+of+glucagon-like-peptide-1.">The common hepatic branch of the vagus is not required to mediate the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of glucagon-like-peptide-1.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301, R1479-R1485 (2011).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

El procedimiento de Roux-en-Y bypass gástrico en humanos fue descrito por primera vez por Mason en 1967 y modificada a su forma actual por Torres en 1983 19. Actualmente, el procedimiento consiste en una pequeña bolsa gástrica y la derivación del intestino delgado proximal. Una ilustración esquemática de la anatomía pre y post-operatorio se da en la Figura 1. El bypass gástrico en humanos induce y mantiene la pérdida de peso corporal de aproximadamente 15...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre genérico </td><td> Marca </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td></tr><tr><td> Enrofloxacina </td><td> Baytril 2,5% </td><td> Provet AG </td><td> 1036 </td></tr><tr><td> Flunixino </td><td> Finadyne </td><td> Graeub </td><td> 908040 </td></tr><tr><td> Buprenorfina </td><td> Temgesic </td><td> Reckitt Benckiser </td><td> 138976 </td></tr><tr><td> El isoflurano </td><td> IsoFlo </td><td> Graeub </td><td> 902035 </td></tr><tr><td> La vitamina A </td><td> Vitagel </td><td> Bausch &amp; Lomb </td><td> 690 </td></tr><tr><td> Yodo solución </td><td> Betadine </td><td> Mundipharma </td><td> 111141 </td></tr><tr><td> NaCl 0,9% </td><td> NaCl 0,9% </td><td> B. Braun </td><td> 534534 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 1. Drogas. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre </td><td> Tamaño </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 4-0 </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> Z924H </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 5-0 </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> Z925H </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 6-0 </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> PUU2971E </td></tr><tr><td> PDS II </td><td> 7-0 </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> Z1370E </td></tr><tr><td> Vicryl </td><td> 4-0 </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> V451H </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 2. Suturas. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td></tr><tr><td> Bisturí mango N º 3 </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BB073R </td></tr><tr><td> No hay hojas de bisturí. 10 </td><td> Swann-Morton </td><td> 0301 </td></tr><tr><td> Portaagujas </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BM124R </td></tr><tr><td> Pinzas de tejido </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BD555R </td></tr><tr><td> Metzenbaum tijera, recto </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC022R </td></tr><tr><td> Metzenbaum tijera, curva </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC023R </td></tr><tr><td> Tijeras curvas delicadas, </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC061R </td></tr><tr><td> Pinzas hemostáticas, curva </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BH109R </td></tr><tr><td> Pinzas hemostáticas, dientes curvos, 1x2 </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BH121R </td></tr><tr><td> Sonda, doble punta </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BN113R </td></tr><tr><td> Porta-agujas micro </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> FM 541R </td></tr><tr><td> Micro pinzas </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> FM571R </td></tr><tr><td> Micro tijera </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> FM470R </td></tr><tr><td> Cauterio ojos desechables </td><td> John Weiss Internacional </td><td> 0111122 </td></tr><tr><td> Bastoncillos de algodón </td><td> Hartmann AG </td><td> 9679369 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 3. Equipo quirúrgico.

