This research was funded by Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, NIH R21DK080994, Duke Chancellor's pilot project fund, the Roche Foundation for Anemia Research and The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. G.L. is supported by Duke's UPGG and the NIH (Grant # 5R01AI090141-03) and K.A.W. by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program.

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The authors have no competing financial interests to declare.

HbSを、それがPによって引き起こされる重症マラリアに対する保護を提供する主な理由、マラリア流行地域で最も一般的なヘモグロビン変異体の一つであります熱帯熱マラリア原虫 。 P.の遺伝子調節におけるヒトマイクロRNAの役割を特徴づけるために必要な技術熱帯熱マラリア原虫は、この原稿全体に詳述されています。すべての低分子RNAを含むような方法で総RNA?...

属マラリア原虫のアピコンプレクサ寄生虫によって引き起こされるマラリアは、世界的に毎年約200万人が感染し、約60万死亡1を引き起こし 、最も一般的な人間の寄生虫疾患です。ヒトに感染するマラリア原虫 5 種のうち、ヒトの疾患に最も関連があるP.熱帯熱マラリア原虫と P.彼らの広範囲の分布および重症マラリアの合併症の可能性のために三日熱マラリア原虫 、。マラリア原虫のライフサイクルは蚊と人間の両方の感染を必要とします。感染した蚊が人間をかむときに、寄生虫は複製の最初のラウンドが発生し、肝臓への血流を通って移動します。ホスト肝細胞からのメロゾイトが破裂した後、彼らは無性や性的いずれかの複製を開始し、近くの赤血球に感染します。 Pに 48時間持続する複製の無性段階、それはほとんどの発作の原因でもあるので、 熱帯熱マラリア原虫は 、この研究の焦点でありますアリアの症状とは、簡単に、in vitroで再現されています。 改善された抗マラリア治療を含む公衆衛生の取り組みの数は、多少グローバルマラリアの負担を低減しているが、薬剤耐性寄生虫の継続的な出現は、マラリア対策への取り組みのための問題を提起します。新しい治療法を提案することができる1つの領域は、遺伝的変異がマラリアに対する耐性を付与する方法、各種の研究です。マラリア流行地域では、赤血球の多型の様々な2,3非常に一般的です。これらの変異は、鎌状赤血球は、おそらく最も顕著であることと、多くの場合、症候性マラリア感染4の発症に対する実質的な抵抗と関連しています。これらはマラリア感染に抵抗するために、赤血球を引き起こすことにより、基礎となるメカニズムは完全には理解されています。ヘモグロビン変異を有する寄生赤血球は、強化された細胞の剛性との脱水反応によってどの強化食作用の対象となりますP.減少侵入に関連しています熱帯熱マラリア原虫 5。 HBCアレルまた、寄生虫の開発6,7を阻害 、赤血球表面および細胞骨格のリモデリングにタンパク質の発現に影響を与えます。最後に、P。熱帯熱マラリア原虫は、（HBSS）ホモ接合鎌内不十分成長マラリア耐性の固有赤血球要因を示唆し、in vitroで 8,9を赤血球。これらのメカニズムのすべてが役割を果たしているように見えるがしかし、それらは完全にマラリアに鎌状赤血球性の背後にあるメカニズムを説明していません。 よくわかっていないまま赤血球要因の一つの潜在的なセットは、成熟赤血球内に存在するmiRNAの大きなプールです。マイクロRNAは、3 &#39;UTR内の塩基対形成による翻訳および/または標的mRNAの安定性を仲介するサイズの小さな非コードRNA、19-25 ntのです。それらは、抑制Oを含む、哺乳動物の免疫応答の制御に関与していますFウイルス複製10、及び植物中で、ウイルスに対する抵抗性を付与することが示されたが、それらはまた、赤血球11,12と鉄代謝13を含むいくつかの赤血球のプロセスを調節することが示されています。以前の研究では、表情劇的HBSS赤血球14,15に変更された赤血球のmiRNAの豊富で多様な集団を同定しました。成熟赤血球が活性転写および翻訳を欠いているので、これらの赤血球のmiRNAの機能的役割は不明なままです。重要な物質交換は、宿主細胞との間で発生するようにP.赤血球内発育サイクル（IDC）16時の熱帯熱マラリア原虫は 、それがのHBs赤血球内の変更されたmiRNAプロファイルは、直接細胞固有のマラリア耐性に寄与する可能性があることが推測されました。 これらの研究は、最終的には、単離し同定および機能m以内のヒトmiRNAの役割を研究するためにパイプラインの開発につながっalaria寄生虫、P。これらのホスト/ヒトmiRNAは、最終的に共有結合ヒューズ、その後翻訳寄生虫mRNA転写物17を抑制することが示された熱帯熱マラリア原虫 、。これは、トランススプライシングにより形成された第1の交差種のキメラ転写物の例を提供し、このmiRNAをmRNAの融合は、他の寄生虫を含む他の種で発生することができることを含意します。すべてのトリパノソーマmRNAはポリシストロン性転写物18の分離を調節するためにスプライスリーダー（SL）とトランス-スプライスされています。 P.ので、 熱帯熱マラリア原虫は、ダイサー/アゴー19,20のためのオルソログを欠いている、それは赤血球のmiRNAがPに類似したSLの機械をハイジャックすることが可能です熱帯熱マラリア原虫は、標的遺伝子に統合します。 