This research was supported in part by the University of Georgia, and a grant (HD071330) from the National Institutes of Health to MMV.

Questo protocollo è stato approvato dalla cura e l&#39;uso Comitato istituzionale animali (IACUC) presso l&#39;Università della Georgia. 1. Preparativi <ol><li> Per la cultura ovocita, acquisto o appena preparare Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) e integrare con 3 mg / ml di albumina sierica bovina (BSA) come indicato nella tabella 1. Mettere una bottiglia di polistirene su una bilancia di carico (tara a zero). Aggiungi tutti i reagenti, ad eccezione di BSA, in ordine e portare il volume finale con MQ-acqua, in peso, per un totale di 250 g. Quindi aggiungere il BSA, permettere di sciogliere e filtro sterilizzare. Nota: Il mezzo MEM descritto richiede equilibrio e l&#39;incubazione delle cellule con una miscela di gas medicali 5% CO 2, 5% O 2 e 90% N 2. Tuttavia, altri mezzi (ad esempio, czb) possono essere utilizzate per consentire per l&#39;incubazione delle cellule in 5% CO 2 in condizioni atmosferiche. </li><li> Per ovocita microiniezione, acquistare o preparare M2 media. </li><li> Preparare psiero gonadotropina di cavalla regnante (PMSG) ad una concentrazione di 5 UI / 100 ml. </li><li> Acquisto e ricostituire le scorte siRNA ad una concentrazione di lavoro di 1 micron. </li></ol> 2. mouse ovociti Collection <ol><li> 1 ° GIORNO: per stimolare lo sviluppo del follicolo ovarico e aumentare il numero di follicoli pre-ovulatori, amministrare 5 UI di PMSG intraperitoneale a topi femmina 48 ore prima della raccolta degli ovociti. </li><li> GIORNO 3: Per la raccolta e la cultura degli ovociti, istituito 35 mm piatti della cultura con 3 ml di MEM / BSA integrato con 1 mg / ml milrinone. Questo inibitore della fosfodiesterasi mantiene gli ovociti in profase-in arresto e impedisce ripartizione vescicola germinale (GVBD). Equilibrare le piastre di coltura in una miscela di gas medicali per almeno 15 min. Nota: Milrinone supporto integrato è richiesta per tutto raccolta degli ovociti, così come ovocita microiniezione e la 24 ore cultura attesa periodo post siRNA. </li><li> Recuperare le ovaie dei topi femmina con laboratorio istituito pratica il 15 e il trasferimento ad un nuovo piatto cultura con pre-riscaldato ed equilibrato MEM / BSA / milrinone. </li><li> Posizionare il piatto cultura sul palcoscenico di uno stereomicroscopio per la raccolta degli ovociti. Stampa cumulo-ovocita-complessi (COC di) da puntura manualmente i follicoli antrali con 27 aghi G. Fissare un ovaio al fondo del piatto di coltura, con un ago 27 G attaccato ad una siringa da 1 ml, e utilizzare un secondo ago per perforare tutti follicoli grandi. Ripetere per ogni ovaio. </li><li> Utilizzando le procedure di pipette a bocca standard o altri mezzi di aspirazione dell&#39;ovocita, raccogliere tutti gli ovociti che sono circondati da 2 o più strati di cellule del cumulo compatte. Trasferire il COC di un nuovo piatto e incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora. </li><li> Rimuovere con attenzione le cellule del cumulo circostanti