Production and Multi-Parameter Live Cell Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) of Multicellular Spheroids

Summary

Here, we describe different multicellular spheroid formation methods to perform follow-up multi-parameter live cell microscopy. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), cellular autofluorescence, staining dyes, and nanoparticles, the approach for analysis of cell metabolism, hypoxia, and cell death in live three-dimensional (3D) cancer and stem cell-derived spheroids is demonstrated.

Abstract

Multicellular tumor spheroids are a popular 3D tissue microaggregate model for reproducing tumor microenvironment, testing and optimizing drug therapies and using bio- and nanosensors in a 3D context. Their ease of production, predictable size, growth, and observed nutrient and metabolite gradients are important to recapitulate the 3D niche-like cell microenvironment. However, spheroid heterogeneity and variability of their production methods can influence overall cell metabolism, viability, and drug response. This makes it difficult to choose the most appropriate methodology, considering the requirements in size, variability, needs of biofabrication, and use as in vitro 3D tissue models in stem and cancer cell biology. In particular, spheroid production can influence their compatibility with quantitative live microscopies, such as optical metabolic imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), monitoring of spheroid hypoxia with nanosensors, or viability. Here, a number of conventional spheroid formation protocols are presented, highlighting their compatibility with the live widefield, confocal, and two-photon microscopies. The follow-up imaging to analysis pipeline with multiplexed autofluorescence FLIM and, using various types of cancer and stem cell spheroids, is also presented.

Introduction

Multicellular spheroids represent a group of 3D tissue models obtained by the self-aggregation of cells and exhibiting a spherical shape. They are widely used to mimic cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction in vitro and to reproduce a 3D context within a multitude of cancer and stem cell-derived constructs. Several techniques are employed to reduce cell attachment and promote the aggregation. These include the hanging-drop method relying on the surface tension¹; cell attachment repelling methods such as ultra-low attachment plates, micro-molds, and microwells^2,3; acoustic w....

Protocol

1. Generation of multicellular spheroids

1. Cell culture
   NOTE: Cell cultures can be collected from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Lonza, Sigma-Aldrich, or other vendors. ATCC provides all required handling information, including preferred growth media, subculturing procedures, biosafety level, growth rate, and STR profiles. Here, 500 cells/spheroid of human colon cancer cell line HCT116 is used in McCoy's 5A media (VWR, 392-0420) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1 mM S.......

Discussion

Multicellular spheroids are becoming a method of choice in the studies of tumor and stem cell niche microenvironments, drug discovery, and development of the 'tissue building blocks' for biofabrication. Spheroids' heterogeneous internal architecture, gradients of nutrients and oxygenation can mimic those of in vivo tissues and tumors in a relatively simplified and accessible setting. With the need for more methodological transparency^26,28 and.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.05% Trypsin-EDTA	Gibco	25300-054	Also available from Sigma
10 mL serological pipets	VWR	612-3700	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
12 well cell-culture plates, sterile	Greiner bio-one	665-180	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning and other companies.
12 Well Chamber slide, removable	Ibidi	81201	Also available from Grace Bio-Labs, ThermoFisher Scientific and others
15 mL centrifuge tubes	Nerbe plus	02-502-3001	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
3D Petri Dish micromolds	Microtissue	Z764000-6EA
6 well cell-culture plates, sterile	Greiner bio-one	657160	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
70% ethanol	ChemLab	CL02.0537.5000
Biofloat	Sarstedt	83.3925.400	Commercial available coated 96-well plate for spheroid formation
Calcein Green-AM	Tebubio	AS-89201	Apply in dilution 1:1000
CellSens Dimension software	Olympus	version 3
Collagen from human placenta, type IV	Sigma	C5533	For the preparation of 0.07 mg/mL Collagen and 0.03 mg/mL Poly-D-lysine coated microscopy dishes
Confocal FLIM Microscope	Leica Microsystems	N/A	Stellaris 8 Falcon inverted microscope with white-light laser, HyD X detectors, climate / T control chamber (OkoLab), 25x/0.95 W objective
D(+)-Glucose	Merck	8342	Prepare 1 M stock solution, 1:100 for preparation of imaging medium (final concentration 10 mM)
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), phenol red-, glucose-, pyruvate- and glutamine-free	Sigma-Aldrich	D5030-10X1L	For preparation of imaging medium
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	Gibco	10270-098	Also available from Sigma. Needs to be heat-inactivated before use.
HEPES (1M)	Gibco	15630-080	Dilution 1/100 for preparation of imaging medium (final concentration 10 mM)
Human colon cancer cells HCT116	ATCC
ImageJ	NIH	version 1.54f
Leica Application Suite X (LAS X)	Leica Microsystems	version 4.6.1.27508
L-glutamine	Gibco	25030	Also available from Sigma. Apply in dilution 1:100.
Lipidure-CM5206	Amsbio	AMS.52000034GB1G
McCoy's 5A, need addition of 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate and 10 mM HEPES	VWR	392-0420	Standard growth medium for HCT116 cells
micro-patterned 3D-printed PDMS stamps	N/A	N/A	Provided by the Centre for Microsystems Technology, Professor Dr. Jan Vanfleteren, Ghent University
NaCl	Chemlab	CL00.1429.100
Neubauer couting chamber	Fisher Scientific	15980396
O2 probes: MMIR1	N/A	N/A	Full characterization, validation and some applications can be found at: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571110 v1
PBS	Fisher scientific	Gibco18912014	Dissolve PBS tablet in 500 mL of distilled water.
Pen Strep :Penicillin (10,000 U/mL) / streptomycin (10,000 μg/mL) 100x solution	Gibco	15140-122	Also available from Sigma. Apply in dilution 1:100.
Poly-D-lysine	Sigma	P6407-5mg	For the preparation of 0.07 mg/mL Collagen and 0.03 mg/mL Poly-D-lysine coated microscopy dishes
Propidium Iodide	Sigma-Aldrich	25535-16-4	Cell death staining, use 1 µg/mL at 1h incubation
PVDF syringe filter 0.22 µm	Novolab	A35149	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
Sodium pyruvate (100 mM)	Gibco	11360-070	Dilution 1/100 for preparation of imaging medium (final concentration 1mM)
SphericalPlate 5D 24-well	Kugelmeiers	SP5D-24W
sterile petridish	Greiner bio-one	633181	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
Tissue culture flask (25 cm² )	VWR	734-2311	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
Tissue culture flask (75 cm²)	VWR	734-2313	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, VWR and other companies
U-bottom 96-well plate	VWR	10062-900	Similar products are also available from Sarstedt, Corning, Greiner Bio-one and other companies
Ultrapure Agarose	Invitrogen (Life Technologies)	16500-500	Other types of Agarose such as Agarose low melting point (A-9414, Sigma), Agarose for routine use (A-9539, Sigma)
Widefield fluorescence inverted microscope	Olympus	N/A	Inverted fluorescence microscope IX81, with motorised Z-axis control, CoolLED pE4000 (16 channels, 365-770 nm), ORCA-Flash4.0LT (Hamamatsu) cMOS camera, glass warming plate Okolab, CellSens Dimension v.3 software and air objectives 4x/0.13 UPlanFLN and 40x/0.6 LUCPlanFLN. (Optional, for high-resolution imaging) 60x/1.0 LUMPLFLN water