roux-en-y gastric bypass operation in rats

En la actualidad, la terapia más efectiva para el tratamiento de la obesidad mórbida para inducir la pérdida de peso significativa y se mantiene con un beneficio comprobado de mortalidad es de 1,2 la cirugía bariátrica. En consecuencia, ha habido un aumento constante en el número de cirugías bariátricas realizadas en todo el mundo en los últimos años con la Roux-en-Y bypass gástrico (derivación gástrica) es la más comúnmente realizada la operación 3. En este contexto, es importante para comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos por los que el bypass gástrico induce y mantiene la pérdida de peso corporal. Estos mecanismos no están del todo claras, pero pueden incluir la reducción del hambre y el aumento de la saciedad 4,5 del gasto, aumento de la energía 6,7, la preferencia por la comida alterada alta en grasa y azúcar 8,9, la sal y el manejo del agua alterada del riñón 10 como así como alteraciones en la microbiota intestinal 11. Estos cambios observados después de bypass gástrico puede al menos en parte se derivan de la formala cirugía altera el entorno hormonal debido a bypass gástrico aumenta la liberación postprandial de péptido YY (PYY) y similar al glucagón péptido 1 (GLP-1), las hormonas que son liberadas por el intestino en presencia de nutrientes y que reducen el consumo 12. Durante las dos últimas décadas numerosos estudios con ratas se han llevado a cabo para investigar más a fondo los cambios fisiológicos después del bypass gástrico. El modelo de derivación gástrica en ratas ha demostrado ser una herramienta valiosa no por ello menos experimental que imita el perfil de tiempo y la magnitud de la pérdida de peso humano, sino que también permite a los investigadores para controlar y manipular los factores críticos anatómicos y fisiológicos, incluyendo el uso de controles adecuados. Por consiguiente, existe una amplia gama de modelos de ratas bypass gástrico disponibles en la literatura crítica en otra parte con mayor detalle 13-15. La descripción de la técnica quirúrgica exacta de estos modelos varía ampliamente y difiere por ejemplo en términos de tamaño de la bolsa, una extremidadlongitud, y la preservación del nervio vago. Si se informan, las tasas de mortalidad parece ir de 0 a 35% 15. Además, la cirugía se ha llevado a cabo casi exclusivamente en ratas macho de diferentes cepas y edades. Las dietas pre y postoperatoria también varió significativamente. Variaciones técnicas y experimentales publicados en modelos de ratas de bypass gástrico complicar la comparación e identificación de posibles mecanismos fisiológicos implicados en el bypass gástrico. No hay evidencia clara de que cualquiera de estos modelos es superior, pero hay una necesidad emergente para la estandarización del procedimiento para obtener datos consistentes y comparables. En este artículo se pretende, pues, para resumir y discutir los detalles técnicos y experimentales de nuestra previamente validado y publicado el modelo de rata de bypass gástrico.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats at JoVE.com

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats

Numerosos estudios con modelos de ratas de bypass gástrico se han llevado a cabo recientemente para descubrir los mecanismos fisiológicos de Roux-en-Y las operaciones de bypass gástrico. En este artículo se pretende demostrar y discutir los detalles técnicos y experimentales de nuestro modelo de rata de derivación gástrica publicada a entender las ventajas y limitaciones de esta herramienta experimental.

Roux-en-Y Gastric operación de bypass en las ratas

Currently, the most effective therapy for the treatment of morbid obesity to induce significant and maintained body weight loss with a proven mortality ...

roux-en-y-gastric-bypass-operation-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.4K vistas.  University Hospital Zürich. Numerosos estudios con modelos de ratas de bypass gástrico se han llevado a cabo recientemente para descubrir los mecanismos fisiológicos de Roux-en-Y las operaciones de bypass gástrico. En este artículo se pretende demostrar y discutir los detalles técnicos y experimentales de nuestro modelo de rata de derivación gástrica publicada a entender las ventajas y limitaciones de esta herramienta experimental.