di ripetuto pipettaggio gentile con una pipetta 1 ml impostato su un volume di aspirazione di 750 ml. Ripetere il passaggio pipettamento circa 12 voltee permettono di recuperare gli ovociti per 5 min. Continuare in questo modo fino a quando tutti o la maggior parte delle cellule del cumulo sono stati rimossi. Trasferire gli ovociti denudati all&#39;altro piatto cultura e lasciar equilibrare a 37 ° C per 15 min. </li><li> Assegnare gli ovociti denudati in tre gruppi sperimentali da utilizzare per: (i) la microiniezione di siRNA specifici contro il bersaglio di interesse, (ii) la microiniezione di aspecifici (controllo) siRNA, e (iii) un gruppo non-iniezione di controllo per tenere conto di condizioni di coltura. </li></ol> 3. Microiniezione degli ovociti <ol><li> Istituito piatti della cultura con 3 ml di mezzi M2 integrato con milrinone (1 mg / ml) per ovocita microiniezione. Preparare piatti della cultura contenenti MEM / BSA / milrinone per il lavaggio e la successiva cultura di ovociti iniettati. Nota: M2 terreno contiene tampone HEPES e richiede pre-riscaldamento a 37 ° C per 15 minuti in condizioni atmosferiche. MEM richiede la pre-riscaldamento e equilibrio con gas medicali come descrittod sopra. </li><li> Preparare il sistema di microiniezione. Caricare l&#39;ago di iniezione con 5 ml di soluzione di specifici siRNA 1 micron. Fissare la pipetta detenzione e ago per iniezione per micromanipolatori del sistema microiniezione e impostare l&#39;unità di iniezione con il volume e la pressione calibrata. </li><li> Inserire un 200 microlitri micro-goccia di M2 supporti sulla parte interna del coperchio di un piatto di coltura 3 cm e aggiungi ovocita per impostare e allineamento del sistema microiniezione. </li><li> Utilizzando l&#39;ovocita come guida, regolare le posizioni degli aghi holding e iniezione. Applicare pressione negativa alla pipetta tenuta per fissare delicatamente l&#39;oocita e regolare la posizione dell&#39;ago di iniezione al più ampio diametro della cellula. Regolare le impostazioni per consentire microiniezione di circa 10 pl della soluzione siRNA ovunque nel citoplasma dell&#39;ovocita. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53586/53586fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. ovociti microiniezione istituito. ( <strong&gt; A) di una immagine rappresentativa 200 microlitri micro-goccia di M2 multimediale presente sul coperchio di un piatto di coltura 3 cm, con la pipetta tenuta e iniezione ago posizionato sul rispettivamente a sinistra ea destra,. (B) Gruppo di profase-I arrestato ovociti (GV-stadio) prima microiniezione. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53586/53586fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> </li><li> Riportare il coperchio alla fase stereomicroscopio e aggiungere 200 microlitri di micro-goccia di supporto M2 fresco. Aggiungere un gruppo di ovociti (~ 10) per il micro-goccia a pipette a bocca, o metodi alternativi, per poi tornare il coperchio con micro-drop per la fase di microiniezione. <ol><li> Procedere alla microinject singoli ovociti. Fissare un ovocita