Name: kupffer cell isolation for nanoparticle toxicity testing
Uploaded: 2015-08-18T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 49 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing at JoVE.com

This work was supported by EU FP7-ITN Marie-Curie Network program RADDEL. MB and KAJ would like to acknowledge Joe Varguese and Rui Serra Maia for their help and suggestions along the optimization of the Kupffer cell isolation.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

השלבים הבאים הם קריטיים להשגת תשואה גבוהה וכדאיות גבוהה של תאי Kupffer. יש להשתמש בתנאי אספטי להגביל את הסיכון של זיהום חיידקים ופטריות. כל המכשירים צריכים להיות מעוקרים לפני השימוש. ריאגנטים צריכים להיות מוכנים טריים לפני ביצוע הליך הבידוד. <p class="jove_content" style=";text-align:righ...

תחום מחקר nanotoxicology מטרה לאפיין את ההשפעה הביולוגית של חלקיקים. מחקרים רעילים המבוססים על חקירות בvivo להישאר השיטות מדויקות ביותר. עם זאת, השימוש בם מוגבל על ידי דרישות עלות, העבודה וזמנם 1. כחלופות, במבחנה מבחני היו בשימוש בגלל פשטותם ואת האפשרות של פיתוח תפוקה גבוהה בפלטפורמות בדיקת מבחנה 2 - כך מאריכים את מספר התנאים שנבדקו. רוב מחקרי nanotoxicological מבוצעים באמצעות במבחני מבחנה עם שורות תאים הונצחו. עם זאת, קיימים חששות לגבי הניפוח של ממצאי ניסויים אלה להשפעות רעילות in vivo 3. ואכן, את המאפיינים של שורות תאים הנציחו יכולים להיות שונים באופן משמעותי מרקמות שנלקחו מ, למשל שינוי גנטי 4, הידרדרות של תכונות מורפולוגיות מפתח5, אובדן הקוטביות סלולרית 6 ושינויים פונקציונליים כגון הרגולציה של מתווכים דלקתיים 7. תאי Kupffer הם אוכלוסיית מקרופאג הנפוצה ביותר בגוף והם ישירות במגע עם דם על ידי המצפה את הקיר של sinusoids כבד. כחלק ממערכת reticulo-אנדותל (RES), מקרופאגים אלה הם אחראים ללכידתו של מחזור חלקיקים ולכן, מהווה מודל מתאים ביותר ללמוד רעילות ננו-חלקיקים. בvivo 8 ובמבחנה 9 מחקרים של תגובות דלקתיות הקשורים בתאי Kupffer נחשפו לחלקיקים כבר פורסם במקומות אחרים. תאי Kupffer גם היו מעורבים בפתוגנזה של מחלות כבד כגון מחלת כבד אלכוהול 10, סיסטיק הכבד 11 או צהבת נגיפית 12. נמסר כי תאי Kupffer מבודדים לספק תובנה שימושי לתאר inv מנגנונים התאיolved בהפרעת כבד 13,14. כמה שיטות כבר דיווחו לבודד ולטהר תאי Kupffer. בידוד תא יכול לנבוע מניתוק מכאני או אנזימטי 15. עיכול collagenase מראה את היתרון של שמירה על השלמות התפקודית של תאי Kupffer, בעוד שהוביל לתשואת תא הגבוה Kupffer 16. גישות ניסיוניות רבות, שונות במורכבות ועלויות, כבר משמשת להפרדה בין תאי Kupffer מאוכלוסיות תאי כבד אחרים. לדוגמא, טוהר תא Kupffer יכול להיות מושגת על ידי immunoaffinity 17, זרימת אלקטרופורזה 18, הדבקה סלקטיבית 16 או על ידי טכניקות צנטריפוגלי 16, שבחרו תאים בהתאם לגודל וצפיפותם. ניתן לבחור שילוב של שיטות אלה כדי להגדיל את טוהר של האוכלוסייה 16. אין הסכמה על השיטה האידיאלית לבידוד תא Kupffer, כפי שבעיקר תלויה בציוד היישום וזמיןלא. עם זאת, במקרה של בדיקת רעילות ננו-חלקיקים, הפשטות והתשואה גבוהה של הטכניקה הקשורים לשימור התפקודי של תאי Kupffer נראים מתאים ביותר עבור יישום זה. שיטת בידוד תא Kupffer דיווחה כאן מבוססת על שיטת זלוף 2-צעד אחריו טיהור על שיפוע צפיפות. השיטה הייתה שונה מהפרוטוקול המקורי שפותח על ידי אל Smedsrød et. 16 מיועדים לבידוד תא כבד חולדה. רוב המחקרים שדווחו ותיארו את הבידוד של תאי Kupffer מכבדי חולדה. בזאת, אנו מתארים שיטה לבודד תאי Kupffer מהכבד עכבר, בתשואה גבוהה וטוהר. השימוש בעכברים מפחיתים את עלות הניסוי ומאפשר העיבוד של כמה כבדים להשיג כמויות גדולות של תאי Kupffer לבדיקת רעילות ננו-חלקיקים. בפרוטוקול הבא, תאי Kupffer הודגרו עם צינורות פחמן פונקציונליות (ו </em&gt; -CNTs). התכונות פיסיקלי הכימיות הייחודיות של צינוריות - כלומר גבוה אורך יחס קוטר ושטח פנים גדול, עשו מועמדים מעניינים צינוריות כוקטורים למטרות טיפול ואבחון. עם זאת, חששות הועלו בנוגע לרעילות של צינוריות 19, ופיתוח מוצרים החדשים בבדיקות מבחנה שמטרתו להגביר את ההבנה של השפעה ביולוגית CNT. רעילות בתא Kupffer קשורה עם חוסר השלמות מבנית של קרום התא. זו נמדדת על ידי האובדן של LDH אנזים cytoplasmic מהתא לsupernatant. העיקרון של שיטה זו, ולכן, הוא להסיר את כל LDH שוחרר ולמדוד את מה שנותר בתאים 20. הדבר נעשה בהעדפה למדידת LDH שוחרר בsupernatant בגלל הנוכחות של צינוריות בsupernatant מפריעה assay 21. אנו מציעים את השימוש בmetho בידוד תא Kupffer זה פשוט וחסכוניד לבודד את המספר גבוה של תאי Kupffer פונקציונליים. זה מאפשר ההקרנה של רעילות של מגוון רחב של חלקיקים, במודל מקרופאג עיקרי רלוונטי.