Name: decellularization of the murine cardiopulmonary complex
Uploaded: 2021-05-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Decellularization of the Murine Cardiopulmonary Complex at JoVE.com

We thank Prof. Ivana Novak and Dr. Nynne Meyn Christensen (Centre for Advanced Bioimaging (CAB), University of Copenhagen) for providing microscope access. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC-2015-CoG-682881-MATRICAN; AEM-G, OW, RR and JTE); a PhD fellowship from the Lundbeck Foundation (R286-2018-621; MR); the Swedish Research Council (2017-03389; CDM); the Swedish Cancer Society, Cancerfonden (CAN 2016/783, 19 0632 Pj, and 190007; CDM); German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe; RR); and the Danish Cancer Society (R204-A12454; RR).&#160;

All procedures included here have been reviewed and approved by the ethical committee regulating experimental medicine in the University of Copenhagen and agree with Danish and European legislation. To demonstrate this protocol, we have used female BALB/cJ mice of 8-12 weeks of age and an MMTV-PyMT female mouse of 11 weeks of age.
NOTE: Avoiding bacterial contamination of the decellularized ECM scaffold gives the best imaging outcome and allows long-term sample storage. It is therefore importa...

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	<li>Hynes, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+matrix:+not+just+pretty+fibrils.">Extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils.</a> Science. 326, 1216-1219 (2009).</li><li>Mayorca-Guiliani, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISDoT:+in+situ+decellularization+of+tissues+for+high-resolution+imaging+and+proteomic+analysis+of+native+extracellular+matrix.">ISDoT: in situ decellularization of tissues for high-resolution imaging and proteomic analysis of native extracellular matrix.</a> Nature Medicine. 23, 890-898 (2017).</li><li>Mayorca-Guiliani, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decellularization+and+antibody+staining+of+mouse+tissues+to+map+native+extracellular+matrix+structures+in+3D.">Decellularization and antibody staining of mouse tissues to map native extracellular matrix structures in 3D.</a> Nature Protocols. 14, 3395-3425 (2019).</li><li>White, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+detergents+on+the+tissue+decellularization+process:+A+TOF-sims+study.">The impact of detergents on the tissue decellularization process: A TOF-sims study.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 50, 207-219 (2017).</li><li>Ott, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perfusion-decellularized+matrix:+using+nature's+platform+to+engineer+a+bioartificial+heart.">Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart.</a> Nature Medicine. 14, 213-221 (2008).</li><li>Uygun, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+re-engineering+through+development+of+a+transplantable+recellularized+liver+graft+using+decellularized+liver+matrix.">Organ re-engineering through development of a transplantable recellularized liver graft using decellularized liver matrix.</a> Nature Medicine. 16, 814-820 (2010).</li><li>Susaki, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+CUBIC+protocols+for+whole-brain+and+whole-body+clearing+and+imaging.">Advanced CUBIC protocols for whole-brain and whole-body clearing and imaging.</a> Nature Protocols. 10, 1709-1727 (2015).</li><li>Tomer, R., Ye, L., Hsueh, B., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+CLARITY+for+rapid+and+high-resolution+imaging+of+intact+tissues.">Advanced CLARITY for rapid and high-resolution imaging of intact tissues.</a> Nature Protocols. 9, 1682-1697 (2014).</li><li>Erturk, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+imaging+of+solvent-cleared+organs+using+3DISCO.">Three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs using 3DISCO.</a> Nature Protocols. 7, 1983-1995 (2012).</li><li>Wershof, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+FIJI+Macro+for+quantifying+pattern+in+extracellular+matrix.">A FIJI Macro for quantifying pattern in extracellular matrix.</a> BioRxiv. , (2019).</li></ol>

Decellularization techniques based on tissue agitation alter ECM structure, making them unsuitable for ECM structure analysis4. Perfusion decellularization, using an anatomical route such as the aorta of the trachea, allows to reach the capillary bed, or terminal alveoli, and facilitates the delivery of decellularizing agents throughout the organ. The use of zwitterionic, anionic and non-ionic detergents to decellularize tissue is reported4,5</s...

