This work was supported by the Ronald Peter Griggs Memorial Fellowship in ALS Research (to KP) and a Neuromuscular Research Partnership Program grant from the CIHR, the ALS Society of Canada, and Muscular Dystrophy Canada (JNM-69682) to CK and FMR. Additional support was also provided by the ALS Society of America (57969). We would like to thank Dr. R. Keith Humphries from the Terry Fox Laboratory/Department of Pathology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada and the staff at the Simon Fraser University Animal Care Unit.

NOTE: Ethics Statement: This protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University (UACC; permit numbers 1037K-12 and 1060K-03) and is in compliance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care, the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the EEC Council Directive.
1. Special Considerations
NOTE: Busulfan is cytotoxic. Handle and dispose according to the material safety data sheet and institutional guidelines.</p...

<ol>
	<li>Ginhoux, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+Mapping+Analysis+Reveals+That+Adult+Microglia+Derive+from+Primitive+Macrophages.">Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages.</a> Science. 330 (6005), 841-845 (2010).</li><li>Hickey, W. F., Kimura, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perivascular+microglial+cells+of+the+CNS+are+bone+marrow-derived+and+present+antigen+in+vivo.">Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo.</a> Science (New York, N. Y.). 239 (4837), 290-292 (1988).</li><li>Duran-Struuck, R., Dysko, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+bone+marrow+transplantation+(BMT):+providing+optimal+veterinary+and+husbandry+care+to+irradiated+mice+in+BMT+studies.">Principles of bone marrow transplantation (BMT): providing optimal veterinary and husbandry care to irradiated mice in BMT studies.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS. 48 (1), 11-22 (2009).</li><li>Jimenez, M., Ercilla, G., Martinez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+reconstitution+after+allogeneic+stem+cell+transplantation+with+reduced-intensity+conditioning+regimens.">Immune reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning regimens.</a> Leukemia. 21 (8), 1628-1637 (2007).</li><li>Ellen Nath, C., John Shaw, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Busulphan+in+blood+and+marrow+transplantation:+dose,+route,+frequency+and+role+of+therapeutic+drug+monitoring.">Busulphan in blood and marrow transplantation: dose, route, frequency and role of therapeutic drug monitoring.</a> Current clinical pharmacology. 2 (1), 75-91 (2007).</li><li>Galaup, A., Paci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacology+of+dimethanesulfonate+alkylating+agents:+busulfan+and+treosulfan.">Pharmacology of dimethanesulfonate alkylating agents: busulfan and treosulfan.</a> Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism &amp; Toxicology. 9 (3), 333-347 (2013).</li><li>Lewis, C. -. A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelosuppressive+Conditioning+Using+Busulfan+Enables+Bone+Marrow+Cell+Accumulation+in+the+Spinal+Cord+of+a+Mouse+Model+of+Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis.">Myelosuppressive Conditioning Using Busulfan Enables Bone Marrow Cell Accumulation in the Spinal Cord of a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (4), e60661 (2013).</li><li>Capotondo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+conditioning+is+instrumental+for+successful+microglia+reconstitution+following+hematopoietic+stem+cell+transplantation.">Brain conditioning is instrumental for successful microglia reconstitution following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (37), 15018-15023 (2012).</li><li>Wilkinson, F. L., Sergijenko, A., Langford-Smith, K. J., Malinowska, M., Wynn, R. F., Bigger, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Busulfan+Conditioning+Enhances+Engraftment+of+Hematopoietic+Donor-derived+Cells+in+the+Brain+Compared+With+Irradiation.">Busulfan Conditioning Enhances Engraftment of Hematopoietic Donor-derived Cells in the Brain Compared With Irradiation.</a> Molecular Therapy. 21 (4), 868-876 (2013).</li><li>Lampron, A., Pimentel-Coelho, P. M., Rivest, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+of+bone+marrow-derived+cells+into+the+CNS+in+models+of+neurodegeneration:+Naturally+Occurring+Migration+of+BMDC+into+the+CNS.">Migration of bone marrow-derived cells into the CNS in models of neurodegeneration: Naturally Occurring Migration of BMDC into the CNS.