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Euthatal (pentobarbital sodium)</td><td>Merial</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD1 mice</td><td>Charles River&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>-</td><td>Mouse weight should vary from 35 to 45 g. We advise the use of male CD1 mice as their weight increase rapidly (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; a male CD1 mouse of 7 weeks old exceeds 35 g in weight). It is also advised to contact the animal supplier in advance to arrange for the delivery of older animals. Alternatively animals can be in-house to reach the desired weight.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>HBSS (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+ &lt;/sup&gt;and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+ &lt;/sup&gt;free, with bicarbonate)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>14175-053</td><td>HBSS must be&amp;nbsp; Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; free.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic Acid (EGTA) tetrasodium salt&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>E8145&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EDTA can also be used but EGTA has the advantage of chelating Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+ &lt;/sup&gt;selectively.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES (1 M)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15630-056&amp;nbsp;</td><td>100 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase type IV&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Worthington&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CSL-4&amp;nbsp;</td><td>It is advised to test different batches of collagenase or at least mention to the supplier the product has to be suitable for liver cell isolation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Low glucose DMEM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>D5523&amp;nbsp;</td><td>500 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI (with sodium pyruvate and Glutamax)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12633-012&amp;nbsp;</td><td>500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Steptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15140-122</td><td>100 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum&amp;nbsp;</td><td>First-Link&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>60-00-850&amp;nbsp;</td><td>500 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan blue solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>T8154&amp;nbsp;</td><td>100 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Coated silica particle solution (Percoll)</td><td>GE Healtcare&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>17-0891-02&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Percoll&amp;reg; is very stable and can be kept for several years&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1x Phosphate Buffered Saline&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10010-023</td><td>500 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>10x Phosphate Buffered Saline&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>70011-036</td><td>500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>D/4120/PB08&amp;nbsp;</td><td>500 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>LDH kit (CytoTox 96)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Promega&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G1781&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Keep protected from light&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM phenol red free</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>31053-028&amp;nbsp;</td><td>500 ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>F4/80 antibody (Alexa 488)</td><td>AbD Serotec</td><td>MCA497A488</td><td>Do not dilute, used neat for flow cytometry</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent beads</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L2778</td><td>Latex beads, amine-modified polystyrene, fluorescent red. 1 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Name of the Material</td><td>Company&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Catalog number&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Comments/Description&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Butterfly blood collection set (23 G/305 mm long tubing)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD&amp;nbsp;</td><td>367288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe Filters (0.22 &amp;mu;m