con la pipetta detenzione, inserire lentamente la punta di un ago per l&#39;iniezione nel citoplasma ed espellere il volume di iniezione di soluzione di siRNA. Ritrarre con attenzione l&#39;ago di iniezione e move l&#39;ovocita iniettato in una posizione nella parte inferiore del micro-drop. Spostare ovociti iniettati senza successo ad una posizione in alto della micro-drop. </li><li> Ripetere la procedura di microiniezione con ogni ovocita. Per mantenere la vitalità degli ovociti ottimale, microinject solo un piccolo numero di ovociti per volta. Assicurarsi che questo processo non richiede più di qualche minuto per evitare temperatura e pH cambiamenti nella micro-drop. </li></ol></li><li> Aspirare iniettato con successo ovociti o spostare con cautela il coperchio con il micro-goccia di ovociti iniettati al stereomicroscopio. Trasferire gli ovociti vitali iniettati per via orale pipettando o metodi alternativi, a MEM / BSA medio / milrinone per lavare ed equilibrare a 37 ° C. </li><li> Utilizzando un altro gruppo di ovociti, ripetere il processo microiniezione con un nuovo ago per iniezione caricato con siRNA non specifici per il gruppo di controllo. Lavare gli ovociti in MEM / BSA / milrinone e trasferimento in un piatto di coltura separata. </li><li> Cultura tutti i gruppi dioociti per 24 ore in MEM / BSA / milrinone a 37 ° C in atmosfera di gas medicale. Nota: Il &#39;blocco milrinone&#39; periodo di coltura è necessario per obiettivo efficiente mRNA / proteine ​​esaurimento. </li></ol> 4. ovociti cultura per la maturazione meiotica <ol><li> 4 ° GIORNO: Per ogni gruppo sperimentale di ovociti set-up 4 capsule di Petri (35 mm) con 3 ml di MEM / BSA. Supplemento un piatto dei media per ogni gruppo con il 10% (di alta qualità) siero fetale bovino (FBS) da utilizzare per la maturazione degli ovociti. Consentire a tutti i piatti della cultura equilibrare a 37 ° C con miscela di gas medicali. </li><li> Per rilasciare ovociti da &#39;blocco milrinone&#39;, sequenza lavare gli ovociti tre volte in piatti contenenti MEM / BSA e poi trasferire gli ovociti al piatto contenente la maturazione media con il 10% FBS. Cultura tutti i gruppi di ovociti per 17 ore a 37 ° C, per consentire la ripresa e la progressione della meiosi. </li><li> GIORNO 5: Preparare soluzioni per ovocita fixazione, tra cui: (i) 4% paraformaldeide (PFA) in tampone PEM (TUBI 100 mM [pH 6,9], 1 mM MgCl 2, 1 mM EGTA) con 0,5% Triton-X 100, e (ii) PBS integrato con 5 % FBS che verranno utilizzati per il lavaggio e bloccare gli ovociti. Nota: Queste soluzioni richiedono pre-riscaldamento a 37 ° C prima della fissazione degli ovociti. </li><li> Per ovocita fissaggio (dopo la cultura 17 ore), velocemente trasferire ogni gruppo sperimentale di ovociti da pipette a bocca o metodi alternativi in ​​singoli pozzi (di un piatto 4-bene) contenente 750 ml di pre-riscaldato soluzione al 4% PFA e incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora. Successivamente lavare ogni gruppo di ovociti 3 volte (15 min ciascuna) in 750 ml di PBS preriscaldata contenenti il ​​5% FBS. </li><li> Ovociti Block in 200 l di