</a> Journal of Comparative Neurology. , 3863-3876 (2013).</li><li>Kierdorf, K., Katzmarski, N., Haas, C. A., Prinz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+Marrow+Cell+Recruitment+to+the+Brain+in+the+Absence+of+Irradiation+or+Parabiosis+Bias.">Bone Marrow Cell Recruitment to the Brain in the Absence of Irradiation or Parabiosis Bias.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (3), e58544 (2013).</li><li>Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., McNagny, K. M., Rossi, F. M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infiltrating+monocytes+trigger+EAE+progression,+but+do+not+contribute+to+the+resident+microglia+pool.">Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 14 (9), 1142-1149 (2011).</li><li>Down, J. D., Tarbell, N. J., Thames, H. D., Mauch, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syngeneic+and+allogeneic+bone+marrow+engraftment+after+total+body+irradiation:+dependence+on+dose,+dose+rate,+and+fractionation.">Syngeneic and allogeneic bone marrow engraftment after total body irradiation: dependence on dose, dose rate, and fractionation.</a> Blood. 77 (3), 661-669 (1991).</li><li>Van Pel, M., van Breugel, D. W. J. G., Vos, W., Ploemacher, R. E., Boog, C. J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+myeloablative+regimen+with+clinical+potential:+I.+Treosulfan+conditioning+and+bone+marrow+transplantation+allow+induction+of+donor-specific+tolerance+for+skin+grafts+across+full+MHC+barriers.">Towards a myeloablative regimen with clinical potential: I. Treosulfan conditioning and bone marrow transplantation allow induction of donor-specific tolerance for skin grafts across full MHC barriers.</a> Bone Marrow Transplantation. 32 (1), 15-22 (2003).</li><li>Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., Tetzlaff, W., Rossi, F. M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+self-renewal+can+sustain+CNS+microglia+maintenance+and+function+throughout+adult+life.">Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 10 (12), 1538-1543 (2007).</li><li>Andersson, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioning+therapy+with+intravenous+busulfan+and+cyclophosphamide+(IV+BuCy2)+for+hematologic+malignancies+prior+to+allogeneic+stem+cell+transplantation:+a+phase+II+study.">Conditioning therapy with intravenous busulfan and cyclophosphamide (IV BuCy2) for hematologic malignancies prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a phase II study.</a> Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 8 (3), 145-154 (2002).</li><li>Hassan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+and+plasma+concentrations+of+busulfan+during+high-dose+therapy.">Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations of busulfan during high-dose therapy.</a> Bone Marrow Transplantation. 4 (1), 113-114 (1989).</li><li>Hassan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+distribution+of+[11C]-busulfan+in+cynomolgus+monkey+and+in+the+brain+of+a+human+patient.">In vivo distribution of [11C]-busulfan in cynomolgus monkey and in the brain of a human patient.</a> Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 30 (2), 81-85 (1992).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Fractalkine+Receptor+CX3CR1+Function+by+Targeted+Deletion+and+Green+Fluorescent+Protein+Reporter+Gene+Insertion.">Analysis of Fractalkine Receptor CX3CR1 Function by Targeted Deletion and Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Gene Insertion.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (11), 4106-4114 (2000).</li><li>Harrison, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competitive+repopulation:+a+new+assay+for+long-term+stem+cell+functional+capacity.">Competitive repopulation: a new assay for long-term stem cell functional capacity.</a> Blood. 55 (1), 77-81 (1980).</li><li>Evans, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+intravital+imaging+reveals+that+blood-derived+macrophages+but+not+resident+microglia+facilitate+secondary+axonal+dieback+in+traumatic+spinal+cord+injury.">High-resolution intravital imaging reveals that blood-derived macrophages but not resident microglia facilitate secondary axonal dieback in traumatic spinal cord injury.</a> Experimental Neurology. 254, 109-120 (2014).</li></ol>

