Name: mimicking and manipulating pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia in 3-dimensional cell culture
Uploaded: 2019-02-11T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mimicking and Manipulating Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia in 3-dimensional Cell Culture at JoVE.com

This work was supported by an R01 grant (CA200572) from the NIH to PS. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

All animal work was approved by the Mayo Clinic IACUC.
1. Preparation of Materials, Solutions, and 3-dimensional Matrix Bases
<ol>
	<li>Cut 500 &#181;m and 105 &#181;m polypropylene meshes into 76 mm by 76 mm squares. Fold each square in half twice to create a smaller folded square. Place one 500 &#181;m and one 105 &#181;m mesh square into an autoclavable pouch.</li>
	<li>Autoclave polypropylene mesh squares, as well as two pairs of scissors and forceps.</li>
	<li>Make 100 mL of 10x...

<ol>
	<li>Rooman, I., Real, F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma+and+acinar+cells:+a+matter+of+differentiation+and+development.">Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acinar cells: a matter of differentiation and development.</a> Gut. 61 (3), 449-458 (2012).</li><li>Stanger, B. Z., Hebrok, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cell+identity+in+pancreas+development+and+regeneration.">Control of cell identity in pancreas development and regeneration.</a> Gastroenterology. 144 (6), 1170-1179 (2013).</li><li>Caldas, C., Kern, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K-ras+mutation+and+pancreatic+adenocarcinoma.">K-ras mutation and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.</a> International Journal of Pancreatology. 18 (1), 1-6 (1995).</li><li>Kopp, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Sox9-dependent+acinar-to-ductal+reprogramming+as+the+principal+mechanism+for+initiation+of+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma.">Identification of Sox9-dependent acinar-to-ductal reprogramming as the principal mechanism for initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.</a> Cancer Cell. 22 (6), 737-750 (2012).</li><li>Morris, J. P. t., Cano, D. A., Sekine, S., Wang, S. C., Hebrok, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-catenin+blocks+Kras-dependent+reprogramming+of+acini+into+pancreatic+cancer+precursor+lesions+in+mice.">Beta-catenin blocks Kras-dependent reprogramming of acini into pancreatic cancer precursor lesions in mice.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (2), 508-520 (2010).</li><li>Grippo, P. J., Nowlin, P. S., Demeure, M. J., Longnecker, D. S., Sandgren, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preinvasive+pancreatic+neoplasia+of+ductal+phenotype+induced+by+acinar+cell+targeting+of+mutant+Kras+in+transgenic+mice.">Preinvasive pancreatic neoplasia of ductal phenotype induced by acinar cell targeting of mutant Kras in transgenic mice.</a> Cancer Research. 63 (9), 2016-2019 (2003).</li><li>Sawey, E. T., Johnson, J. A., Crawford, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+metalloproteinase+7+controls+pancreatic+acinar+cell+transdifferentiation+by+activating+the+Notch+signaling+pathway.">Matrix metalloproteinase 7 controls pancreatic acinar cell transdifferentiation by activating the Notch signaling pathway.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (49), 19327-19332 (2007).</li><li>Liou, G. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage-secreted+cytokines+drive+pancreatic+acinar-to-ductal+metaplasia+through+NF-kappaB+and+MMPs.">Macrophage-secreted cytokines drive pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia through NF-kappaB and MMPs.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 202 (3), 563-577 (2013).</li><li>De La, O. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+and+Kras+reprogram+pancreatic+acinar+cells+to+ductal+intraepithelial+neoplasia.">Notch and Kras reprogram pancreatic acinar cells to ductal intraepithelial neoplasia.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (48), 18907-18912 (2008).</li><li>Habbe, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+induction+of+murine+pancreatic+intraepithelial+neoplasia+(mPanIN)+by+acinar+cell+targeting+of+oncogenic+Kras+in+adult+mice.">Spontaneous induction of murine pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPanIN) by acinar cell targeting of oncogenic Kras in adult mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (48), 18913-18918 (2008).</li><li>Liou, G. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+KRas-Induced+Mitochondrial+Oxidative+Stress+in+Acinar+Cells+Upregulates+EGFR+Signaling+to+Drive+Formation+of+Pancreatic+Precancerous+Lesions.">Mutant KRas-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Acinar Cells Upregulates EGFR Signaling to Drive Formation of Pancreatic Precancerous Lesions.</a> Cell Report. 14 (10), 2325-2336 (2016).</li><li>Hughes, P., Marshall, D., Reid, Y., Parkes, H., Gelber, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+costs+of+using+unauthenticated,+over-passaged+cell+lines:+how+much+more+data+do+we+need.">The costs of using unauthenticated, over-passaged cell lines: how much more data do we need.</a> Biotechniques. 43 (5), 577-578 (2007).</li><li>Blauer, M., Nordback, I., Sand, J., Laukkarinen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+explant+outgrowth+culture+model+for+mouse+pancreatic+acinar+cells+with+long-term+maintenance+of+secretory+phenotype.">A novel explant outgrowth culture model for mouse pancreatic acinar cells with long-term maintenance of secretory phenotype.</a> European Journal of Cell Biology. 90 (12), 1052-1060 (2011).</li><li>Gout, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+mouse+primary+pancreatic+acinar+cells.">Isolation and culture of mouse primary pancreatic acinar cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (78), (2013).</li><li>Artym, V. V., Matsumoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+cells+in+three-dimensional+collagen+matrix.">Imaging cells in three-dimensional collagen matrix.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. , 11-20 (2010).</li><li>Geraldo, S., Simon, A., Vignjevic, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revealing+the+cytoskeletal+organization+of+invasive+cancer+cells+in+3D.">Revealing the cytoskeletal organization of invasive cancer cells in 3D.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (80), e50763 (2013).</li></ol>

