Transfection of a Molecular Clone of Naegleria gruberi rDNA into N. gruberi Trophozoites

Summary

This protocol describes a methodology to transfect Naegleria gruberi trophozoites with a construct that is maintained throughout passaging trophozoites in vitro, as well as through encystment and excystment.

Abstract

All ribosomal genes of Naegleria trophozoites are maintained in a closed circular extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing element (CERE). While little is known about the CERE, a complete genome sequence analysis of three Naegleria species clearly demonstrates that there are no rDNA cistrons in the nuclear genome. Furthermore, a single DNA origin of replication has been mapped in the N. gruberi CERE, supporting the hypothesis that CERE replicates independently of the nuclear genome. This CERE characteristic suggests that it may be possible to use engineered CERE to introduce foreign proteins into Naegleria trophozoites. As the first step in exploring the use of a CERE as a vector in Naegleria, we developed a protocol to transfect N. gruberi with a molecular clone of the N. gruberi CERE cloned into pGEM7zf+ (pGRUB). Following transfection, pGRUB was readily detected in N. gruberi trophozoites for at least seven passages, as well as through encystment and excystment. As a control, trophozoites were transfected with the backbone vector, pGEM7zf+, without the N. gruberi sequences (pGEM). pGEM was not detected after the first passage following transfection into N. gruberi, indicating its inability to replicate in a eukaryotic organism. These studies describe a transfection protocol for Naegleria trophozoites and demonstrate that the bacterial plasmid sequence in pGRUB does not inhibit successful transfection and replication of the transfected CERE clone. Furthermore, this transfection protocol will be critical in understanding the minimal sequence of the CERE that drives its replication in trophozoites, as well as identifying regulatory regions in the non-ribosomal sequence (NRS).

Introduction

The Naegleria genus contains over 45 species, although it is unlikely that all members of the species have been identified¹. Naegleria can exist in different forms: as trophozoites (amoebae), as flagellates, or, when resources are severely limited, as cysts^1,2,3,4. The Naegleria genus is recognized for its one particularly dangerous species, Naegleria fowleri, known as 'the brain-eating amoeba' (reviewed in^1,2,<....

Protocol

The details of the species, reagents, and equipment used in this study are listed in the Table of Materials. The sequence of the 17,004 base pair pGRUB construct is provided in Supplementary File 1.

1. Culturing trophozoites

1. Thaw frozen N. gruberi trophozoites at 37 °C for 3 min.
2. Inoculate trophozoites into T25 flasks in modified peptone/yeast extract/nucleic acid/folic acid/hemin with 10% fetal calf serum (.......

Discussion

The protocol outlined herein is very straightforward, although every construct will likely require some degree of optimization, particularly of the DNA-transfection reagent ratio, depending on the nature of the construct and the species of Naegleria used. We have only tested one commercially available transfection reagent using this protocol, but it is likely that several others may be effective. Given that a full-length clone of the CERE is used, containing a functional origin of replication and thus replicatin.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Agarose	Bio Rad	161-3102
Ammonium Acetate	Sigma Aldrich	A-7330
Calcium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	C-4901
Crushed ice
Culture Flasks, T-75	Thermo Scientific	130190
Culture Plate, 6-well	Corning	3506
DNAse	Sigma Aldrich	D-4527
EDTA, 0.5 M	Affymetrix	15694
Electropheresis Gel Apparatus	Amersham Biosciences	80-6052-45
Eppendorf Tubes, 1.5 mL	Fisher Scientific	05-408-129
Eppendorf Tubes, 2 mL	Fisher Scientific	05-408-138
Ethanol, 100%	Decon Laboratories	2716
Ethidium Bromide	Sigma Aldrich	E-8751
Fetal Bovine Serum	Gibco	26140
Folic Acid	Sigma Aldrich	F7876-25G
GeneRuler 1 kb Plus Ladder	Thermo Scientific	SM1331
Glacial Acetic Acid	Fisher Scientific	UN2789
GoTaq Green PCR Master Mix	Promega	M7122
Heating Block	Thermo Scientific	88871001
Hemacytometer	Hausser Scientific	1483
Hemin	Sigma Aldrich	51280
Iron Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	372870-256
Ligase	NEB	M2200S
Magneisum Chloride	Fisher Scientific	M33-500
Microfuge	Thermo Scientific	MySpin 12
Microscope	Nikon	TMS
N. gruberi	ATCC	30224
Nucleic Acid	Chem Impex Int’l	#01625
Peptone	Gibco	211677
pGEM	Promega	P2251
Potassium Phosphate	Sigma Aldrich	P0662-500G
PowerPac HC Electropharesis Power Supply Unit	Bio Rad	1645052
Sodium Chloride	MCB Reagents	SX0420
Sodium Phosphate, dibasic	Sigma Aldrich	S2554
Tabletop Centrifuge	eppendorf	5415R
Tris, base	Sigma Aldrich	T1503-1KG
Trypan Blue, 0.4%	Gibco	15250-061
ViaFect Reagent	Promega	E4981
Weigh Scale	Denver Instruments	APX-60
Yeast Extract	Gibco	212750