Busulfan conditioning allows for the generation of high-level BM chimerism in mice with hematopoietic cells that are readily detectable. This conditioning can be performed without the need for irradiation facilities. Moreover, myelosuppression with the doses of busulfan outlined in this protocol is well tolerated, minimizing toxic side effects caused by myeloablative doses of irradiation, and thus may be a more suitable technique to generate BM chimerism in young, old, or diseased mice that are more susceptible to myeloa...

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the roles of microglia and bone marrow (BM)-derived cells (BMDCs) in the central nervous system (CNS), both during disease as well as with normal aging. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, are now known to develop in the CNS following the entry of primitive myeloid progenitors during embryogenesis1. Microglia retain aspects of their myelomonocytic lineage well into adult life. While evidence suggests that the contribution of BMDCs to the microglial pool is minimal in healthy adult animals1, the role BMDCs play in the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. This uncertainty is compounded by the fact that it is difficult to distinguish BMDCs that accumulate within the CNS from endogenous resident microglia, as no universally accepted discriminating immunohistochemical marker has been identified. In order to monitor BMDCs in vivo, we employ a BM transplantation (BMT) protocol whereby endogenous BM cells of a recipient mouse are replaced with those of a donor mouse ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the &#946;-actin promoter. This protocol permits the determination of both the localization and morphology of GFP+ BMDCs within the recipient mouse using immunohistochemistry, and facilitates further characterization of these cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by subsequent biochemical assays. 
For a successful BMT, recipient BM cells need to be ablated (termed myeloablation) in order to generate niche space within the recipient BM to allow for donor cell engraftment. Often, myeloablation is achieved using total body gamma irradiation which induces double strand breaks in DNA that leads to cell death, particularly in actively dividing cells such as hematopoietic progenitor cells2,3. The irradiation protocols are done to induce sufficient BM cell death such that animal lethality results if the recipient animal does not achieve adequate donor cell engraftment from BMT (so called &#8216;lethal irradiation&#8217;). However, irradiation requires a specialized facility and equipment, along with veterinary and animal husbandry resources not available to researchers at all institutions. Furthermore, myeloablative irradiation can cause potentially lethal damage to other tissues, and due to immunosuppresion, irradiated animals are more susceptible to secondary infections3. As such, reduced intensity conditioning (so called &#8216;RIC&#8217; protocols) regimens have been developed that are intended to minimize potentially toxic side effects of the conditioning protocol in patients, particularly for use in at risk populations such as children and the elderly4. 
Some RIC protocols rely upon chemotherapeutics such as busulfan in order to condition the BM compartment. Busulfan is a bifunctional DNA alkylating agent often used clinically as an alternative to irradiation5,6. Notably, busulfan can be safely administered to mice by intraperitoneal (IP) injection and does not require the specialized facilities and equipment necessary to irradiate mice. Busulfan conditioning has been used extensively in our lab7, as well as in several other recent publications8&#8211;11. When doses of 60-100 mg/kg are employed, high degrees of stable chimerism (>80% GFP+ cells) can be established in the peripheral blood and BM7. Importantly, at these doses myeloablation is not complete and as such mice are able to survive without receiving support BM cells (K. Peake, J. Manning, C. Lewis, and C. Krieger, unpublished observations). Moreover, with myelosuppressive busulfan conditioning there is rapid reconstitution of peripheral blood myelomonocytic cells by donor cells. However, the replacement of peripheral blood lymphocytes by donor cells is slower, highlighting the lack of immunosuppression that occurs with 60-100 mg/kg doses of busulfan compared to total body irradiation7. 
We have successfully used busulfan-induced chimerism to investigate BMDCs in wild-type mice, as well as in mouse models of the neurodegenerative disorders amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)7 and Alzheimer disease. It has been observed that under certain conditions significant numbers of GFP+ BMDCs accumulate within the CNS7,12. Importantly, like myeloablative conditioning with irradiation, busulfan conditioning followed by BMT is sufficient to allow for GFP+ BMDC accumulation within the CNS in both wild-type mice, and mice with neurological disorders7&#8211;11. As a major obstacle in treating neurodegenerative disorders is the ability to get therapeutic molecules from the circulation into the CNS where they can exert beneficial effects, this raises the possibility that BMDCs could be engineered to express therapeutic molecules, and subsequently used as a vehicle to deliver therapeutics to the CNS of busulfan conditioned recipients, a mechanism we are actively investigating. Although we have found that myeloablative conditioning with irradiation leads to greater accumulation of GFP+ BMDCs in the CNS compared to busulfan conditioning7, irradiation may have considerable toxicity in patients with neurodegenerative disorders and in murine models of CNS disease.
While we, and many others, have used BMT models to study BMDCs in neurodegenerative disorders, the ability to largely replace the BM compartment of a recipient mouse with a distinctly identifiable population of BM cells is an invaluable tool for studying various aspects of the hematopoietic system. This includes a wide array of research topics such as hematopoietic lineage development, leukemia, organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and immunobiology.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="726">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Busulfex</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Otsuka Canada Pharmaceutical Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIN 02240602</td>
			<td>Dilute busulfan to 3 mg/mL with sterile PBS just prior to use. Busulfan is cytotoxic. Handle and dispose according to the MSDS and institutional guidelines.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ACK Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A10492-01</td>
			<td>Other lysis buffer could be substituted but incubation times may need to be adjusted accordingly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12483-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