The relatively short amount of time for isolation, infection, and plating primary acinar cells is an advantage of this method. In contrast, culturing acinar cells from an explant outgrowth requires little hands-on time, but it takes seven days for the outgrowth of acinar cells13. An alternative protocol for acinar isolation14 notes a very short method for obtaining acinar cells; however, EGF is an essential component in keeping acinar cells alive when isolated using that pr...

Acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a protective mechanism during pancreatitis and a key process driving pancreatic cancer development1 that requires further mechanistic insight. While inflammation-induced ADM is reversible2, oncogenic KRAS mutations, which are present in 90% of pancreatic cancer cases3, prevent differentiation back to an acinar phenotype4,5,6. Culturing and differentiating primary acinar cells into ductal cells in 3D culture allows for study of the molecular mechanisms regulating the ADM process, which is difficult to study in vivo. Such ex vivo studies enable real-time visualization of ADM, its drivers and its regulators. Several drivers of the ADM process, as well as mechanistic insight on their downstream signaling pathways, have been identified or verified using the here described method. These include ADM induction by TGF-&#945; (transforming growth factor alpha)-mediated expression of MMP-7 (matrix metalloproteinase-7) and activation of Notch7, as well as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; also known as chemokine ligand 5 or CCL5) and TNF&#945; (tumor necrosis factor alpha)-induced ADM through activation of NF-&#954;B (nuclear factor-&#954;B)8. An additional mediator of ADM is oncogenic KRas9,10, which causes a rise in oxidative stress that enhances the ADM process through increased expression of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and its ligands, EGF (epidermal growth factor) and TGF-&#945;11.
While use of pancreatic cancer cell lines is common for in vitro studies, primary cell cultures offer many advantages. For instance, primary acinar cells from non-transgenic mice or mice harboring initiating mutations, such as KrasG12D, are the most appropriate model for studying the early event of ADM because the cells have few and controlled mutations, which are known to be present early in pancreatic cancer development. This is in contrast to many pancreatic cancer cell lines which have multiple mutations and varied expression based on passage number12. Additionally, the signaling pathways identified by such means have been verified by animal studies. One caveat of using primary acinar cells is that they cannot be transfected as typical cancer cell lines can.
The method herein details the techniques of acinar cell isolation, 3D culture that mimics ADM by adding stimulants or modulating protein expression via adenoviral or lentiviral infection, as well as re-isolation of cells at the endpoint for further analyses.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:2181px;" width="2179">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:357px;">37 &#176;C shaking incubator</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">SHKE4000-7</td>
			<td style="width:1487px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:357px;">5% CO2, 37 &#176;C Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NUAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NU-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Absorbent pad, 20&#34; x 24&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">1420662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Adenovirus, Ad-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Vector Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">1060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Aluminum foil</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">01-213-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">BD Precision Glide Needle 21G x 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">305167</td>
			<td>Use as pins for dissection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Beaker, 600 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">FB-101-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Bleach, 8.25%</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Clorox</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">31009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Cell Recovery Solution</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">354253</td>
			<td>Referred to as &#39;basement membrane matrix recovery solution&#39; in the manuscript.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Allegra X-15R Centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Collagenase Type I, Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">C0130-1G</td>
			<td>Create a 100 mg/ml solution by dissolving powder in sterile molecular biology grade water. When thawing one aliquot, dilute to 10 mg/ml, filter sterilize and place 1 ml aliquots at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">D1756</td>
			<td>Create a 4 mg/ml solution by dissolving powder in methanol, aliquoting and storing at -20 &#176;C.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Ethanol, 200 proof</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Decon Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">2701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">F0926-100mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">11002-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">91127-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Glass slide, 8-well</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lab-Tek</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">177402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:357px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), No calcium, No magnesium, No phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">SH3048801</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Ice bucket, rectangular</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">07-210-103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Instant Sealing Sterilization Pouch</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">01-812-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:357px;">LAB GUARD specimen bags (for mouse after dissection)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Minigrip</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">SBL2X69S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Lentiviral Packaging Mix, Virapower</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">44-2050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">356234</td>
