Marc Wozniak for the use of Department of Cell and Developmental Biology videography equipment.
Vanderbilt University Cell Imaging Shared Resource.
This work is supported by AHA grant 12PRE10950005 to ERP, AHA grant 11GRNT7690040 to DMB, NIH grant R01 HL037675 to DMB. DMB is the Gladys P. Stahlman Chair in Cardiovascular Research.

Ensure all procedures involving animals are approved by the appropriate animal use and care body.
1.&#160;Prepare Stock Buffers in Advance
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 2 L stock Ca2+ free Tyrode&#8217;s (Table 1). Adjust the pH to 7.4 with NaOH.</li>
	<li>Prepare 2 L stock 1.2 mM Ca2+ Tyrode&#8217;s (Table 2). Adjust the pH to 7.4 with NaOH.</li>
</ol>
2.&#160;On the Day of the Experiment, Prepare Perfusion, Transfer, and Dig...

<ol>
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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HL-1+cells:+A+cardiac+muscle+cell+line+that+contracts+and+retains+phenotypic+characteristics+of+the+adult+cardiomyocyte.">HL-1 cells: A cardiac muscle cell line that contracts and retains phenotypic characteristics of the adult cardiomyocyte.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 95, 2979-2984 (1998).</li><li>Kaestner, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Genetic+Manipulation+of+Adult+Cardiac+Myocytes+for+Confocal+Imaging.">Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging.</a> J Vis Exp. (31), e1433 (2009).</li><li>Vainio, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neronostatin,+a+Novel+Peptide+Encoded+by+Somatostatin+Gene,+Regulates+Cardiac+Contractile+Function+and+Cardiomyocytes+Survival.">Neronostatin, a Novel Peptide Encoded by Somatostatin Gene, Regulates Cardiac Contractile Function and Cardiomyocytes Survival.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287, 4572-4580 (2012).</li><li>Park, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+mechanisms+for+caspase+inhibition+protecting+cardiac+function+wth+chronic+pressure+overload.">Novel mechanisms for caspase inhibition protecting cardiac function wth chronic pressure overload.</a> Basic Research in Cardiology. , 108 (2013).</li><li>Novaes, R. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Na+/K+-ATPase+a2-isoform+preferntially+modulates+Ca2++transients+and+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+Ca2++release+in+cardiac+myocytes.">Na+/K+-ATPase a2-isoform preferntially modulates Ca2+ transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 95, 480-486 (2012).</li><li>Touchberry, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF23+is+a+novel+regulator+of+intracellular+calcium+and+cardiac+contractility+in+addition+to+cardiac+hypertophy.">FGF23 is a novel regulator of intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility in addition to cardiac hypertophy.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. , (2013).</li><li>Helmes, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titin+Determines+the+Frank-Starling+Relation+in+Early+Diastole.">Titin Determines the Frank-Starling Relation in Early Diastole.</a> The Journal of General Physiology. 121, 97-110 (2003).</li><li>Bell, R. M., Mocanu, M. M., Yellon, D. 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We have nothing to disclose.

Isolation of quality cardiomyocytes requires some level of practice and optimization. This protocol contains key steps that can greatly affect the outcome of the digestion. These should be considered carefully when performing and troubleshooting the protocol. The time from removal of the heart to cannulation and perfusion should be minimized, ideally less than five minutes. Rinsing the heart immediately in ice-cold perfusion buffer after removing from the mouse and dissecting and cannulating the heart in ice-cold buffer ...