PBS / 5% FBS O / N a 4 ° C per ridurre al minimo l&#39;anticorpo aspecifico vincolante. </li></ol> Analisi 5. immunofluorescenza <ol><li> GIORNO 6: Nota: immunocolorazione è fatto in una piastra multi-pozzo e la OOCytes sono in serie trasferiti a pozzi sequenziali, contenente rispettive soluzioni di anticorpi e di lavaggio. O 48 o 96 pozzetti piastre possono essere utilizzate, è sufficiente regolare il volume della soluzione in base alle dimensioni ben. Per piastre a 96 pozzetti utilizzare 200 ml per pozzetto. Gli oociti vengono trasferiti alle diverse soluzioni nel seguente ordine: soluzione di anticorpo primario - 3 pozzi di lavaggio - soluzione di anticorpo secondario - 3 pozzi di lavaggio. Al fine di limitare l&#39;esposizione alla luce la lastra può essere coperto con un foglio. Preparare fresco PBS / 5% FBS e utilizzare questa soluzione per preparare diluizioni di anticorpi (ad esempio, di coniglio anti-pericentrin (1 / 1.000), topo anti-tubulina (1 / 1.000)). </li><li> Trasferire gli ovociti fissi di ogni gruppo sperimentale a singoli pozzetti contenenti 200 microlitri (o 100 microlitri, se si desidera un volume inferiore) della soluzione di anticorpo primario e coprire il pozzo con parafilm. Incubare secondo condizioni specifiche anticorpali ottimali (ad esempio, 37 ° C per 1 ora, o 4 ° CO / N). Nota: dilutio anticorpo primarion così come il tempo e la temperatura di incubazione specifico richiedono test per determinare le condizioni ottimali per differenti anticorpi utilizzati. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione con l&#39;anticorpo primario, lavare gli ovociti tre volte in PBS / 5% FBS (10-15 min ciascuna). </li><li> Trasferire gli ovociti nella soluzione contenente anticorpi secondari coniugati fluorescenza (ad esempio, 1 / 1.000 diluizione di anticorpi anti-coniglio e anti-topo coniugato con fluorocromi di diverse lunghezze d&#39;onda). Incubare per 1 ora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavare gli ovociti tre volte in PBS / 5% FBS (10 - 15 minuti ciascuna). </li><li> Dopo la fase di lavaggio finale, di trasferire gli ovociti su un vetrino pulito e delicatamente aspirare qualsiasi soluzione di lavaggio in eccesso. Ciò immobilizzare gli ovociti sulla superficie del vetro. Aggiungere 8 ml di mezzi (contenente DAPI) montaggio e sovrapposizione con attenzione il supporto di montaggio con un x 22 mm polizza di copertura di 22 mm. Abbassare il vetrino lentamente per evitare di intrappolare bolle d&#39;aria e / o danneggiare gli ovociti. Nota: In alternativa, per mantenere le proprietà 3-dimensionali del ovocita per analisi microscopia confocale, aggiungere un piccolo volume di perline di vetro 100 micron (misti con vaselina) agli angoli del vetrino prima del montaggio sul vetrino. </li><li> Conservare i vetrini a 4 ° C, o procedere alla valutazione della progressione meiotica e l&#39;analisi dei livelli di espressione e la localizzazione subcellulare di proteine ​​usando un microscopio a fluorescenza dotato di filtri necessari a anticorpi secondari utilizzati. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