Blue Rim)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Minisart&amp;nbsp;</td><td>16534-K&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge Tubes (50 ml Blue Cap)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences, Falcon&amp;nbsp;</td><td>35 2070&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish (90 x 15 mm)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BSN 101VR20&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;mu;m cell strainer&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>352360</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Watson Marlow&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SciQ 300&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rinse tubing before and after each usage with sterile PBS and 70% ethanol.</td></tr><tr><td>24-well plates</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well plates&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3595</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plate reader</td><td>BMG Labtech</td><td>FLUOstar Omega</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serrefine forceps</td><td>Hammacher GmbH&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Art. Nr. HSE 004-35 / Cat. Nr. 221-0051</td><td>The serrefine forceps allow to clamp the vessel cannulated with the 23 G needle without the need of holding the forceps during the perfusion procedure. URL: (http://www.hammacher.de/Laboratory-Products/Clamps-forceps/Serrefines/HSE-004-35-Serrefine::25126.html)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flow cytometry tubes</td><td>BD Biosciences, Falcon&amp;nbsp;</td><td>352052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 ml)</td><td>Elkay</td><td>&amp;nbsp; 000-MICR-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell scraper</td><td>BD Biosciences, Falcon</td><td>353086</td><td>Cut blade extremities with a pair of scissors to scrape cells in 24-well plates.</td></tr><tr><td>Name of the Reagent</td><td>Company&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Catalog number&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Comments/Description&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;EGTA (Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic Acid)/HBSS (Hank&#039;s Balanced Salt Solution) Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>HBSS containing 0.5 mM EGTA and 25 mM HEPES. Adjust pH to 7.4. Prepare 50 ml for each liver to perfuse.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>DMEM low glucose containing collagenase type IV at 100 UI/ml, 15 mM HEPES and 1% Penicllin/Streptamycin (v/v). Adjust pH to 7.4. Prepare 100 ml for each liver to perfuse. After adding the collagenase, it is advised to warm up the solution for 30 min before use. This allows the collagenase activity to be optimum.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Kupffer Cell Isolation Medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>RPMI containing, 1% Non-Essential Amino-Acids (v/v),1% glutamax&amp;reg; (v/v) and 1% Penicllin/Streptomycin (v/v). Prepare at least 100 ml for 1-3 livers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Kupffer Cell Culture Medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>RPMI containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 1% Non-Essential Amino-Acids (v/v),1% Glutamax&amp;reg; (v/v) and 1% Penicllin/Streptamycin (v/v). Prepare at least 100 ml for 1-3 livers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>SIP (solution of isotonic coated silica particles)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix 1.7 ml of 10x Phosphate Buffered Saline&amp;nbsp; with 15.3 ml of Percoll&amp;reg; to obtain 17mL of SIP.</td></tr><tr><td>25% SIP solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix 5 ml of SIP with 15 ml of 1x Phosphate Buffered Saline&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>50% SIP solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix 10 ml of SIP with 10 ml of 1x Phosphate Buffered Saline&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Lysis Buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>DMEM media with 0.9% Triton X-100</td></tr><tr><td>PBS/BSA Solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepare fresh Phosphate Buffered Saline pH 7.4 with 1% Bovine Serum Albumin.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