busulfan as a myelosuppressive agent for generating stable high-level bone marrow chimerism in mice

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct biomarker isolated from donor mice. This technique allows for identification of donor-derived hematopoietic cells within the recipient mice, and can be used to isolate and characterize donor cells using various biochemical techniques. BMT typically relies on myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation to generate niche space within the BM compartment of recipient mice for donor cell engraftment. The protocol we describe here uses myelosuppressive conditioning with the chemotherapeutic agent busulfan. Unlike irradiation, which requires the use of specialized facilities, busulfan conditioning is performed using intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg busulfan until a total dose of 60-100 mg/kg has been administered. Moreover, myeloablative irradiation can have toxic side effects and requires successful engraftment of donor cells for survival of recipient mice. In contrast, busulfan conditioning using these doses is generally well tolerated and mice survive without donor cell support. Donor BM cells are isolated from the femurs and tibiae of mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and injected into the lateral tail vein of conditioned recipient mice. BM chimerism is estimated by quantifying the number of GFP+ cells within the peripheral blood following BMT. Levels of chimerism&nbsp;>80% are typically observed in the peripheral blood 3-4 weeks post-transplant and remain established for at least 1 year. As with irradiation, conditioning with busulfan and BMT allows for the accumulation of donor BM-derived cells within the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in mouse models of neurodegeneration. This busulfan-mediated CNS accumulation may be more physiological than total body irradiation, as the busulfan treatment is less toxic and CNS inflammation appears to be less extensive. We hypothesize that these cells can be genetically engineered to deliver therapeutics to the CNS.

The administration of 60-100 mg/kg of busulfan is generally well tolerated by mice. However, animals typically lose weight during the conditioning phase (~5-10%) and thus the diet may need to be supplemented with treats such as irradiated sunflower seeds to encourage eating. Levels of chimerism of &#62;80% GFP+ cells in the peripheral blood and BM should be consistently achievable using 60-100 mg/kg busulfan7. Our laboratory has successfully used this protocol to generate over 100 chimeric mice with &#62;80% G...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice at JoVE.com

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous system.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct ...

busulfan-as-myelosuppressive-agent-for-generating-stable-high-level

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.1K ビュー.  Simon Fraser University. We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous system.