Mentre ci sono diversi metodi per esogena trasferimento di acidi nucleici nelle cellule somatiche, come elettroporazione e transfezione, microiniezione è il metodo ottimale per la consegna di molecole di RNA in ovociti trascrizionalmente quiescenti del mouse. Il protocollo attuale prevede un approccio efficace per esaurimento in vitro di specifici mRNA che consentono il collaudo funzionale di diverso fuso e / o fattori MTOC associate in ovociti. Questo approccio si traduce in efficienza esaurimento trascrizion...

La meiosi è un processo di divisione unica che si verifica in gameti (ovociti e spermatozoi) e coinvolge due divisioni successive senza intervenire sintesi del DNA per separare i cromosomi omologhi e cromatidi fratelli durante la meiosi I e meiosi II, rispettivamente, 1. Errori nella segregazione dei cromosomi durante la divisione meiotica in oociti possono causare aneuploidia, che viene ereditato dalla embrione durante la fecondazione. In particolare, l&#39;incidenza di aneuploidie negli embrioni in via di sviluppo aumenta con l&#39;avanzare dell&#39;età materna, ed è una delle principali cause di difetti di nascita congeniti così come la perdita di gravidanza nelle donne 1,2, quindi, sottolineando l&#39;importante necessità di comprendere le basi molecolari di aneuploidie durante la divisione meiotica . Durante la divisione cellulare, la segregazione dei cromosomi è strettamente dipendente dalla assemblea degli apparati microtubuli fuso e la creazione di interazioni stabili cromosomiche-microtubuli per un corretto attaccamento al mandrino oppostopali. È importante sottolineare che la formazione del fuso meiotico in ovociti di mammiferi si differenzia da mitosi nelle cellule somatiche, ed è regolata da centri-microtubuli organizzare unici (MTOC) che mancano centrioli 3,4. Proteine ​​essenziali necessari per microtubuli nucleazione e di organizzazione localizzano a MTOC ovociti, tra cui γ-tubulina che catalizza dei microtubuli. Inoltre, pericentrin funziona come una proteina essenziale impalcature, che lega e ancoraggi gamma-tubulina, nonché altri fattori in MTOC 5. In particolare, i nostri studi dimostrano che la deplezione delle proteine ​​MTOC associate chiave interrompe organizzazione fuso meiotico e porta ad errori cromosoma segregazione in ovociti, che non sono completamente risolti con il checkpoint del fuso (SAC) 6,7. Pertanto, difetti di stabilità mandrino, che non attivano l&#39;arresto meiotica, presentano un rischio significativo nel contribuire a aneuploidie. Nonostante il loro ruolo essenziale per il montaggio del mandrino e organizzazione, prot ovociti MTOCcomposizione e la funzione ein rimane poco compresa. Testare la funzione di specifiche proteine ​​bersaglio negli ovociti di mammiferi è impegnativo, in quanto le cellule diventano trascrizionalmente quiescenza poco prima della ripresa della meiosi 8,9. Quindi, ovociti pre-ovulatori si affidano a negozi mRNA materni per riprendere la meiosi e sostenere divisione meiotica così come le prime divisioni scissione dopo la fecondazione 10,11. L&#39;efficacia di RNA interference (RNAi) la degradazione mediata di trascritti di mRNA negli ovociti di mammiferi è ben consolidata e RNA materni reclutati per la traduzione durante la maturazione meiotica sono particolarmente suscettibili di siRNA targeting per 12-14. Pertanto, la microiniezione di brevi RNA interferenti (siRNA) in ovociti offre un valido approccio per esaurire mRNA bersaglio per i test funzionali. Qui, descriviamo i metodi per l&#39;isolamento di ovociti di topo e di siRNA mediata esaurimento delle transcri specificopts per testare la funzione di una proteina essenziale MTOC-associata, pericentrin. Inoltre, si descrivono le condizioni di analisi di immunofluorescenza per valutare la formazione del fuso meiotico in ovociti.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pregnant Mare&#39;s Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)</td>
			<td>EMD Biosciences</td>
			<td>367222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimal Essential Medium (MEM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>*Recipe outlined in Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Earle&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (10x)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-7510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S-5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyruvic Acid, sodium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-5280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin G, potassium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-7794</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin Sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S-9137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G-8540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA, disodium salt dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-4884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential Amino Acids (50x)</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>11130-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Vitamin Mixture (100x)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M-6895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-0290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milrinone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M4659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbryoMax M2 Media with Hepes</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-015-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>siRNAs targeting Pericentrin</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>GS18541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative control siRNAs&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>SI03650318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (16% solution)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30028.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Pericentrin (rabbit)</td>
			<td>Covance</td>
			<td>PRB-432C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-acetylated a-tubulin (mouse)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-6793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbbit Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti -mouse Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Major Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope (SMZ 800)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Micro-injections System</td>
			<td>Eppenforf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro manipulators</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-injection needles (femtotips)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930000035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holding pipettes (VacuTip)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930001015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasticware</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>351008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-well plates</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>176740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>3367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 mm CA Filter System</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>430768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