kupffer cell isolation for nanoparticle toxicity testing

רוב הגדול של מחקרי nanotoxicological במבחנה השתמשו שורות תאים הונצחו למעשיות שלהם. עם זאת, תוצאות מבדיקת רעילות ננו-חלקיקים בשורות תאים הונצחו או תאים ראשוניים הראו פערים, המדגישות את הצורך להרחיב את השימוש בתאים ראשוניים למבחנים במבחנה. פרוטוקול זה מתאר את הבידוד של מקרופאגים כבד עכבר, תאי Kupffer בשם, ושימוש בם כדי ללמוד רעילות ננו-חלקיקים. תאי Kupffer הם אוכלוסיית מקרופאג הנפוצה ביותר בגוף ומהווים חלק ממערכת reticulo-אנדותל (RES), אחראית ללכידתו של מחזור חלקיקים. שיטת בידוד תא Kupffer דיווחה כאן מבוססת על שיטת זלוף 2-צעד אחריו טיהור על שיפוע צפיפות. השיטה, המבוססת על מערכת עיכול collagenase וצנטריפוגה צפיפות, מותאמת הפרוטוקול המקורי שפותח על ידי אל Smedsrød et. מיועד לisolatio תא כבד החולדהn ומספק תשואה גבוהה (עד 14 x 10 6 תאים לכל עכבר) וטוהר גבוה (&gt; 95%) של תאי Kupffer. שיטת בידוד זה אינה דורשת ציוד מתוחכם או יקר ולכן מייצגת פשרה אידיאלית בין מורכבות ותשואת תא. השימוש בעכברים כבדים יותר (35-45 גר &#39;) משפר את התשואה של שיטת הבידוד אלא גם מקל להפליא ההליך של cannulation וריד שער. הרעילות של צינורות פחמן פונקציונליות ו -CNTs נמדדה במודל זה על ידי assay LDH שונה. שיטה זו מעריכה כדאיות תא על ידי מדידת חוסר השלמות המבנית של קרום תא Kupffer לאחר דגירה עם -CNTs F. רעילות הנגרמת על ידי -CNTs F ניתן למדוד באופן עקבי באמצעות assay זה, מדגיש כי תאי Kupffer מבודדים שימושיים לבדיקת רעילות ננו-חלקיקים. ההבנה הכוללת של nanotoxicology יכולה להפיק תועלת ממודלים כאלה, מה שהופכת את בחירת ננו-חלקיקים ליותר אפי תרגום קלינימספיק.

מספר תאי parenchymal שאינם מטוהרים היה עקבי ונע בין 8 ל 14 x 10 6 תאים לכל עכבר (17 בידודים בוצעו). כל בידוד עכבר היה מספיק לצלחת 16-28 בארות. תא כדאיות ידי צביעת trypan הכחולה הראתה תא כדאיות ~ 95%. תאי Kupffer הראו צורה עגולה בתוך 30 דקות של דגירה על 37 מעלות צלזיוס, הקשורים למורפולוגיה ח...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing at JoVE.com

Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing

Liver macrophages, named Kupffer cells, are responsible for the capture of circulating nanoparticles. We describe here a method, of high cell purity and yield, for Kupffer cell isolation. The modified LDH assay is used here to measure the toxicity induced by carbon nanotubes in Kupffer cells.

בידוד תא Kupffer לNanoparticle בדיקת רעילות

The large majority of in vitro nanotoxicological studies have used immortalized cell lines for their practicality. However, results from nanoparticle ...

kupffer-cell-isolation-for-nanoparticle-toxicity-testing

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.7K Views.  King's College London. Liver macrophages, named Kupffer cells, are responsible for the capture of circulating nanoparticles. We describe here a method, of high cell purity and yield, for Kupffer cell isolation. The modified LDH assay is used here to measure the toxicity induced by carbon nanotubes in Kupffer cells. 

Video: Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

הסרת יסודות קורט ידי Cupric תחמוצת חלקיקים מאורניום<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; שחזור Bleed מים והשפעתה על כדאיויות תא

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

Environment

A Simple and Efficient Method to Isolate Macrophages from Mixed Primary Cultures of Adult Liver Cells

Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3. Although the isolation methods of liver macrophages have been well-described4-6, most of these methods require sophisticated equipment, such as a centrifugal elutriator and technical skills. Here, we provide a novel method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity from mixed primary cultures of adult rat liver cells, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
After dissociation of the liver cells by two-step perfusion method7,8,a fraction mostly composed of parenchymal hepatocytes is prepared and seeded into T75 tissue culture flasks with culture medium composed of DMEM and 10% FCS.Parenchymal hepatocytes lose the epithelial cell morphology within a few days in culture, degenerate or transform into fibroblast-like cells (Figure 2). As the culture proceeds, around day 6, phase contrast-bright, round macrophage-like cells start to proliferate on the fibroblastic cell sheet (Figure 2). The growth of the macrophage-like cells continue and reach to maximum levels around day 12, covering the cell sheet on the flask surface. By shaking of the culture flasks, macrophages are readily suspended into the culture medium. Subsequent transfer and short incubation in plastic dishes result in selective adhesion of macrophages(Figure 3), where as other contaminating cells remain suspended. After several rinses with PBS, attached macrophages are harvested. More than 106 cells can be harvested repeatedly from the same T75 tissue culture flask at two to three day intervals for more than two weeks(Figure 3).The purities of the isolated macrophages were 95 to 99%, as evaluated by flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry with rat macrophage-specific antibodies (Figure 4).The isolated cells show active phagocytosis of polystylene beads (Figure 5), proliferative response to recombinant GM-CSF, secretion of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with LPS, and formation of multinucleated giant cells9.
In conclusion, we provide a simple and efficient method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity without complex equipment and skills.This method might be applicable to other mammalian species.

