Growing Mycobacterial Biofilm as a Model to Study Antimicrobial Resistance

Summary

This protocol describes a robust method for developing pellicle biofilm. The method is scalable to different culture volumes, allowing easy adoption for various experimental objectives. The method's design enables qualitative or quantitative assessment of the biofilm-forming potential of several mycobacterial species.

Abstract

Many bacteria thrive in intricate natural communities, exhibiting key attributes of multicellularity such as communication, cooperation, and competition. The most prevalent manifestation of bacterial multicellular behavior is the formation of biofilms, often linked to pathogenicity. Biofilms offer a haven against antimicrobial agents, fostering the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The conventional practice of cultivating bacteria in shake flask liquid cultures fails to represent their proper physiological growth in nature, consequently limiting our comprehension of their intricate dynamics. Notably, the metabolic and transcriptional profiles of bacteria residing in biofilms closely resemble those of naturally growing cells. This parallelism underscores the significance of biofilms as an ideal model for foundational and translational research. This article focuses on utilizing Mycobacterium smegmatis as a model organism to illustrate a technique for cultivating pellicle biofilms. The approach is adaptable to various culture volumes, facilitating its implementation for diverse experimental objectives such as antimicrobial studies. Moreover, the method's design enables the qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the biofilm-forming capabilities of different mycobacterial species with minor adjustments.

Introduction

Bacteria are able to survive as single-celled entities; however, in most physiologically relevant conditions, they organize into community mimetics. Biofilm is a widely recognized community organization of bacteria formed by aggregated cells encased in a self-produced matrix¹. Such assembly possesses signatures of early multicellularity and provides higher stress resilience to bacterial systems. Biofilms are often tolerant to antimicrobials and are estimated to be responsible for almost 80% of microbial infections^2,3.

Shake flask and plate-based cultures have....

Protocol

The details of all the reagents and equipment used for the study are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Sauton's media preparation

1. Prepare 50 mL of 2.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution by carefully weighing 1.25 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dissolving it in 50 mL of deionized water.
2. Prepare 50 mL of 2.5% magnesium sulfate solution by weighing 2.56 g of magnesium sulfate and dissolving it in 50 mL of deionized wate.......

Discussion

The multicellular lifestyle of microbes was described almost a century ago; however, clinical studies remain sparse, mostly due to the lack of robust methods¹⁴. Methods described in works on biofilm biology are often difficult to adapt. Here, the detailed methodology, aided by demonstrations of critical steps, is expected to improve the reproducibility of the protocols.

The method of biofilm production described in this article is scalable, requiring a proportional incr.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.2 µM PVDF syringe filter	Axiva	SFNY04 R
1 mL tips	Genetix	GXM-611000 C
10 µL tips	Genetix	GXM-6110 C
200 µL tips	Genetix	GXM-61200C
6-well polypropylene plates	Tarsons	980010
Amber tubes	Tarsons	546051
Autoclave	Hospharma
Biosafety Cabinet A II	MSET
Blotting paper	Any suitable vendor
Centrifuge	Eppendorf
Citric acid	Sigma	251275
Cuvettes	Bio-Rad	2239955
Ferric ammonium citrate	Sigma	F5879
Gel documentation system	Bio-Rad
Glass Beads	Sigma	G8772
Glucose	Sigma	49139
Glycerol	Sigma	G5516
Inoculation loops	Genaxy	HS81121C
L-Aspargine	Sigma	A0884
LB-agar	Himedia	M1151
LB-media	Himedia	M575
M. smegmatis mc2155 cryo-stock	ATCC	700084
Magnesium sulfate	Sigma	M2643
Micropipettes	Gilson
Parafilm	Tarsons
Petri Dish	Tarsons	460020
pH meter	Labman Scientific Instruments
Plate Reader	Tecan
Polypropylene test tubes	Genaxy	GEN-14100-PS
Potassium phosphate monobasic	Sigma	P5379
Rifampicin	MedchemExpress	HY-B0272
Serological pipette	SPL Life Sciences	95210
Shaker Incubator	Eppendorf
Spatula
Spectrophotometer	Thermo Scientific
Static Incubator	CARON
Sterile 10 mL syringe	Becton Dickinson	309642
Sterile 50 mL syringe	Becton Dickinson	309653
Tween-80	Sigma	P1754
Weighing balance	Sartorius
Zinc sulfate	Sigma	Z0251