Cardiomyocytes provide the contractile force for the heart. Each myocyte contains organized cytoskeletal and contractile elements essential to contraction. The heart not only contains cardiomyocytes but also fibroblasts, connective tissue, and modified myocytes such as Purkinje fibers. Changes in any or all of these cell types can be seen in heart failure, making determination of the ultimate cause of heart dysfunction difficult. Decreased ventricular contractility of a failing heart is preceded by varying degrees of fibrous tissue build-up and hypertrophy and dysfunction of the cardiomyocytes1. Arrhythmias can be caused by dysfunction in the conducting cells2, fibrosis interrupting cardiac conduction3, or changes in the expression of ion channels in cardiomyocytes1,4. Indeed, these problems often co-exist in a complicated fashion.
Isolating and studying cardiomyocytes allows one to examine contractile and electrical dysfunction of individual myocytes in the context of overall heart function. Techniques to isolate individual cardiac myocytes were developed over 40 years ago in an effort to better study physiology of this &#8216;workhorse&#8217; cell of the heart. Isolation techniques have been improved to increase yield and quality of cells, with the vital development of coronary perfusion via cannulation of the aorta, first performed in 19705. This article describes cardiomyocyte isolation followed by measurement of contractility and calcium transients using ratiometric fluorescence and cell dimensioning data acquisition software. In both genetic and environmental models of heart disease, utilizing this protocol provides key information about cell contractility, sarcomeric contractility and relaxation, calcium transients, and cytoskeletal disruption. This system is often used to test the effect of drugs on isolated cardiomyocytes6,7. We employ the system to compare contractility and calcium transients of cardiomyocytes between wild type mice and mice with a mutation leading to dilated cardiomyopathy.
Studying individual cardiac myocytes has numerous advantages over other commonly used methods to study cardiac anatomy and physiology. Echocardiography and electrocardiography provide information about the contractile function and electrical conduction of the heart overall. Neither of these methods explains the cause or nature of the dysfunction below the level of the whole organ. Measuring contractility of individual cardiomyocytes using edge-detection and sarcomere length algorithms can demonstrate that changes within the contractile cell of the heart are present within global heart dysfunction. Measuring calcium transients demonstrates the influence of changes in ion flux at a cellular level to contractile dysfunction or arrhythmias.
In addition to complementing whole organ studies, this protocol provides cells easily stained for sub-cellular components. It is possible to see cytoskeletal changes by staining tissue sections of the whole heart; however, one is only able to visualize a cross section of cells. A whole cardiomyocyte is thicker than the typical tissue section, and given the arrangement and length of the cardiomyocytes, it is difficult to see whole cells in a single section. Isolated cardiomyocytes can be fixed immediately and stained for a variety of cytoskeletal elements and ion channels. Confocal images can be compiled into full thickness z-stacks of the cell. Additionally, staining isolated cardiac myocytes allows for staining of components that are impossible to visualize in sections, such as the membrane invaginations known as t-tubules.
Cultured cell lines of cardiac myocytes do exist, some of which have similar transcriptional profiles and phenotypic features to cardiac myocytes. Some, such as the HL-1 cell line, even retain some sarcomeric organization and rudimentary contractile ability8. Despite these qualities, cultured cells lack the &#8220;box car&#8221; shape and t-tubule structure of cardiomyocytes and have less sarcomeric organization. These components are essential to the function of cardiomyocytes in vivo. In addition, using cultured cells allows genetic manipulation but not in vivo physiologic manipulation. Isolated cardiomyocytes retain their cellular organization long enough to study but are still easily imaged and even transduced9. 
Isolated cardiomyocytes are extremely versatile, providing a substrate to identically analyze cells from varied experimental conditions. Isolation and physiological analysis of myocytes have been used by countless labs for a variety of experiments including studying the effect of drugs6,7 or small molecules10, environmental stressors11, infection12, illness13, or genetic mutation14,15 on contractility and/or calcium transients and studying the regulation of contractility and calcium release within a cardiomyocyte15-17. With the application of any of these stressors, changes in heart function could be due to any combination of changes in the cardiomyocytes themselves and changes in the surrounding environment of the heart, such as scarring, changes in conductivity, or changes to the extracellular matrix. This is an ideal protocol for answering research questions regarding individual myocyte structure and function in the context of heart failure from any cause.
Although it has countless advantages over other techniques, physiological analysis of isolated cardiomyocytes is not ideal for every research question. Isolation is a terminal procedure, thus cardiomyocytes can only be assessed at one time in the mouse&#8217;s life. This can be partially overcome using cohorts and sacrificing individual mice along the course of illness development or by monitoring the mouse to determine whether it has clinically significant heart failure before isolation. Although this protocol can determine whether cardiomyocyte dysfunction has occurred, one cannot draw the conclusion that this dysfunction is the root cause of heart failure without additional experimental information. It is possible that cardiomyocyte dysfunction itself is secondary to other changes in the heart. Despite these challenges, studying cardiomyocytes offers valuable information in determining the nature of dysfunction in the heart, especially when combined with other experiments. 