Video: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Animal models that mimic human cardiac disease, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) that induces heart failure as well as pressure-overload (transverse aortic constriction) that induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (Goldman and Tarnavski), are useful models to study cardiovascular disease. In particular, myocardial ischemia (MI) is a leading cause for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality despite controlling certain risk factors such as arteriosclerosis and treatments via surgical intervention (Thygesen). Furthermore, an acute loss of the myocardium following myocardial ischemia (MI) results in increased loading conditions that induces ventricular remodeling of the infarcted border zone and the remote non-infarcted myocardium. Myocyte apoptosis, necrosis and the resultant increased hemodynamic load activate multiple biochemical intracellular signaling that initiates LV dilatation, hypertrophy, ventricular shape distortion, and collagen scar formation. This pathological remodeling and failure to normalize the increased wall stresses results in progressive dilatation, recruitment of the border zone myocardium into the scar, and eventually deterioration in myocardial contractile function (i.e. heart failure). The progression of LV dysfunction and heart failure in rats is similar to that observed in patients who sustain a large myocardial infarction, survive and subsequently develops heart failure (Goldman). The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model in rats has been used to mimic human cardiovascular disease; specifically used to study cardiac signaling mechanisms associated with heart failure as well as to assess the contribution of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of heart failure. The method described in this report is the rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This model is also referred to as an acute ischemic cardiomyopathy or ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR); which is induced by an acute 30-minute period of ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by reperfusion of the tissue by releasing the LAD ligation (Vasilyev and McConnell). This protocol will focus on assessment of the infarct size and the area-at-risk (AAR) by Evan's blue dye and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) following 4-hours of reperfusion; additional comments toward the evaluation of cardiac function and remodeling by modifying the duration of reperfusion, is also presented. Overall, this AMI rat animal model is useful for studying the consequence of a myocardial infarction on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

The rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is useful to study the consequence of a MI on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

Infarto agudo de miocardio en ratas

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular ...

Investigación

Medicina

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

Trasplante ortotópico de hígado en ratas

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Intraoperative Gastroscopy for Tumor Localization in Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Determining resection margins for gastric cancer, which are not exposed to the serosal surface of the stomach, is the most important procedure during totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG). The aim of this protocol is to introduce a procedure for intraoperative gastroscopy, in order to directly mark tumors during TLG for gastric cancer in the middle third of the stomach. Patients who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in the middle third of the stomach were enrolled in this case series. Before surgery, additional gastroscopy for tumor localization is not performed. Under general anesthesia, laparoscopic mobilization of the stomach is performed first. After the first portion of the duodenum is mobilized from the pancreas and clamped, the surgeon moves to the other side for the gastroscopic procedure. On the insertion of a gastroscope through the oral cavity into the stomach, 2 - 3 cc of indigo carmine is administered via an endoscopic injector into the gastric muscle layer at the proximal margin of the stomach. The location of stained serosa in the laparoscopic view is used to guide distal subtotal gastrectomy, however, total gastrectomy is performed if the tumor is too close to the esophagogastric junction. A specimen is sampled after distal gastrectomy to confirm sufficient length from resection margin to tumor before reconstruction. In our case series, all patients had tumor-free margins and required no additional resection. There was no morbidity related to the gastroscopic procedure, and the time required for the procedure has gradually decreased to about five minutes. Intraoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization is an accurate and tolerated method for gastric cancer patients undergoing totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.

In early gastric cancer, the aim of surgery is to precisely remove the distal stomach including the primary tumor. To do this, accurate localization of the tumor is crucial, especially in totally laparoscopic surgery. This protocol describes a procedure for intraoperative gastroscopy in totally laparoscopic subtotal gastrectomy.

Gastroscopia intraoperatoria para la localización del tumor en la cirugía laparoscópica para el adenocarcinoma gástrico

Determining resection margins for gastric cancer, which are not exposed to the serosal surface of the stomach, is the most important procedure during ...

Vein Interposition Model: A Suitable Model to Study Bypass Graft Patency

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. Research models for bypass graft failure are essential for a better understanding of pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during graft patency loss. Large animal models, such as pigs or sheep, resemble human anatomical structures but require special facilities and equipment. This video describes a rat vein interposition model to investigate vein graft patency loss. Rats are inexpensive and easy to handle. Compared to mouse models, the convenient size of rats permits better operability and enables a sufficient amount of material to be obtained for further diverse analysis. In brief, the inferior epigastric vein of a donor rat is harvested and used to replace a segment of the femoral artery. Anastomosis is conducted via single stitches and sealed with fibrin glue. Graft patency can be monitored non-invasively using duplex sonography. Myointimal hyperplasia, which is the main cause for graft patency loss, develops progressively over time and can be calculated from histological cross sections.

This video demonstrates a model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia after venous interposition surgery in rats.