The ECM is a three-dimensional network made of proteins and glycans that accommodates all cells in a multicellular organism, giving organs their shape and regulating cell behavior throughout life1. From egg fertilization onwards, cells build and remodel the ECM, and are in turn strictly controlled by it. The purpose of this protocol is to open a way to analyze and map mouse ECM, as mice are the most used model organism in mammalian pathophysiology.
The development of this method was driven by the need to characterize and isolate metastasis-associated native ECM2. As tumors lack proper anatomical vascularization and mice are relatively small organisms, microsurgical procedures were designed to retrogradely catheterize the aorta, while isolating the circulation of the major vessel leading to a tumor (e.g., the pulmonary veins), thus focusing reagent flow and allowing tumor decellularization. This method produces ECM scaffolds with a conserved structure2 that can be immunostained and imaged, allowing ECM structure mapping in submicron detail. To carry out this protocol, it is necessary to acquire surgical and microsurgical skills (dissection, microsuturing and catheterization) that may represent a potential limitation to its use. To our knowledge, this method represents the state-of-the-art for native ECM structure imaging analysis2,3.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MICROSURGERY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 suture, triangular section needle (Vicryl)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>6301124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9-0 micro-suture (Safil)</td>
			<td>B Braun</td>
			<td>G1048611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson forceps with teeth</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11027-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo microneedle holder</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>no. 12061-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 ventilation chamber for mouse euthanasia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water (Milli-Q IQ 7000, Ultrapure lab water system)&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>ZIQ7000T0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable polystyrene tray (~30 &#215; 50 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope (Greenough, with two-armed gooseneck)</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>S6 D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-ended microspatula</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10091-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont microforceps (two)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont microforceps with 45&#176; tips (two)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair clippers</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>76998-320-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey needle holder (with tungsten carbide jaws)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12500-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intravenous 24-gauge catheter (Insyte)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>381512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intravenous 26-gauge catheter (Terumo)</td>
			<td>Surflo-W</td>
			<td>SR+DM2619WX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayo scissors (tough cut, straight)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14110-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforceps with ringed tips (two)</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>FM571R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-spring scissors (Vannas, curved)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15001-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minicutter</td>
			<td>KLS Martin</td>
			<td>80-008-03-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molt Periostotome</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>D0543R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles (27 gauge; Microlance)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>21018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper towel (sterile) or surgical napkin&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serrated scissors (CeramaCut, straight)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14958-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula (Freer-Yasargil)</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>OL166R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes (1 mL; Plastipak)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>3021001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes (10 mL; Plastipak)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>3021110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tendon scissors (Walton)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14077-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMMUNOSTAINING</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-guinea pig IgG</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA(albumin bovine fraction V, standard grade, lyophilized)&#160;</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>11930.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen IV polyclonal antibody (RRID: AB_2276457)&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB756P</td>
			<td>Host: rabbit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (pH 7.4, 10&#215;, Gibco)&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>70011044</td>
			<td>Host: goat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Periostin polyclonal antibody (a kind gift from Manuel Koch. RRID:AB2801621)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Host: guinea pig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel disposable with blade no.11 (pcs. 10)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>233-5364)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum (normal donkey serum)&#160;</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9416-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMAGING</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Detectors (hybrid detector (Leica, HyD S model) and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs; )&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Fluorescence light source&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>EL6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Microscope (inverted multiphoton microscope)&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>SP5-X MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Objective (lambda blue, 20&#215;, 0.70 numerical aperture (NA) IMM UV)&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>HCX PL APO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Two-photon Ti&#8211;sapphire laser (Spectra-physics, Mai Tai DeepSee model)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;White-light laser (WLL)&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DECELLULARIZATION</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol (absolute alcohol 99.9%); absolute alcohol must be adjusted to 70% (vol/vol) using deionized water&#160;</td>
			<td>Plum</td>
			<td>1680766</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water (Milli-Q IQ 7000, Ultrapure lab water system)&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>ZIQ7000T0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer-to-tubing male fittings (1/8 inch)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>13158-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (pH 7.4, 10&#215;, Gibco)&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>70011044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump (with 12 channels)</td>
			<td>Ole Dich</td>
			<td>110AC(R)20G75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone tubing (with 2-mm i.d. and 4 mm o.d.)</td>
			<td>Ole Dich</td>
			<td>31399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>08591-1ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate (DOC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6750-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3771-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H&#38;E STAINING</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% PFA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15434389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Plum</td>
			<td>201446-5L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>Plum</td>
			<td>201152-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips (24x50mm; 1000 pcs)</td>
			<td>Hounisen</td>
			<td>422.245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryomolds Intermediate (15 x 15 x 5 mm; 100 pcs)</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX mounting medium</td>
			<td>Hounisen</td>
			<td>1001.0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y solution alcoholic 0.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>1024390500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feather microtome blade stainless steel,C35 (50 pcs)</td>
			<td>Pfm medical</td>
			<td>207500003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> 
			Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus slides (25 x 75 mm; 144 pcs)</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>6319483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayers hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>MHS32-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT compound</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>361603E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide scanner (Nanozoomer)</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>534056-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