The following protocol is adapted from one provided by Dr. Chee Lim, Vanderbilt University. Although contractility and calcium flux data are highly reproducible and useful in comparing hearts with genetic or environmental manipulation, isolation itself remains a technique dependent protocol, requiring optimization. Minimizing the time between removing the heart from the mouse and perfusing the heart via aortic cannulation is essential for a quality digestion. In addition, digestion time and enzyme concentration can be optimized for the highest quality myocytes. Steps likely requiring optimization, along with suggestions for optimization, are noted below.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">RPI</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S23020</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P-3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:253px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">M-8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">EM Science</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:253px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:253px;">CaCl2 &#376; 2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">C79</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">G7528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">2,3-Butanedione-monoxime (BDM)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">B-0753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Taurine</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">T-0625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">A-7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Collagenase B</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1-088-823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Collagenase D</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1-088-882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Protease XIV</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P-5147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">401586D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Butler Schein</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Fura-2 AM</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Teflabs</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">DMSO &#8211; anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:253px;">IonOptix cell pacing and fluorescent analysis system</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">IonOptix</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">250 um nylon mesh filter</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sefar America</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Lab Pak 03-250/50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">23G leur-stub adaptor</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1482619E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">PE-50 tubing</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">427410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and physiological analysis of mouse cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes, the workhorse cell of the heart, contain exquisitely organized cytoskeletal and contractile elements that generate the contractile force used to pump blood. Individual cardiomyocytes were first isolated over 40 years ago in order to better study the physiology and structure of heart muscle. Techniques have rapidly improved to include enzymatic digestion via coronary perfusion. More recently, analyzing the contractility and calcium flux of isolated myocytes has provided a vital tool in the cellular and sub-cellular analysis of heart failure. Echocardiography and EKGs provide information about the heart at an organ level only. Cardiomyocyte cell culture systems exist, but cells lack physiologically essential structures such as organized sarcomeres and t-tubules required for myocyte function within the heart. In the protocol presented here, cardiomyocytes are isolated via Langendorff perfusion. The heart is removed from the mouse, mounted via the aorta to a cannula, perfused with digestion enzymes, and cells are introduced to increasing calcium concentrations. Edge and sarcomere detection software is used to analyze contractility, and a calcium binding fluorescent dye is used to visualize calcium transients of electrically paced cardiomyocytes; increasing understanding of the role cellular changes play in heart dysfunction. Traditionally used to test drug effects on cardiomyocytes, we employ this system to compare myocytes from WT mice and mice with a mutation that causes dilated cardiomyopathy. This protocol is unique in its comparison of live cells from mice with known heart function and known genetics. Many experimental conditions are reliably compared, including genetic or environmental manipulation, infection, drug treatment, and more. Beyond physiologic data, isolated cardiomyocytes are easily fixed and stained for cytoskeletal elements. Isolating cardiomyocytes via perfusion is an extremely versatile method, useful in studying cellular changes that accompany or lead to heart failure in a variety of experimental conditions.

Once the contractility and transient tracings are collected (Figure 2), data are easily analyzed with the appropriate software. The whole tracing, or portions thereof can be averaged (Figure 3). Contractility can be analyzed in a variety of ways. For systolic function, one can assess the magnitude of contraction with fractional shortening, or speed of contraction with time to peak shortening, and contraction velocity. Diastolic function can be analyzed similarly with time to 50% shorteni...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Individual cardiomyocytes from wild type and mutant mice can be isolated from the heart in order to study their contractility and calcium transients. This allows characterization of the contribution of cellular dysfunction to heart dysfunction from any cause.

Cardiomyocytes, the workhorse cell of the heart, contain exquisitely organized cytoskeletal and contractile elements that generate the contractile force ...

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22.7K ビュー.  Vanderbilt University.  Individual cardiomyocytes from wild type and mutant mice can be isolated from the heart in order to study their contractility and calcium transients. This allows characterization of the contribution of cellular dysfunction to heart dysfunction from any cause. 