meiotic spindle assessment in mouse oocytes by sirna-mediated silencing

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon fertilization. The resulting aneuploidy in developing embryos is recognized as a major cause of pregnancy loss and congenital birth defects such as Down&#8217;s syndrome. Accurate chromosome segregation is critically dependent on the formation of the microtubule spindle apparatus, yet this process remains poorly understood in mammalian oocytes. Intriguingly, meiotic spindle assembly differs from mitosis and is regulated, at least in part, by unique microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Assessment of MTOC-associated proteins can provide valuable insight into the regulatory mechanisms that govern meiotic spindle formation and organization. Here, we describe methods to isolate mouse oocytes and deplete MTOC-associated proteins using a siRNA-mediated approach to test function. In addition, we describe oocyte fixation and immunofluorescence analysis conditions to evaluate meiotic spindle formation and organization.

Microiniezione di siRNAs fornisce un approccio efficace per la degradazione dell&#39;mRNA e successiva deplezione proteica in oociti, che consente efficiente e altamente specifico collaudo funzionale di diversi fattori bersaglio in vitro. Successivamente, immunofluorescenza viene utilizzato per l&#39;analisi specifica fenotipo e convalidare deplezione proteica in ovociti siRNA-iniettato. Nell&#39;esempio corrente, marcatura fluorescente di ovociti individuali con DAPI insieme con anticorpi anti-tubulina ed anti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing at JoVE.com

Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Qui, vi presentiamo un protocollo per le specifiche esaurimento mRNA siRNA-mediata seguita da analisi di immunofluorescenza per valutare il montaggio fuso meiotico e l&#39;organizzazione in ovociti di topo. Questo protocollo è adatto a deplezione di trascritti in vitro e valutazione funzionale diverso mandrino e / o fattori MTOC associati in oociti.

Meiotic mandrino valutazione in mouse Ovociti mettendo a tacere siRNA-mediata

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon ...

meiotic-spindle-assessment-mouse-oocytes-sirna-mediated

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.6K Views.  College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia.  Qui, vi presentiamo un protocollo per le specifiche esaurimento mRNA siRNA-mediata seguita da analisi di immunofluorescenza per valutare il montaggio fuso meiotico e l'organizzazione in ovociti di topo. Questo protocollo è adatto a deplezione di trascritti in vitro e valutazione funzionale diverso mandrino e / o fattori MTOC associati in oociti. 

Video: Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying development, differentiation and aging are epigenetic rather than genetic processes. The reversibility of these processes opens exciting perspectives in basic research, and in the more distant future, in regenerative medicine. In the mouse, embryonic stem cells can be derived from cloned preimplantation stage embryos. Such embryonic stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types of the adult organism. Importantly, these cells are genetically identical to the donor. If applicable to human, this would allow the derivation of stem cells from a patient. These cells could then be differentiated into the affected cell type of the patient and studied in vitro, or used to replace the damaged or missing cells. The study of nuclear transfer in the mouse remains important as it can inform us about the principles of nuclear reprogramming. This movie and the accompanying protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer in the mouse, a method initially developed in the group of Prof. Yanagimachi (WAKAYAMA et al. 1998).

This movie and the protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer.

Trasferimento nucleare in oociti mouse

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Retrieval of Mouse Oocytes

To date, only a few studies have reported successful manipulations of Peromyscus embryogenesis or reproductive biology.  Together with the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center (http://stkctr.biol.sc.edu), we are characterizing the salient differences needed to develop this system.  A primary goal has been to optimize oocyte/early embryo retrieval.

This protocol illustrates the technique for extracting oocytes or early-stage fertilized embryos from the oviduct of mice. The ability to identify the infindibulum and insert a blunt end needle into it is essential to correctly performing the procedure.

Recupero degli ovociti mouse

To date, only a few studies have reported successful manipulations of Peromyscus embryogenesis or reproductive biology.  Together with the Peromyscus ...

Collection and Cryopreservation of Hamster Oocytes and Mouse Embryos

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse embryos could be frozen and stored at -196 &deg;C and, a few years later, Parkening et al. 3 reported the birth of live offspring resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF) of cryopreserved oocytes. Since then, the use of cryopreservation techniques has rapidly spread to become an essential component in the practice of human and animal assisted reproduction and in the conservation of animal genetic resources. Currently, there are two main methods used to cryopreserve oocytes and embryos: slow freezing and vitrification. A wide variety of approaches have been used to try to improve both techniques and millions of animals and thousands of children have been born from cryopreserved embryos. However, important shortcomings associated to cryopreservation still have to be overcome, since ice-crystal formation, solution effects and osmotic shock seem to cause several cryoinjuries in post-thawed oocytes and embryos. Slow freezing with programmable freezers has the advantage of using low concentrations of cryoprotectants, which are usually associated with chemical toxicity and osmotic shock, but their ability to avoid ice-crystal formation at low concentrations is limited. Slow freezing also induces supercooling effects that must be avoided using manual or automatic seeding 4. In the vitrification process, high concentrations of cryoprotectants inhibit the formation of ice-crystals and lead to the formation of a glasslike vitrified state in which water is solidified, but not expanded. However, due to the toxicity of cyroprotectants at the concentrations used, oocytes/embryos can only be exposed to the cryoprotectant solution for a very short period of time and in a minimum volume solution, before submerging the samples directly in liquid nitrogen 5. In the last decade, vitrification has become more popular because it is a very quick method in which no expensive equipment (programmable freezer) is required. However, slow freezing continues to be the most widely used method for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. In this video-article we show, step-by-step, how to collect and slowly freeze hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