decellularization of the murine cardiopulmonary complex

We present here a decellularization protocol for mouse heart and lungs. It produces structural ECM scaffolds that can be used to analyze ECM topology and composition. It is based on a microsurgical procedure designed to catheterize the trachea and aorta of a euthanized mouse to perfuse the heart and lungs with decellularizing agents. The decellularized cardiopulmonary complex can subsequently be immunostained to reveal the location of structural ECM proteins. The whole procedure can be completed in 4 days.
The ECM scaffolds resulting from this protocol are free of dimensional distortions. The absence of cells enables structural examination of ECM structures down to submicron resolution in 3D. This protocol can be applied to healthy and diseased tissue from mice as young as 4-weeks old, including mouse models of fibrosis and cancer, opening the way to determine ECM remodeling associated with cardiopulmonary disease.

Cardiopulmonary decellularization 
After successfully completing the protocol, the heart and lungs, as well as annex tissue such as the aortic arc, will be free of cells. Decellularization can be validated by hematoxylin-eosin staining (Figure 1) of the ECM scaffolds showing removal of the nuclei comparing to the native tissue. These scaffolds retain the dimensions of fresh organs and its insoluble ECM structure is intact<sup class="xref...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Decellularization of the Murine Cardiopulmonary Complex at JoVE.com

Decellularization of the Murine Cardiopulmonary Complex

This protocol aims to decellularize the heart and lungs of mice. The resulting extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds can be immunostained and imaged to map the location and topology of their components.

We present here a decellularization protocol for mouse heart and lungs. It produces structural ECM scaffolds that can be used to analyze ECM topology and ...