A novel method to obtain macrophages from primary culture of rat liver cells is described. This method utilizes the proliferation of macrophages in the culture, followed by shaking of culture flasks and purification by selective attachment to plastic dishes. This technique efficiently provides liver macrophages without complex equipment and skills.

שיטה פשוטה ויעילה על מנת לבודד המקרופאגים מתרבויות ראשי מעורבות של תאים בכבד למבוגרים

Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3. Although ...

Harvesting Murine Alveolar Macrophages and Evaluating Cellular Activation Induced by Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a versatile platform for the design and implementation of new intranasal vaccines against respiratory infectious diseases. Specifically, polyanhydride nanoparticles composed of the aliphatic sebacic acid (SA), the aromatic 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), or the amphiphilic 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) display unique bulk and surface erosion kinetics1,2 and can be exploited to slowly release functional biomolecules (e.g., protein antigens, immunoglobulins, etc.) in vivo3,4,5. These nanoparticles also possess intrinsic adjuvant activity, making them an excellent choice for a vaccine delivery platform6,7,8.
	In order to elucidate the mechanisms governing the activation of innate immunity following intranasal mucosal vaccination, one must evaluate the molecular and cellular responses of the antigen presenting cells (APCs) responsible for initiating immune responses. Dendritic cells are the principal APCs found in conducting airways, while alveolar macrophages (AM&#632;) predominate in the lung parenchyma9,10,11. AM&#632; are highly efficient in clearing the lungs of microbial pathogens and cell debris12,13. In addition, this cell type plays a valuable role in the transport of microbial antigens to the draining lymph nodes, which is an important first step in the initiation of an adaptive immune response9. AM&#632; also express elevated levels of innate pattern recognition and scavenger receptors, secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and prime na&iuml;ve T cells12,14. A relatively pure population of AM&#632; (e.g., greater than 80%) can easily be obtained via lung lavage for study in the laboratory. Resident AM&#632; harvested from immune competent animals provide a representative phenotype of the macrophages that will encounter the particle-based vaccine in vivo. Herein, we describe the protocols used to harvest and culture AM&#632; from mice and examine the activation phenotype of the macrophages following treatment with polyanhydride nanoparticles in vitro.

Herein, we describe protocols for harvesting murine alveolar macrophages, which are resident innate immune cells in the lung, and examining their activation in response to co-culture with polyanhydride nanoparticles.

הפעלת נייד קציר המקרופאגים מכתשיים Murine והערכת בהשפעת חלקיקים Polyanhydride

Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a  versatile platform for the design and implementation of new intranasal vaccines  against respiratory ...

Bioengineering

Isolation of Primary Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts from a Syngeneic Murine Model of Breast Cancer for the Study of Targeted Nanoparticles

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key actors in the context of the tumor microenvironment. Despite being reduced in number as compared to tumor cells, CAFs regulate tumor progression and provide protection from antitumor immunity. Emerging anticancer strategies aim to remodel the tumor microenvironment through the ablation of pro-tumorigenic CAFs or reprogramming of CAFs functions and their activation status. A promising approach is the development of nanosized delivery agents able to target CAFs, thus allowing the specific delivery of drugs and active molecules. In this context, a cellular model of CAFs may provide a useful tool for in vitro screening and preliminary investigation of such nanoformulations.
This study describes the isolation and culture of primary CAFs from the syngeneic 4T1 murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. Magnetic beads were used in a 2-step separation process to extract CAFs from dissociated tumors. Immunophenotyping control was performed using flow cytometry after each passage to verify the process yield. Isolated CAFs can be employed to study the targeting capability of different nanoformulations designed to tackle the tumor microenvironment. Fluorescently labeled H-ferritin nanocages were used as candidate nanoparticles to set up the method. Nanoparticles, either bare or conjugated with a targeting ligand, were analyzed for their binding to CAFs. The results suggest that ex vivo extraction of breast CAFs may be a useful system to test and validate nanoparticles for the specific targeting of tumorigenic CAFs.