			<td>Referred to as &#39;basement membrane matrix&#39; in the manuscript.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bemis</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PM992</td>
			<td>Referred to as &#39;plastic paraffin film&#39; in the manuscript.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">SH30028.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipet tips, 10 &#181;l</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">1110-3700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipet tips, 1000 &#181;l&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">24-165RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipet tips, 200 &#181;l&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">1111-1700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipet-Aid</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">PIPETMAN Classic P10, 1-10 &#956;l</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">F144802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">PIPETMAN Classic P1000, 200-1000 &#956;l</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">F123602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">PIPETMAN Classic P20, 2-20 &#956;l</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">F123600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">PIPETMAN Classic P200, 20-200 &#956;l</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipettes, 10 ml&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipettes, 25 ml</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Pipettes, 5 ml&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Plate, 12-well</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Corning Costar</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">3513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Plate, 24-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Corning Costar</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">3524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Plate, 35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Plate, 6-well</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Polybrene</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">TR-1003-G</td>
			<td>Create a 40 mg/ml solution by dissolving powder in sterile molecular biology grade water, aliquoting and storing at -20 &#176;C.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Polypropylene Mesh, 105 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectrum Labs</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">146436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Polypropylene Mesh, 500 &#181;m&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectrum Labs</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">146418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">14568-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">91460-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Sodium Bicarbonate (Fine White Powder)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">BP328-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">S318-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:357px;">Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor 8</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">17075029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Spatula</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Steriflip 50 ml, 0.22 micron filters&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGP00525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">TGF-&#945;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">239-A-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Type I Rat Tail Collagen</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Waymouth MB 752/1 Medium (powder)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">W1625-10X1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Weigh boat, hexagonal, medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">02-202-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mimicking and manipulating pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia in 3-dimensional cell culture

The differentiation of acinar cells to ductal cells during pancreatitis and in the early development of pancreatic cancer is a key process that requires further study. To understand the mechanisms regulating acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), ex vivo 3D culture and differentiation of primary acinar cells to ductal cells offers many advantages over other systems. With the technique herein, modulation of protein expression is simple and quick, requiring only one day to isolate, stimulate or virally infect, and begin culturing primary acinar cells to investigate the ADM process. In contrast to using basement membrane matrix, the seeding of acinar cell clusters in collagen I extracellular matrix, allows acinar cells to retain their acinar identity before manipulation. This is vital when testing the contribution of various components to the induction of ADM. Not only are the effects of cytokines or other ectopically administered factors testable through this technique, but the contribution of common mutations, increased protein expression, or knockdown of protein expression is testable via viral infection of primary acinar cells, using adenoviral or lentiviral vectors. Moreover, cells can be re-isolated from collagen or basement membrane matrix at the endpoint and analyzed for protein expression.