This protocol is the gateway to the extracellular matrix. It's complexity and its structure down to sub micron scale. So the key advantage of this method is that it makes it possible to obtain an extracellular matrix that retains its structural integrity thus opening the way for biochemical and anatomical analysis.Demonstrating the procedure will be, Alejandro Mayorca Gilani, Raphael Reuten and Maria Rafaeva, currently in my laboratory and Chris Madsen and who was in my laboratory and continued the work at Lund University. Begin by shaving the thorax, abdomen and back of the euthanized mouse with a hair clipper. Disinfect the area with 70%ethanol.Then pin the mouse to a polystyrene tray, extending its four end hind limbs, as well as its head and tail. Place it under the microsurgery microscope. Using a Mayo straight pattern scissors, make a cutaneous incision running from the sub mandibular region to the lower abdomen and dissect subcutaneously to expose the thoracic wall and peritoneum.Then use microsurgical scissors to cut the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles along the sixth intercostal space on both sides of the thoracic wall. Cut the sternum along the previous incisions with straight pattern scissors. Then complete a sternotomy by cutting the sternum along its long axis.Elevate and pin, both sides of the thoracic wall to expose the cardiopulmonary complex. Use round tipped micro forceps to excise the thymus and surrounding adipose tissue by delicately pulling them off their attachments. And cut the esophagus with micro scissors.Separate the brachiocephalic veins and brachiocephalic artery with sharp micro forceps. Then separate the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries from the underlying tissue to facilitate ligation and cauterization. Use a microneedle holder and sharp micro forceps and a nine oh suture to place stitches above the emergence of the brachiocephalic left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, cauterize the brachiocephalic veins.Using micro scissors, open an entrance by sectioning the ligament. Introduce a 27 gauge catheter into the trachea and delicately push until trachea branches into the bronchi, taking care to not disrupt the bronchi. Using a six O suture, place three stitches around the trachea to secure the catheter.Section the mouse at the height of the 12th thoracic vertebra, the descending Aorta runs anteriorly to the spine and should be sectioned here along with the spine. Retrogradely catheterize the Aorta and push the catheter until it reaches the aortic arc. Using a suture, place four stitches around the Aorta, beginning five millimeters below the catheter tip.Connect the mouse to a pump system using silicone tubing and lower connectors. Perfuse with deionized water at 200 microliters per minute for 15 minutes. Then change the perfusion agent to 0.5%DOC, diluted in deionized water and perfuse overnight.On the next day, change the perfusion agent to 0.1%SDS diluted in deionized water, and perfuse for eight hours. Then perfuse with deionized water for 24 hours to wash away the SDS and DOC. Resect the decellularized heart and lungs by sectioning its attachments to the thorax.Store the tissue in a sterile cryo tube in deionized water with 1%penicillin streptomycin and 0.3 micromolar sodium azide at four degrees Celsius. To perform immuno staining, block the sample by incubating it in a cryo tube containing 6%donkey serum and 3%BSA overnight. Then incubate with primary antibody in 3%donkey serum in PBS for 24 hours.After the incubation wash the sample five times in PBST for one hour per wash. Incubate the sample with fluorescently conjugated secondary antibody in 3%donkey serum in PBS for 24 hours. Then repeat the washes in PBST.Add the Ionized water and store the sample at four degrees Celsius away from direct light. To image the sample, place it in a glass bottom dish and humidify it with two droplets of storing solution. Set the objective and inspect the sample using fluorescence light.Switch to computer control, turn on lasers and adjust laser intensity, pinhole aperture, detectors wavelength, gain, resolution and zoom. Set the number and step size for Z stack, then begin acquisition. Excise one lung lobe from a euthanized mouse and place it in a 10 by 10 by five millimeter cryo mold.Cover it with approximately 500 mile microliters of OCT compound and freeze it on dry ice. Maintain the sample at that temperature. Excise one decellularized lung lobe from a processed mouse, place it in a cryo mold with the largest surface area down and cover it with OCT compound.Freeze the sample on dry ice and maintain it at that temperature until otherwise required. The sample can be stored for at least 12 weeks. Use a cryostat to section frozen tissue blocks into five micrometer sections at minus 20 degrees Celsius.And place the sections on adhesive glass slides. Transfer the slides to room temperature until air dried. Briefly immerse the slides in PBS, followed by 4%paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes.Wash once in PBS, then twice in distilled water for five minutes per wash. Immerse the slides in Myer's hematoxylin solution for 10 minutes. Next, wash the slides in a Copeland jar under running distilled water for 10 minutes and immerse in eosin solution for seven minutes.Dip in xylene several times. Apply a few drops of DPX mounting medium and place a glass cover slip. Leave the slides to dry overnight under a chemical hood then scan them in a slide scanner.After successfully completing the protocol, the heart and lungs and NX tissue will be free of cells. Decellularization can be validated by hematoxylin eosin staining of the ECM scaffolds. The scaffolds retain the dimensions of of fresh organs and its insoliable ECM structure is intact.ECM scaffolds showed increased permeability and light penetrability. Using this protocol with a motorized microscope stage allows for three dimensional tiled imaging of whole mount samples at sub micron resolution. It is essential to shun flow toward the organs of interest to achieve complete uniform decellurization.The microsurgical dissection and ligation of vessels must be effective. And at the same time respect the target tissues to maintain native VCM structure. Following this procedure, the scaffolds will be enriched for structural ECM proteins and can be used for mass spectrometry or tissue engineering.This technique paves the way to high resolution mapping of the extracellular matrix.

decellularization-of-the-murine-cardiopulmonary-complex

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. Here we describe a method using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice. With appropriate shielding, the irradiation targets the lower abdominal/pelvic region of the mouse, sparing the brain, in an effort to model radiation treatment received by individuals with pelvic cancers. We deliver an irradiation dose that is sufficient to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice, measured by voluntary wheel-running activity (VWRA), without causing obvious morbidity. Since wheel running is a normal, voluntary behavior in mice, its use should have little confounding effect on other behavioral tests or biological measures. Hence, wheel running can be used as a feasible outcome measure in understanding the behavioral and biological correlates of fatigue. CRF is a complex condition with frequent comorbidities, and likely has causes related both to cancer and its various treatments. The methods described in this paper are useful for investigating radiation-induced changes that contribute to the development of CRF and, more generally, to explore the biological networks that can explain the development and persistence of a peripherally-triggered but centrally-driven behavior like fatigue.