La interposición de la vena del modelo: un modelo adecuado para estudiar la permeabilidad del injerto de bypass

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. ...

Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice

Obesity is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of 4 to 28% for men and 6.2 to 36.5% for women in Europe (from 2003 to 2008). Morbid obesity is frequently associated with metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, reducing life expectancy and quality. In the absence of any effective noninvasive treatments, bariatric surgery is a valuable therapeutic option for patients with morbid obesity (body mass index (BMI) &#62;40 kg/m2), leading to long-term, sustained weight loss and improvements in metabolic complications. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms sustaining the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery are not yet fully understood. Due to the numerous genetically-modified strains available, the mouse model is the most convenient animal model to explore the molecular mechanisms behind the pleiotropic beneficial effects of bariatric surgeries. Here, we detailed the optimized healthcare methods and surgical protocols in mice for the two most widely-used bariatric surgeries: the sleeve gastrectomy and the modified Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of bariatric surgeries offers the promise of identifying new therapeutics targets.

Bariatric surgery is the most efficient way to reduce body weight and the deadly metabolic complications (diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia) frequently associated with morbid obesity. Mouse models of bariatric surgery represent a unique asset for deciphering molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of these surgeries on diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Técnicas de Manga Gástrica y modificación de Roux-en-Y bypass gástrico en ratones

Obesity is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of 4 to 28% for men and 6.2 to 36.5% for women in Europe (from 2003 to 2008). Morbid obesity is ...

Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach

As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization and for minimizing organ damage resulting from prolonged extracorporal circulation. The goal of this paper was to demonstrate a fully functional and clinically relevant model of cardiopulmonary bypass in a mouse. We report on the device design, perfusion circuit optimization, and microsurgical techniques. This model is an acute model, which is not compatible with survival due to the need for multiple blood drawings. Because of the range of tools available for mice (e.g., markers, knockouts, etc.), this model will facilitate investigation into the molecular mechanisms of organ damage and the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass in relation to other comorbidities.

This paper describes how to perform cardiopulmonary bypass in mice. This novel model will facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in organ damage.

Puente cardiopulmonar en un modelo de ratón: un nuevo enfoque

As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization ...

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) in Rats

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical model, longitudinal studies can be carried out to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans. For this purpose, rats are operated on through a laparotomy under general anesthesia with isoflurane. First, the surgeon creates a long and tubular gastric pouch: after greater curve and hiatal dissection, the nonglandular stomach is stapled and removed. Then, the remaining stomach is also stapled in order to create a gastric tube and exclude the antrum of the stomach. After that, the surgeon performs a single end-to-side gastrojejunostomy 35 cm from the duodenojejunal angle. This limb length has been chosen in order to reproduce the same ratio between the biliopancreatic limb (BPL) and common limb (CL) length as in human bariatric surgery. The operation ends by aponeurotic and cutaneous closure. The early postoperative management consists of subcutaneous hydration, an intramuscular prophylactic antibiotic injection, a parietal injection of xylocaine, the administration of painkillers, and a progressive reintroduction of diet.

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass OAGB in Rats

This protocol is for the performance of one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) on rat. The operator performs a long and tubular-stapled gastric pouch followed by hand-sewn anastomosis. For this model, the operator reproduces the same ratio between biliopancreatic and common limb in humans; therefore, the biliopancreatic limb measures 35 cm.

Bypass gástrico de una anastomosis (OAGB) en ratas

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical ...

Preparation of Decellularized Kidney Scaffolds in Rats

Tissue engineering is a cutting-edge discipline in biomedicine. Cell culture techniques can be applied for regeneration of functional tissues and organs to replace diseased or damaged organs. Scaffolds are needed to facilitate the generation of three-dimensional organs or tissues using differentiated stem cells in vivo. In this report, we describe a novel method for developing vascularized scaffolds using decellularized rat kidneys. Eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study, and heparin was injected into the heart to facilitate flow into the renal vessels, allowing heparin to perfuse into the renal vessels. The abdominal cavity was opened, and the left kidney was collected. The collected kidneys were perfused for 9 h using detergents, such as Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate, to decellularize the tissue. Decellularized kidney scaffolds were then gently washed with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and heparin to remove cellular debris and chemical residues. Transplantation of stem cells with the decellularized vascular scaffolds is expected to facilitate the generation of new organs. Thus, the vascularized scaffolds may provide a foundation for tissue engineering of organ grafts in the future.