Completion of the protocol herein occurs within one day and upon stimulation, ADM is seen in 3-5 days. Figure 1 depicts the sequence of the method, whereby steps 1 through 4 are completed on the first day. This includes preparation, acinar isolation, viral infection and embedment in collagen or basement membrane matrix. While the basement membrane matrix induces ADM, acinar cells within collagen I require a stimulus, such as TGF- &#945;, to undergo differenti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mimicking and Manipulating Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia in 3-dimensional Cell Culture at JoVE.com

Mimicking and Manipulating Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia in 3-dimensional Cell Culture

Primary acinar cell isolation, protein expression or activity modulation, culture, and down-stream applications are abundantly useful in the ex vivo study of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), an early event in the development of pancreatic cancer.

The differentiation of acinar cells to ductal cells during pancreatitis and in the early development of pancreatic cancer is a key process that requires ...

Our protocol offers direct visualization of Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia and allows the study of the contribution of ectopically administered factors or protein modulation to this process. The main advantage of this technique is that Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia can be viewed in real time and cell signaling studies can be performed. To dissect the pancreas from a euthanized mouse, first pin the paws of the mouse to the polystyrene lid, orienting it so that the tail is facing the researcher and spray the abdomen with 70%ethanol.Use autoclaved forceps to lift the fur and skin at the midline, and with autoclaved scissors, make an incision through the fur and skin from the urethral opening to the diaphragm rib cage area. Make additional incisions to the left and right to cut away the fur and skin, creating a clear view of the abdominal cavity. Then, cut into the peritoneal lining, down the middle and to the right and left and pull it away from the organs.Use the forceps to lift the intestines and move them to the left side of the mouse, creating space to see the light pink pancreas attached to the dark, red, oval spleen. The pancreatic tissue will have soft, spongy texture. Cut out the pancreas, which runs along the stomach, intertwining with the intestines.Separate the spleen from the pancreas and place the pancreas in a 50 milliliter tube containing 10 milliliters of HBSS, with one times penicillin streptomycin and transfer it to the laminar flow hood. Pour the contents of the tube into an empty weigh boat and use forceps to wash the pancreas by swirling it. Then, use the forceps to move the pancreas to a second weigh boat containing HBSS with penicillin streptomycin and wash again by swirling.Move the pancreas to the third weigh boat containing HBSS with penicillin streptomycin and begin cutting the pancreas into five millimeter or smaller pieces. To pour the contents of the weigh boat into a fresh 50 milliliter tube, first use the forceps to move the pancreas pieces into the liquid as the boat is being tipped. Once the pieces are no longer attached to the boat, pour its contents into the tube.Pick up any remaining pieces with the forceps and wash the forceps in the tube. After centrifuging the tube at 931 times gravity at four degrees Celsius for two minutes, use a five milliliter pipette to remove the HBSS and any floating fat. Add five milliliters of collagenase diluted in HBSS.Close the tube and ensure a sealed lid by wrapping the tube in plastic paraffin film. Place it in an incubator, shaking at 220 RPM at 37 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Which will yield the turbid solution, and few remaining tissue pieces.To stop the dissociation, place the tube on ice and add five milliliters of cold HBSS with 5%FBS. After centrifuging at 931 times gravity at four degrees Celsius for two minutes, remove the supernatant using a five milliliter pipette. Re-suspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of HBSS with 5%FBS, and centrifuge again at 931 times gravity for two minutes at four degrees Celsius.Remove the supernatant using a five milliliter pipette and repeat this step with another 10 milliliters of HBSS with 5%FBS. Then re-suspend the pellet in five milliliters of HBSS with 5%FBS. Use a P1000 pipette to filter the cell suspension one milliliter at a time through a 500 micrometer mesh into a 50 milliliter tube.To wash any remaining pancreatic cells through the mesh, add an additional five milliliters of HBSS with 5%FBS. Then use a P1000 pipette to pass this filtrate one milliliter at a time through the 105 micrometer mesh into a 50 milliliter tube. Gently pipette this cell suspension into a 50 milliliter tube containing HBSS with 30%FBS, which will form a layer of cell suspension at the top.Centrifuge this cell suspension at 233 times gravity at four degrees Celsius for two minutes and remove the supernatant. Re-suspend the pellet containing the Acinar cells in one times Waymouth's complete medium. Since one pancreas is sufficient for two viral infections, split the cell suspension between the lids of two 35 millimeter plates, which allows for infection in suspension.For adenoviral infection, add the virus at a 1/1000 dilution to the lid of each plate and swirl. Place the plates in a cell culture incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2. Swirl every 15 minutes for the first hour and continue the incubation for an additional two hours.To make a collagen gel, combine seven milliliters of type one rat tail collagen, 700 microliters of 10 times Waymouth's medium and 466.6 microliters of 0.34 molar sodium hydroxide in a 50 milliliter tube on ice to make collagen gel. In a 50 milliliter tube, combine equal volumes of cell suspension and collagen gel after three hours incubation and gently mix. Plate 2000 microliters, one well at a time in a six well plate while keeping the plate on ice and swirl to evenly distribute the collagen cell layer.To solidify the medium, incubate the plate in a cell culture incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%Carbon dioxide for 30 minutes. Then add 1.5 milliliters per well of one times Waymouth's complete medium with desired stimulus or inhibitors. Change the medium the following day and then every other day.Depending on the stimulus used, Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia or ADM can be observed between day three and day five. 24 hours post infection with GFP adenovirus, images of cells embedded in collagen or basement membrane matrix, showed that infection was efficient. At five days post infection, cells embedded in collagen formed duct-like structures when stimulated with 50 nanograms per milliliter of TGF alpha.Cells embedded in basement membrane matrix formed duct-like structures in the absence of a stimulus at five days post infection. Whereas larger ducts were formed upon stimulation with 50 nanograms per milliliter of TGF alpha. One of the most critical points in the protocol is the length of collagenase digestion.Proper digestion is indicated by a turbid solution and few remaining tissue pieces.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