We describe a method using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice. The selected non-lethal irradiation dose leads to a week-long reduction in voluntary wheel-running activity.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. ...

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Chromosome mis-segregation leads to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells harbor an imbalanced chromosome number. Several lines of evidence strongly indicate that aneuploidy triggers genome instability, ultimately generating cells with complex karyotypes that arrest their proliferation. Isolation and characterization of cells harboring complex karyotypes are crucial to study the impact of an imbalanced chromosome number on cell physiology. To date, no methods have been established to reliably isolate such aneuploid cells. This paper provides a protocol for the enrichment and analysis of aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes utilizing standard, inexpensive tissue culture techniques. This protocol can be used to analyze several features of aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes including their induced senescence-associated secretory phenotype, pro-inflammatory properties, and ability to interact with immune cells. Because cancer cells often harbor imbalances in chromosome number, it is crucial to decipher how aneuploidy impacts cell physiology in normal cells, with the ultimate goal of uncovering both its pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects.

Aneuploidy leads to genome instability, which eventually produces cell cycle-arrested cells with complex karyotypes. This paper provides a simple and convenient method to isolate aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes that cease to divide.

Chromosome mis-segregation leads to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells harbor an imbalanced chromosome number. Several lines of evidence strongly ...

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and transgenic genetically engineered mouse models. Unlike subcutaneous tumors, orthotopic tumors contain more clinically accurate vasculature, tumor microenvironment, and responses to multiple therapies. In contrast to genetically engineered mouse models, orthotopic models can be performed with lower cost and in less time, involve the use of highly complex and heterogeneous mouse or human cancer cell lines, rather that single genetic alterations, and these cell lines can be genetically modified, such as to express imaging agents. Here, we present a protocol to surgically injecting a luciferase- and mCherry-expressing murine prostate cancer cell line into the anterior prostate lobe of mice. These mice developed orthotopic tumors that were non-invasively monitored in vivo and further analyzed for tumor volume, weight, mouse survival, and immune infiltration. Further, orthotopic tumor-bearing mice were surgically castrated, leading to immediate tumor regression and subsequent recurrence, representing castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although technical skill is required to carry out this procedure, this syngeneic orthotopic model of both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer is of great use to all investigators in the field.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the intra-prostatic injection of prostate cancer cells, with subsequent castration. Orthotopic pre-clinical models of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer are critical to study the disease in the context of a clinically relevant tumor microenvironment and an immunocompetent host.

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and ...

Virus Delivery of CRISPR Guides to the Murine Prostate for Gene Alteration

With an increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identification of new tumor drivers or modulators is crucial. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) for prostate cancer are hampered by tumor heterogeneity and its complex microevolution dynamics. Traditional prostate cancer mouse models include, amongst others, germline and conditional knockouts, transgenic expression of oncogenes, and xenograft models. Generation of de novo mutations in these models is complex, time-consuming, and costly. In addition, most of traditional models target the majority of the prostate epithelium, whereas human prostate cancer is well known to evolve as an isolated event in only a small subset of cells. Valuable models need to simulate not only prostate cancer initiation, but also progression to advanced disease.
Here we describe a method to target a few cells in the prostate epithelium by transducing cells by viral particles. The delivery of an engineered virus to the murine prostate allows alteration of gene expression in the prostate epithelia. Virus type and quantity will hereby define the number of targeted cells for gene alteration by transducing a few cells for cancer initiation and many cells for gene therapy. Through surgery-based injection in the anterior lobe, distal from the urinary track, the tumor in this model can expand without impairing the urinary function of the animal. Furthermore, by targeting only a subset of prostate epithelial cells the technique enables clonal expansion of the tumor, and therefore mimics human tumor initiation, progression, as well as invasion through the basal membrane.
This novel technique provides a powerful prostate cancer model with improved physiological relevance. Animal suffering is limited, and since no additional breeding is required, overall animal count is reduced. At the same time, analysis of new candidate genes and pathways is accelerated, which in turn is more cost efficient.