ビデオ: Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous...

generating a double humanized blt (bone-marrow, liver, thymus) mouse model

This video demonstrates the method for generating a double humanized bone BLT (marrow, liver, and thymus) mouse with a functional human immune system and a stable engrafted human-like gut...

Generating a Double Humanized BLT (Bone-Marrow, Liver, Thymus) Mouse Model

femoral bone marrow aspiration in live mice

Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation...

bone marrow transplantation procedures in mice to study clonal hematopoiesis

Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis

We describe three methods of bone marrow transplantation (BMT): BMT with total-body irradiation, BMT with shielded irradiation, and BMT method with no pre-conditioning (adoptive BMT) for the study of clonal hematopoiesis in mouse...

generating plasma membrane vesicles from bone marrow stem cells

This video demonstrates a method to generate plasma membrane vesicles from bone marrow stem cells by passing them rapidly through a membrane filter. These PMVs show potential for cytoplasm replacement...

Generating Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Stem Cells

When the skin has been prepped, use forceps to load 1 to 1.6-millimeter cubed human fetal liver tissue fragment into a trocar, followed by one 1 to 1.6-millimeter cubed human fetal thymus tissue fragment. Use the forceps to lift the skin, and use a scalpel to make a small longitudinal cut into the skin. Extend the cut to 1.5 to 2 centimeters on the left side of the mouse, and use forceps to lift the muscle layer. Use scissors to open the muscle layer longitudinally, extending the cut as...

After three minutes at 37 degrees Celsius, tap the plate with the palm of the hand a few times to facilitate cell dissociation and stop the digestion with 1 milliliter of culture medium. Transfer the cells into a 5-milliliter conical tube for centrifugation and resuspend the pellet in 4 milliliters of fresh culture medium. Then, divide the cells between two wells of a new six-well plate and return the plate to the cell culture incubator for 24...

generating schwann cell-like cells from bone marrow stromal cells

This video demonstrates a method for obtaining Schwann cell-like cells from multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Initially, the BMSCs undergo hypoxia treatment, followed by directed differentiation into neuronal progenitor cells. Subsequently, specific media and culture conditions are employed to induce the transformation of these progenitor cells into Schwann cell-like...

Generating Schwann Cell-Like Cells from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

generating rabbit model of bone infection: a technique of inducing chronic infection by injecting bacteria directly in bone marrow

This video describes the technique of surgically inducing bacterial infection in the bone marrow of a rabbit by using bone wax to avoid the leakage of bacteria. This rabbit model can be used to study bone infection treatment and bone...

Generating Rabbit Model of Bone Infection: A Technique of Inducing Chronic Infection by Injecting Bacteria Directly in Bone Marrow

Next, use a #11 scalpel to make an incision in the skin, followed by a 1-centimeter incision in the peritoneum. Using an electric bone drill unit, punch a 2-millimeter diameter hole in the tibia, and press the hole with a 2-millimeter diameter, 2-millimeter long, cylinder of bone wax. Remove any spare bone wax along the horizontal plane of the tibial plateau, and confirm that the hole is full of bone...

Next, wash an 80% to 90% confluent MSC culture with 10 milliliters of PBS as just demonstrated, and treat the cultures with fresh MSC growth medium supplemented with 25 millimolar HEPES. Place the treated culture into the reassembled hypoxia chamber and tighten the ring clamp. Seal the connecting ends of the chamber to ensure that there is no gas leakage and flush a gas mixture of 99% nitrogen and 1% oxygen into the chamber at a flow rate of 10 liters per...

simplified intrafemoral injections using live mice allow for continuous bone marrow analysis

Author Spotlight: A Technique for Engraftment of Cells into the Mouse Femur for Bone Marrow Studies

This protocol describes the intrafemoral injection of a few hematopoietic or leukemic stem cells, including gene-edited cells, in murine xenograft models, which will not only enable the quick and safe transplantation of cells but also serial analyses of the bone...

