Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

Summary

We describe here methods for inducing and analyzing olfactory experience-dependent remodeling of antennal lobe synaptic glomeruli in the Drosophila juvenile brain.

Abstract

Early-life olfactory sensory experience induces dramatic synaptic glomeruli remodeling in the Drosophila juvenile brain, which is experientially dose-dependent, temporally restricted, and transiently reversible only in a short, well-defined critical period. The directionality of brain circuit synaptic connectivity remodeling is determined by the specific odorant acting on the respondent receptor class of olfactory sensory neurons. In general, each neuron class expresses only a single odorant receptor and innervates a single olfactory synaptic glomerulus. In the Drosophila genetic model, the full array of olfactory glomeruli has been precisely mapped by odorant responsiveness and behavioral output. Ethyl butyrate (EB) odorant activates Or42a receptor neurons innervating the VM7 glomerulus. During the early-life critical period, EB experience drives dose-dependent synapse elimination in the Or42a olfactory sensory neurons. Timed periods of dosed EB odorant exposure allow investigation of experience-dependent circuit connectivity pruning in juvenile brain. Confocal microscopy imaging of antennal lobe synaptic glomeruli is done with Or42a receptor-driven transgenic markers that provide quantification of synapse number and innervation volume. The sophisticated Drosophila genetic toolkit enables the systematic dissection of the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating brain circuit remodeling.

Introduction

The remodeling of juvenile brain circuits during early life represents the last chance for large-scale synaptic connectivity changes to match the highly variable, unpredictable environment into which an animal is born. As the most abundant group of animals, insects share this evolutionarily conserved, foundational critical period remodeling mechanism¹. Critical periods open with the onset of sensory input, exhibit reversible circuit changes to optimize connectivity, and then close when stabilization forces resist further remodeling². Insects are particularly reliant on olfactory sensory information and show a well-define....

Protocol

1. Odorant exposure

1. Using a fine paintbrush, sort 40-50 developmentally-staged animals as pharate dark pupae (90+ h post-pupariation at 25 °C) into 25 mm x 95 mm polystyrene Drosophila vials containing standard cornmeal molasses food (Figure 1A).
2. Place fine stainless-steel wire mesh over the end of the Drosophila vials to contain the flies while also allowing good airflow. Secure the wire mesh caps with taped transparent film onto.......

Discussion

The odorant exposure and brain imaging protocol presented here can be used to reliably induce and quantify experience-dependent olfactory sensory neuron synaptic glomeruli pruning during an early-life critical period. Earlier studies utilizing this treatment paradigm to explore olfactory circuit remodeling began odorant exposure on the 2^nd day after eclosion^3,4,5. In contrast, we begin odorant exposure in pharate pupa.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
For Odor Exposure
Drosophila vials	Genesee Scientific	32-110
Ethyl butyrate	Sigma Aldrich	E15701
Microcentrifuge tubes	Fisher Scientific	05-408-129
Mineral oil	Sigma Aldrich	M3516
Odor chambers	Glasslock
Paint brushes	Winsor & Newton	Series 233
Parafilm	Thermofisher	S37440
Wire mesh	Scienceware	378460000
Brain Dissection
Ethanol, 190 proof	Decon Labs	2801	Diluted to 70%
Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11251-30	Dumont #5
Paraformaldehyde	Electron Microscope Sciences	157-8	Diluted to 4%
Petri dishes	Fisher Scientific	08-757-100B
Phosphate-buffered saline	Thermo Fisher Scientific	70011-044	Diluted to 1x
Sucrose	Fisher Scientific	BP220-1
Sylgard	Electron Microscope Sciences	24236-10
Triton-X 100	Fisher Scientific	BP151-100
Brain Immunocytochemistry
488 goat anti-chicken	Invitrogen	A11039
546 goat anti-rat	Invitrogen	A11081
Bovine serum albumin	Sigma Aldrich	A9647
Chicken anti-GFP	Abcam	13970
Coverslips	Avantor	48366-067	25 x 25 mm
Double-sided tape	Scotch	34-8724-5228-8
Fluoromount-G	Electron Microscope Sciences	17984-25
Microscope slides	Fisher Scientific	12-544-2	75 x 25 mm
Nail polish	Sally Hansen	109	Xtreme Wear, Invisible
Normal goat serum	Sigma Aldrich	G9023
Rat anti-CadN	Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank	AB_528121
Confocal/Analysis
Any computer/laptop
Confocal microscope	Carl Zeiss		Zeiss 510 META
Fiji software	Fiji		Version 2.14.0/1.54f