This protocol describes a newly established method for virus delivery to the murine prostate. Using either CRISPR/Cas9 technology, gene overexpression, or Cre recombinase delivery, the technique allows orthotopic alteration of gene expression and implements a novel mouse model for prostate cancer.

With an increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identification of new tumor drivers or modulators is crucial. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) ...

Rapid Generation of Primary Murine Melanocyte and Fibroblast Cultures

Defects in fibroblast or melanocyte function are associated with skin diseases, including poor barrier function, defective wound healing, pigmentation defects and cancer. Vital to the understanding and amelioration of these diseases are experiments in primary fibroblast and melanocyte cultures. Nevertheless, current protocols for melanocyte isolation require that the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin are trypsinized and manually disassociated. This process is time consuming, technically challenging and contributes to inconsistent yields. Furthermore, methods to simultaneously generate pure fibroblast cultures from the same tissue sample are not readily available. Here, we describe an improved protocol for isolating melanocytes and fibroblasts from the skin of mice on postnatal days 0-4. In this protocol, whole skin is mechanically homogenized using a tissue chopper and then briefly digested with collagenase and trypsin. Cell populations are then isolated through selective plating followed by G418 treatment. This procedure results in consistent melanocyte and fibroblast yields from a single mouse in less than 90 min. This protocol is also easily scalable, allowing researchers to process large cohorts of animals without a significant increase in hands-on time. We show through flow cytometric assessments that cultures established using this protocol are highly enriched for melanocytes or fibroblasts.

This protocol outlines a rapid method to simultaneously generate melanocyte and fibroblast cultures from the skin of 0-4 day old mice. These primary cultures can be maintained and manipulated in vitro to study a variety of physiologically relevant processes, including skin cell biology, pigmentation, wound healing and melanoma.

Defects in fibroblast or melanocyte function are associated with skin diseases, including poor barrier function, defective wound healing, pigmentation ...

Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce multiple tissue and organ damage. Despite recent advances and therapeutic approaches, the overall morbidity has remained unsatisfactory especially in patients with underlying parenchymal abnormalities. In the context of aggressive cancer growth and metastasis, surgical I/R is suspected to be the promoter regulating tumor recurrence. This article aims to describe a clinically relevant murine model of liver I/R and colorectal liver metastasis. In doing so, we aim to assist other investigators in establishing and perfecting this model for their routine research practice to better understand the effects of liver I/R on promoting liver metastases.

We describe in detail a clinically relevant colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) tumor model and the influence of liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in tumor growth and metastasis. This model can help to better understand the mechanisms underlying surgery-induced promotion of liver metastatic growth.

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce ...

In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System

The use of primary normal epithelial cells makes it possible to reproducibly induce genomic alterations required for cellular transformation by introducing specific mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, using clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based genome editing technology in mice. This technology allows us to accurately mimic the genetic changes that occur in human cancers using mice. By genetically transforming murine primary cells, we can better study cancer development, progression, treatment, and diagnosis. In this study, we used Cre-inducible Cas9 mouse tongue epithelial cells to enable genome editing using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in vitro. Specifically, by altering KRAS, p53, and APC in normal tongue epithelial cells, we generated a murine head and neck cancer (HNC) cell line in vitro,which is tumorigenic in syngeneic mice. The method presented here describes in detail how to generate HNC cell lines with specific genomic alterations and explains their suitability for predicting tumor progression in syngeneic mice. We envision that this promising method will be informative and useful to study tumor biology and therapy of HNC.

Development of murine models with specific genes mutated in head and neck cancer patients is required for understanding of neoplasia. Here, we present a protocol for in vitro transformation of primary murine tongue cells using an adeno-associated virus-Cas9 system to generate murine HNC cell lines with specific genomic alterations.

The use of primary normal epithelial cells makes it possible to reproducibly induce genomic alterations required for cellular transformation by ...