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

high-quality brain and bone marrow nuclei preparation for single nuclei multiome assays

Author Spotlight: Advancing Biomedical Research Through Single Cell Analysis 

The success of single-cell/single-nuclei transcriptomics and multi-omics largely depends on the quality of cells/nuclei. Therefore, isolating cells/nuclei from tissue and their purification must be highly standardized. This protocol describes the preparation of nuclei from the brain and bone marrow for downstream single-nuclei multiome assay.

High-Quality Brain and Bone Marrow Nuclei Preparation for Single Nuclei Multiome Assays

Intrafemoral Injection for Bone Marrow Study in Live Mice

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/65874_b.jpg

neonatal mouse bone marrow isolation and preparation of bone marrow-derived macrophages

Author Spotlight: Developing a Reproducible Method for Isolating Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages from Neonatal Mice to Advance Early Life Immune Responses

This protocol describes a non-enzymatic and straightforward method for isolating 7-9-day-old neonatal mouse bone marrow cells and generating differentiated macrophages using a supernatant of L929 cells as a source of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The bone marrow-derived macrophages were further analyzed for surface antigens F4/80, CD206, CD11b, and functional...

Neonatal Mouse Bone Marrow Isolation and Preparation of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

bone marrow aspiration: a method to obtain bone marrow to examine cell morphology

This video describes the technique of aspirating bone marrow from iliac spine and smear preparation for biopsy. In the example, we perform bone marrow aspiration from an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient and examine the cells to check for measurable residual disease (MRD), an important prognostic...

Bone Marrow Aspiration: A Method to Obtain Bone Marrow to Examine Cell Morphology

Phagocytic Assay Evaluation of Neonatal Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages 

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/66613_b.jpg

isolation and culture of bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice

Isolation and Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages from Mice

The present protocol describes the isolation and culture of bone marrow-derived macrophages from...

economical and efficient protocol for isolating and culturing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from mice

Economical and Efficient Protocol for Isolating and Culturing Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells from Mice

Here, we present an economical and efficient method to isolate and generate high-purity bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from mice after 7 days of culture with 10 ng/mL...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant cells with their microenvironment, their rarity and the overwhelming excess of hematopoietic cells. Towards this end, we developed an in vitro 2D clonogenic model of dormancy of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. The model consists of a few key elements necessary for dormancy. These include 1) the use of estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, which are the type likely to remain dormant for extended periods, 2) incubation of cells at clonogenic density, where the structural interaction of each cell is primarily with the substratum, 3) fibronectin, a key structural element of the marrow and 4) FGF-2, a growth factor abundantly synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells and heavily deposited in the extracellular matrix. Cells incubated with FGF-2 form dormant clones after 6 days, which consist of 12 or less cells that have a distinct flat appearance, are significantly larger and more spread out than growing cells and have large cytoplasm to nucleus ratios. In contrast, cells incubated without FGF-2 form primarily growing colonies consisting of >30 relatively small cells. Perturbations of the system with antibodies, inhibitors, peptides or nucleic acids on day 3 after incubation can significantly affect various phenotypic and molecular aspects of the dormant cells at 6 days and can be used to assess the roles of membrane-localized or intracellular molecules, factors or signaling pathways on the dormant state or survival of dormant cells. While recognizing the in vitro nature of the assay, it can function as a highly useful tool to glean significant information about the molecular mechanisms necessary for establishment and survival of dormant cells. This data can be used to generate hypotheses to be tested in vivo models.

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

We developed an in vitro model of dormancy in the bone marrow for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate use of the model for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of dormancy and for generation of hypotheses for subsequent testing in vivo.

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant ...