This paper aims to provide a protocol for the isolation and culture of primary cancer-associated fibroblasts from a syngeneic murine model of triple-negative breast cancer and their application for the preclinical study of novel nanoparticles designed to target the tumor microenvironment.&#160;

בידוד של פיברובלסטים הקשורים לסרטן ראשוני ממודל מורין סינגני של סרטן השד לחקר חלקיקים ממוקדים

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key actors in the context of the tumor microenvironment. Despite being reduced in number as compared to tumor ...

Cancer Research

Detection of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Interactions with Primary Immune Cell Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry

Engineered nanoparticles are endowed with very promising properties for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. This work describes a fast and reliable method of analysis by flow cytometry to study nanoparticle interaction with immune cells. Primary immune cells can be easily purified from human or mouse tissues by antibody-mediated magnetic isolation. In the first instance, the different cell populations running in a flow cytometer can be distinguished by the forward-scattered light (FSC), which is proportional to cell size, and the side-scattered light (SSC), related to cell internal complexity. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled antibodies against specific cell surface receptors permit the identification of several subpopulations within the same sample. Often, all these features vary when cells are boosted by external stimuli that change their physiological and morphological state. Here, 50 nm FITC-SiO2 nanoparticles are used as a model to identify the internalization of nanostructured materials in human blood immune cells. The cell fluorescence and side-scattered light increase after incubation with nanoparticles allowed us to define time and concentration dependence of nanoparticle-cell interaction. Moreover, such protocol can be extended to investigate Rhodamine-SiO2 nanoparticle interaction with primary microglia, the central nervous system resident immune cells, isolated from mutant mice that specifically express the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Finally, flow cytometry data related to nanoparticle internalization into the cells have been confirmed by confocal microscopy.

Analysis of nanoparticle interaction with defined subpopulations of immune cells by flow cytometry.

איתור של פלורסנט אינטראקציות Nanoparticle עם אוכלוסיות ראשוניות של תא חיסון על ידי זרימת cytometry

Engineered nanoparticles are endowed with very promising properties for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. This work describes a fast and reliable ...

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay described here will aid in elucidating the role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of microglia, resident immune cells of the brain, as a surrogate biosensor provides novel insight into how inflammatory responses mediate neuronal insults. Here, we utilize an immortalized murine microglial cell line, designated BV2, and describe a method for nanoparticle exposure using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a standard. We describe how to expose microglia to nanoparticles, how to remove nanoparticles from supernatant, and how to use supernatant from activated microglia to determine toxicity, using hypothalamic cell survival as a measure. Following AgNP exposure, BV2 microglial activation was validated using a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The supernatant was filtered to remove the AgNP and to allow cytokines and other secreted factors to remain in the conditioned media. Hypothalamic cells were then exposed to supernatant from AgNP activated microglia and survival of neurons was determined using a resazurin-based fluorescent assay. This technique is useful for utilizing microglia as a surrogate biomarker of neuroinflammation and determining the effect of neuroinflammation on other cell types.

Microglia (immune cells of the brain), are used as a surrogate biosensor to determine how nanoparticles influence neurotoxicity. We describe a series of experiments designed to assay microglial response to nanoparticles and exposure of hypothalamic neurons to supernatant from activated microglia to determine neurotoxicity.

Microglia בתור biosensor סרוגייט לקביעת Nanoparticle neurotoxicity

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay ...

Neuroscience

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of robust, predictive in vitro test systems is essential. Hepatic toxicology is key when considering ENM exposure, as the liver serves a vital role in metabolic homeostasis and detoxification as well as being a major site of ENM accumulation post exposure. Based upon this and the accepted understanding that 2D hepatocyte models do not accurately mimic the complexities of intricate multi-cellular interactions and metabolic activity observed in vivo, there is a greater focus on the development of physiologically relevant 3D liver models tailored for ENM hazard assessment purposes in vitro. In line with the principles of the 3Rs to replace, reduce and refine animal experimentation, a 3D HepG2 cell-line based liver model has been developed, which is a user friendly, cost effective system that can support both extended and repeated ENM exposure regimes (&#8804;14 days). These spheroid models (&#8805;500 &#181;m in diameter) retain their proliferative capacity (i.e., dividing cell models) allowing them to be coupled with the &#8216;gold standard&#8217; micronucleus assay to effectively assess genotoxicity in vitro. Their ability to report on a range of toxicological endpoints (e.g., liver function, (pro-)inflammatory response, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) has been characterized using several ENMs across both acute (24 h) and long-term (120 h) exposure regimes. This 3D in vitro hepatic model has the capacity to be utilized for evaluating more realistic ENM exposures, thereby providing a future in vitro approach to better support ENM hazard assessment in a routine and easily accessible manner.