A Protocol for Rapid Post-mortem Cell Culture of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)

A Protocol for Rapid Post-mortem Cell Culture of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma DIPG

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a childhood brainstem tumor that carries a universally fatal prognosis. Because surgical resection is not a ...

Evaporation-reducing Culture Condition Increases the Reproducibility of Multicellular Spheroid Formation in Microtiter Plates

Tumor models that closely imitate in vivo conditions are becoming increasingly popular in drug discovery and development for the screening of potential ...

Preparation and Metabolic Assay of 3-dimensional Spheroid Co-cultures of Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts

Many cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, have a dense fibrotic stroma that plays an important role in tumor progression and invasion. Activated ...

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Current treatment options for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) enclose radiation and chemo-radiation approaches with ...

Isolation of Stem-like Cells from 3-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident ...

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The ...

Monitoring Cancer Cell Invasion and T-Cell Cytotoxicity in 3D Culture

Significant progress has been made in treating cancer with immunotherapy, although a large number of cancers remain resistant to treatment. A limited ...

An Orthotopic Resectional Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

There is a lack of satisfactory animal models to study adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant therapy in patients being considered for surgery of pancreatic cancer ...

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection (DP-CAR) for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection DP-CAR for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), ...

Establishing 3-Dimensional Spheroids from Patient-Derived Tumor Samples and Evaluating their Sensitivity to Drugs

Despite remarkable advances in understanding tumor biology, the vast majority of oncology drug candidates entering clinical trials fail, often due to a ...