This protocol introduces a method to develop a scaffold using decellularized rat kidneys. The protocol includes decellularization and recellularization processes to confirm bioavailability. Decellularization is performed using Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Preparación De Andamios Renales Descelularizados En Ratas

Tissue engineering is a cutting-edge discipline in biomedicine. Cell culture techniques can be applied for regeneration of functional tissues and organs ...

A Protocol for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Rats using Linear Staplers

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is commonly performed for the treatment of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism of weight loss and metabolic changes are not well understood. Multiple factors are thought to play a role, including reduced caloric intake, decreased nutrient absorption, increased satiety, the release of satiety-promoting hormones, shifts in bile acid metabolism, and alterations in the gut microbiota.
The rat RYGB model presents an ideal framework to study these mechanisms. Prior work on mouse models have had high mortality rates, ranging from 17 to 52%, limiting their adoption. Rat models demonstrate more physiologic reserve to surgical stimulus and are technically easier to adopt as they allow for the use of surgical staplers. One challenge with surgical staplers, however, is that they often leave a large gastric pouch which is not representative of RYGB in humans. 
In this protocol, we present a RYGB protocol in rats that result in a small gastric pouch using surgical staplers. Utilizing two stapler fires which remove the forestomach of the rat, we obtain a smaller gastric pouch similar to that following a typical human RYGB. Surgical stapling also results in better hemostasis than sharp division. Additionally, the forestomach of the rat does not contain any glands and its removal should not alter the physiology of RYGB.
Weight loss and metabolic changes in the RYGB cohort were significant compared to the sham cohort, with significantly lower glucose tolerance at 14 weeks. Furthermore, this protocol has an excellent survival of 88.9% after RYGB. The skills described in this protocol can be acquired without previous microsurgical experience. Once mastered, this procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the mechanisms and effects of RYGB.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is performed to treat obesity and diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying RYGB's efficacy are not fully understood, and studies are limited by technical difficulty leading to high mortality in animal models. This article provides instructions on how to perform RYGB in rats with high success rates.

Un Protocolo Para Roux-en-Y Bypass Gástrico En Ratas Usando Grapadoras Lineales

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is commonly performed for the treatment of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism of weight loss and ...

Robotic Central Pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y Pancreaticojejunostomy

Central pancreatectomy is a parenchyma-sparing alternative to distal pancreatectomy in patients with a benign or low-grade malignant tumor in the body of the pancreas. The aim of central pancreatectomy is to prevent postoperative life-long endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. The downside of central pancreatectomy is the high rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula, which is the main reason that many surgeons do not routinely use central pancreatectomy in eligible patients. Most studies report open or laparoscopic central pancreatectomy with a pancreatico-gastrostomy anastomosis in adults. This is the first description of a standardized approach to robotic central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction in an adolescent (16-year-old boy) with a pseudopapillary tumor in the body of the pancreas. The operation time was 248 min with 20 mL of blood loss. The postoperative course was uneventful except for the short-term medical treatment for a grade B pancreatic fistula. Robotic central pancreatectomy can be safely applied in selected patients in experienced centers.

Robotic central pancreatectomy may be used in selected patients in experienced centers. This protocol presents all steps and the feasibility of a robotic central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy in a 16-year-old adolescent patient.

Pancreatectomía central robótica con pancreaticojeyunostomía Roux-en-Y

Central pancreatectomy is a parenchyma-sparing alternative to distal pancreatectomy in patients with a benign or low-grade malignant tumor in the body of ...