Chapter 25
Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs
Omeostasi del glucosio: regolazione del glucosio nel sangue
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body.
In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels ...
Omeostasi del glucosio: isole pancreatiche e secrezione di insulina
The pancreas comprises highly vascularized and innervated pancreatic islets, encompassing α, β, δ, PP, and ε endocrine cells.
Amongst ...
Insulina: recettore e vie di segnalazione
The insulin receptor belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. It comprises disulfide-linked α/β dimers, forming a transmembrane ...
Fisiopatologia del diabete
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
The two most common types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2.
...
Diabete: sintomi, diagnosi e complicazioni
Diabetes can be initially identified based on symptoms.
Hyperglycemic patients may present common symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and ...
Diabete: gestione e farmacoterapia
The goals of diabetes therapy include glycemic control, alleviating hyperglycemia-related symptoms, and preventing or reducing chronic end-organ ...
Insulina: biosintesi, chimica e preparazione
The pancreatic β-cell's endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes preproinsulin comprising a signal peptide, B and A chains, and a C-peptide. The ...
Formulazioni di insulina: tipi e somministrazione
Insulin preparations, based on their duration of action, are categorized as short-acting and long-acting.
Short-acting regular insulin forms hexamers, ...
Insulina: regime di dosaggio ed effetti avversi
Insulin dosage regimens generally include a mixture of analogs given as daily injections. Typically, most patients are prescribed long and short-acting ...
Agenti ipoglicemizzanti orali: sulfoniluree
Sulfonylureas are a class of insulin secretagogues. They are used as oral hypoglycemic agents for managing Type 2 diabetes.
Structurally, these drugs ...
Agenti ipoglicemizzanti orali: biguanidi e glitazoni
Biguanides are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, reducing insulin resistance.
Unlike sulfonylureas, they do not stimulate insulin ...
Agenti ipoglicemizzanti orali: glinidi
Glinides are insulin secretagogues that trigger insulin release from β cells by inhibiting KATP channels and controlling potassium efflux.
They share ...
Agenti ipoglicemizzanti orali: inibitori dell'alfa-glucosidasi
α-glucosidase inhibitors impede intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. This effectively curtails ...
Agonisti del recettore glucagone-simile
Oral glucose intake triggers gut hormones like GLP-1 and GIP called incretins, which stimulate insulin secretion.
Both GLPs and glucagon originate from ...
Inibitori della dipeptidil peptidasi-4
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or DPP-4 inhibitors, called gliptins inhibit incretin hormone inactivation.
These drugs bind to DPP-4, increasing the levels ...
Ipoglicemia e glucagone
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels >80 mg/dL due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine system.
However, ...
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