Detection of Cell-Free DNA in Blood Plasma Samples of Cancer Patients

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis as well as for the treatment selection and its response in cancer patients. The current gold standard method for detecting tumor mutations involves a genetic test of tumor DNA by means of tumor biopsies. However, this invasive method is difficult to be performed repeatedly as a follow-up test of the tumor mutational repertoire. Liquid biopsy is a new and emerging technique for detecting tumor mutations as an easy-to-use and non-invasive biopsy approach.
Cancer cells multiply rapidly. In parallel, numerous cancer cells undergo apoptosis. Debris from these cells are released into a patient&#8217;s circulatory system, together with finely fragmented DNA pieces, called cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, which carry tumor DNA mutations. Therefore, for identifying cfDNA based biomarkers using liquid biopsy technique, blood samples are collected from the cancer patients, followed by the separation of plasma and buffy coat. Next, plasma is processed for the isolation of cfDNA, and the respective buffy coat is processed for the isolation of a patient&#39;s genomic DNA. Both nucleic acid samples are then checked for their quantity and quality; and analyzed for mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
In this manuscript, we present a detailed protocol for liquid biopsy, including blood collection, plasma, and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

In this paper we present a detailed protocol for non-invasive liquid biopsy technique, including blood collection, plasma and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis ...

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography

Establishing experimental choroidal melanoma models is challenging in terms of the ability to induce tumors at the correct localization. In addition, difficulties in observing posterior choroidal melanoma in vivo limit tumor location and growth evaluation in real-time. The approach described here optimizes techniques for establishing choroidal melanoma in mice via a multi-step sub-choroidal B16LS9 cell injection procedure. To enable precision in injecting into the small dimensions of the mouse uvea, the complete procedure is performed under a microscope. First, a conjunctival peritomy is formed in the dorsal-temporal area of the eye. Then, a tract into the sub-choroidal space is created by inserting a needle through the exposed sclera. This is followed by the insertion of a blunt needle into the tract and the injection of melanoma cells into the choroid. Immediately after injection, noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is utilized to determine tumor location and progress. Retinal detachment is evaluated as a predictor of tumor site and size. The presented method enables the reproducible induction of choroid-localized melanoma in mice and the live imaging of tumor growth evaluation. As such, it provides a valuable tool for studying intraocular tumors.

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography

The present protocol describes the implantation and evaluation of melanoma in the murine choroid utilizing optical coherence tomography.

Establishing experimental choroidal melanoma models is challenging in terms of the ability to induce tumors at the correct localization. In addition, ...

Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation From Suspension-Growing Cancer Cells

Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines

In recent years, the number of studies dedicated to ascertaining the connection between mitochondria and cancer has significantly risen. However, more efforts are still needed to fully understand the link involving alterations in mitochondria and tumorigenesis, as well as to identify tumor-associated mitochondrial phenotypes. For instance, to evaluate the contribution of mitochondria in tumorigenesis and metastasis processes, it is essential to understand the influence of mitochondria from tumor cells in different nuclear environments. For this purpose, one possible approach consists of transferring mitochondria into a different nuclear background to obtain the so-called cybrid cells. In the traditional cybridization techniques, a cell line lacking mtDNA (&#961;0, nuclear donor cell) is repopulated with mitochondria derived from either enucleated cells or platelets. However, the enucleation process requires good cell adhesion to the culture plate, a feature that is partially or completely lost in many cases in invasive cells. In addition, another difficulty found in the traditional methods is achieving complete removal of the endogenous mtDNA from the mitochondrial-recipient cell line to obtain pure nuclear and mitochondrial DNA backgrounds, avoiding the presence of two different mtDNA species in the generated cybrid. In this work, we present a mitochondrial exchange protocol applied to suspension-growing cancer cells based on the repopulation of rhodamine 6G-pretreated cells with isolated mitochondria. This methodology allows us to overcome the limitations of the traditional approaches, and thus can be used as a tool to expand the comprehension of the mitochondrial role in cancer progression and metastasis.

Author Spotlight: Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines  

This protocol describes a technique for cybrid generation from suspension-growing cancer cells as a tool to study the role of mitochondria in the tumorigenic process.

In recent years, the number of studies dedicated to ascertaining the connection between mitochondria and cancer has significantly risen. However, more ...