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest improved outcome measures in both experimental and clinical studies. Although the BMMSC are implanted into the tendon lesion in large numbers (usually 10 - 20 million cells), only a relatively small number survive (&#60;10%) although these can persist for up to 5 months after implantation. This appears to be a common observation in other species where BMMSC have been implanted into other tissues and it is important to understand when this loss occurs, how many survive the initial implantation process and whether the cells are cleared into other organs. Tracking the fate of the cells can be achieved by radiolabeling the BMMSC prior to implantation which allows non-invasive in vivo imaging of cell location and quantification of cell numbers.
This protocol describes a cell labeling procedure that uses Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and tracking of these cells following implantation into injured flexor tendons in horses. Tc-99m is a short-lived (t1/2 of 6.01 hr) isotope that emits gamma rays and can be internalized by cells in the presence of the lipophilic compound hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). These properties make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine clinics for the diagnosis of many different diseases. The fate of the labeled cells can be followed in the short term (up to 36 hr) by gamma scintigraphy to quantify both the number of cells retained in the lesion and distribution of the cells into lungs, thyroid and other organs. This technique is adapted from the labeling of blood leukocytes and could be utilized to image implanted BMMSC in other organs.

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest ...

Database-guided Flow-cytometry for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Cell Maturation

A working group initiated within the French Cytometry Association (AFC) was developed in order to harmonize the application of multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) for myeloid disease diagnosis in France. The protocol presented here was agreed-upon and applied between September 2013 and November 2015 in six French diagnostic laboratories (University Hospitals of Saint-Etienne, Grenoble, Clermont-Ferrand, Nice, and Lille and Institut Paoli-Calmettes in Marseille) and allowed the standardization of bone marrow sample preparation and data acquisition. Three maturation databases were developed for neutrophil, monocytic, and erythroid lineages with bone marrow from "healthy" donor individuals (individuals without any evidence of a hematopoietic disease). A robust method of analysis for each myeloid lineage should be applicable for routine diagnostic use. New cases can be analyzed in the same manner and compared against the usual databases. Thus, quantitative and qualitative phenotypic abnormalities can be identified and those above 2SD compared with data of normal bone marrow samples should be considered indicative of pathology. The major limitation is the higher variability between the data achieved using the monoclonal antibodies obtained with the methods based on hybridoma technologies and currently used in clinical diagnosis. Setting criteria for technical validation of the data acquired may help improve the utility of MFC for MDS diagnostics. The establishment of these criteria requires analysis against a database. The reduction of investigator subjectivity in data analysis is an important advantage of this method.

The MDS diagnosis is difficult in the absence of morphological criteria or non-informative cytogenetics. MFC could help refine the MDS diagnostic process. To become useful for clinical practice, the MFC analysis must be based on parameters with sufficient specificity and sensitivity, and data should be reproducible between different operators.

A working group initiated within the French Cytometry Association (AFC) was developed in order to harmonize the application of multiparameter flow ...

Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the lung. Barometric plethysmography is a classic technique to evaluate the lung volume with a long history of clinical use. Volumetric capnography utilizes the profile of exhaled carbon dioxide to determine the volume of the conducting airways, or dead space, and provides an index of airways homogeneity. These techniques may be used independently, or in combination to evaluate the dependence of airways volume and homogeneity on lung volume. This paper provides detailed technical instructions to replicate these techniques and our representative data demonstrates that the airways volume and homogeneity are highly correlated to lung volume. We also provide a macro for the analysis of capnographic data, which can be modified or adapted to fit different experimental designs. The advantage of these measures is that their advantages and limitations are supported by decades of experimental data, and they can be made repeatedly in the same subject without expensive imaging equipment or technically advanced analysis algorithms. These methods may be particularly useful for investigators interested in perturbations that change both the functional residual capacity of the lung and airways volume.

Here, we describe two measures of pulmonary function &#8211; barometric plethysmography, which allows the measurement of lung volume, and volumetric capnography, a tool to measure the anatomic dead space and airways uniformity. These techniques may be used independently or combined to assess airways function at different lung volumes.

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the ...