This procedure was established to be used for developing advanced 3D hepatic cultures in vitro, which can provide a more physiologically relevant assessment of the genotoxic hazards associated with nanomaterial exposures over both an acute or long-term, repeated dose regimes.

דגמי כבד תלת-ממדיים מתקדמים לבדיקות גנוטוקסיות במבחנה בעקבות חשיפה ננו-חומרית לטווח ארוך

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of ...

Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies

Human liver cells can form a three-dimensional (3D) structure capable of growing in culture for some weeks, preserving their functional capacity. Due to their nature to cluster in the culture dishes with low or no adhesive characteristics, they form aggregates of multiple liver cells that are called human liver spheroids. The forming of 3D liver spheroids relies on the natural tendency of hepatic cells to aggregate in the absence of an adhesive substrate. These 3D structures possess better physiological responses than cells, which are closer to an in vivo environment. Using 3D hepatocyte cultures has numerous advantages when compared with classical two-dimensional (2D) cultures, including a more biologically relevant microenvironment, architectural morphology that reassembles natural organs as well as a better prediction regarding disease state and in vivo-like responses to drugs. Various sources can be used to generate spheroids, like primary liver tissue or immortalized cell lines. The 3D liver tissue can also be engineered by using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to derive hepatocytes. We have obtained human liver spheroids using blood-derived pluripotent stem cells (BD-PSCs) generated from unmanipulated peripheral blood by activation of human membrane-bound GPI-linked protein and differentiated to human hepatocytes. The BD-PSCs-derived human liver cells and human liver spheroids were analyzed by light microscopy and immunophenotyping using human hepatocyte markers.

Here we present a non-genetic method to generate human autologous liver spheroids using mononuclear cells isolated from steady-state peripheral blood.

ספרואידים של כבד אנושי מדם היקפי למחקרי מחלות כבד

Human liver cells can form a three-dimensional (3D) structure capable of growing in culture for some weeks, preserving their functional capacity. Due to ...

Protocol for Isolation of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Corresponding Major Populations of Non-parenchymal Liver Cells

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic Stellate cells (HSC). Two-dimensional (2D) culture of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) is still considered as the &#34;gold standard&#34; for in vitro testing of drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. It is well-known that the 2D monoculture of PHH suffers from dedifferentiation and loss of function. Recently it was shown that hepatic NPC play a central role in liver (patho-) physiology and the maintenance of PHH functions. Current research focuses on the reconstruction of in vivo tissue architecture by 3D- and co-culture models to overcome the limitations of 2D monocultures. Previously we published a method to isolate human liver cells and investigated the suitability of these cells for their use in cell cultures in Experimental Biology and Medicine1. Based on the broad interest in this technique the aim of this article was to provide a more detailed protocol for the liver cell isolation process including a video, which will allow an easy reproduction of this technique.
Human liver cells were isolated from human liver tissue samples of surgical interventions by a two-step EGTA/collagenase P perfusion technique. PHH were separated from the NPC by an initial centrifugation at 50 x g. Density gradient centrifugation steps were used for removal of dead cells. Individual liver cell populations were isolated from the enriched NPC fraction using specific cell properties and cell sorting procedures. Beside the PHH isolation we were able to separate KC, LEC and HSC for further cultivation.
Taken together, the presented protocol allows the isolation of PHH and NPC in high quality and quantity from one donor tissue sample. The access to purified liver cell populations could allow the creation of in vivo like human liver models.

A technique to isolate human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells from the same donor is described. The different liver cell types build the basis for functional liver models and tissue engineering. This new method aims to isolate liver cells in a high yield and viability.

פרוטוקול הבידוד של hepatocytes האדם הראשי הקביל סרן אוכלוסיות של תאים בכבד ללא parenchymal

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic ...

Biology

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Kupffer Cells

Source: Bourgognon, M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52989">Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of Kupffer cells or liver macrophages from the mouse liver. The liver is perfused with a digestion solution followed by density gradient separation. The isolated adherent Kupffer cells can be used for further analysis.

בידוד ותרבית של תאי קופפר עכבר

Source: Bourgognon, M., et al. Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
In this video, we demonstrate the isolation ...