In this video-article we present a step-by-step demonstration on how to collect and cryopreserve hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

Raccolta e Crioconservazione degli ovociti e di embrioni di topo criceto

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

Imaging in vivo e trattamenti terapeutici in un modello di mouse ortotopico di cancro ovarico

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

Patch clamp e Tecniche di perfusione per la valutazione dei canali ioni Espresso in Xenopus Ovociti

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

Purificazione Citometria a flusso di cellule di topo Meiotic

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

Vivere Imaging calcio cella Combinato con il silenziamento del gene mediata siRNA Identifica Ca 2 + Canali di perdite nella membrana ER e nei relativi meccanismi regolatori

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

Mediata da Agrobacterium Virus-Induced tacere Assay Gene In Cotone

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Long-term Silencing of Intersectin-1s in Mouse Lungs by Repeated Delivery of a Specific siRNA via Cationic Liposomes. Evaluation of Knockdown Effects by Electron Microscopy

Previous studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, induced apoptotic cell death, a major obstacle in developing a cell culture system with prolonged ITSN-1s inhibition1. Using cationic liposomes as carriers, we explored the silencing of ITSN-1s gene in mouse lungs by systemic administration of siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Cationic liposomes offer several advantages for siRNA delivery: safe with repeated dosing, nonimmunogenic, nontoxic, and easy to produce2. Liposomes performance and biological activity depend on their size, charge, lipid composition, stability, dose and route of administration3Here, efficient and specific KDITSN in mouse lungs has been obtained using a cholesterol and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide combination. Intravenous delivery of siRNAITSN/cationic liposome complexes transiently knocked down ITSN-1s protein and mRNA in mouse lungs at day 3, which recovered after additional 3 days. Taking advantage of the cationic liposomes as a repeatable safe carrier, the study extended for 24 days. Thus, retro-orbital treatment with freshly generated complexes was administered every 3rd day, inducing sustained KDITSN throughout the study4. Mouse tissues collected at several time points post-siRNAITSN were subjected to electron microscopy (EM) analyses to evaluate the effects of chronic KDITSN, in lung endothelium. High-resolution EM imaging allowed us to evaluate the morphological changes caused by KDITSN in the lung vascular bed (i.e. disruption of the endothelial barrier, decreased number of caveolae and upregulation of alternative transport pathways), characteristics non-detectable by light microscopy. Overall these findings established an important role of ITSN-1s in the ECs function and lung homeostasis, while illustrating the effectiveness of siRNA-liposomes delivery in vivo.

Repeated retro-orbital injections of cationic liposomes/siRNA/ITSN-1s complexes in mice, every 72 hours for 24 days, efficiently deliver the siRNA duplex to the mouse lung microvasculature reducing ITSN-1s mRNA and protein expression by 75%. This technique is highly reproducible in an animal model, has no adverse effects and avoids fatalities.

Silencing a lungo termine di Intersectin-1s in Polmoni mouse consegna ripetuta di un siRNA specifico tramite liposomi cationici. Valutazione degli effetti Knockdown al microscopio elettronico

Previous  studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic  protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

In Vivo inseguimento 4-dimensionale di emopoietiche staminali e progenitrici celle di topo adulto cranica di Midollo Osseo

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Methods Article

Meiotic mandrino valutazione in mouse Ovociti mettendo a tacere siRNA-mediata