P.における最近の研究熱帯熱マラリア原虫は、実際には 5 &#39;スプライスリーダー配列21の存在を示しています。本研究では、トランスクリプトームとtranslaの両方を含む、人間の寄生虫のmiRNAのmRNA融合転写物の発見につながった方法を詳述的な制御技術。これらの方法の全体的な目標は、Pの遺伝子調節、表現型と翻訳電位の低分子RNAの効果を調査するためにあります熱帯熱マラリア原虫の転写産物。 人間寄生虫キメラ転写物の最初の同定は、リアルタイムPCR、トランスクリプトーム配列決定およびESTライブラリ合計と小の両方のRNAを含まキャプチャ、だけではなく、小さなRNAを単離した技術を使用してのようなRNA解析技術の利用に依存。むしろ別々にするよりも、一つの大きなプールで一緒にすべてのRNAを単離する、より大きな配列の一部として、寄生虫の両方に転位し、人間の小さなRNAだけでなく、これらの小さなRNA配列の存在の同定を可能にしました。これは、これら融合体の機能的結果を決定するために、これらの融合mRNAの翻訳状態の分析を必要としました。 寄生虫のゲノムANの特性に関する広範な取り組みながらDのトランスクリプトームは、はるかに少ないPのライフサイクル全体でのmRNAトランスクリプトームの翻訳調節についてはほとんど知られていない、寄生虫の生物学22-25の理解に追加しました熱帯熱マラリア原虫 26。寄生虫のプロテオームのこの限られた理解は寄生虫の生物学の理解と抗マラリア治療薬の次の世代のための新たな標的を同定する能力の両方を妨げてきました。寄生虫の細胞生物学の理解のこのギャップは 、Pの並進規制を調査するために十分な技術の不足によるところが大きい続いています熱帯熱マラリア原虫 。一つの最近の論文ではPのリボソームフットプリントを使用することを記載して熱帯熱マラリア原虫は、グローバル翻訳ステータス21を決定します 。転写物の翻訳可能性の1つのよく確立された測定値は、ポリソームプロファイリングによって決定関連するリボソームの数です。しかし、この技術は、Pに印加されたとき熱帯熱マラリア原虫&lt;/ em&gt;の、それはほとんどのポリソームを回復することができず、主にモノソームをキャプチャします。最近、いくつかのグループ27,28は、P を最適化しましたポリソームを維持し、ホスト赤血球28での無性開発中にこれらのマラリア原虫のリボソーム占有および翻訳可能性を特徴づけるために、同時に赤血球および寄生虫を溶解することにより熱帯熱マラリア原虫ポリソーム技術。 まとめると、これらの方法は、ヒトmiRNAおよび寄生虫mRNAの観察された融合が以前に報告された方法27を使用して実証されたものを融合するmRNAの寄生虫タンパク質翻訳を調節する、およびHBAでマラリア抵抗性の主要な決定要因であるとHBSSは17赤血球ことを示しています。これらのメソッドは、それらの融合RNAは、P内にあるかどうかを識別し、機能的RNAスプライシング事象を探求しようとして任意のシステムにおいて有用であろう熱帯熱マラリア原虫または他の真核生物系。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="651">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:651px;">REAGENTS-All reagents must be RNAse-free.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC; Sigma, cat. no. D5758)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DEPC-treated water (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yoyo-1 DNA fluorescent dye (Thermo Fisher)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gene Pulser II (or comparible) electroporator (Bio-Rad)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.2 cm Electroporation cuvettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4 M potassium acetate (Mallinckrodt, cat. no. 6700)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2 M potassium HEPES (pH 7.2; Sigma, cat. no. H0527)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 M magnesium acetate (Sigma, cat. no. M-2545)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 M dithiothreitol (DTT; Research Products International, cat. no. D11000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">100 mM phenylmethylsulfonate fluoride (PMSF; dissolved in isopropanol; Sigma, cat. no. P7626)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10% (v/v) Igepal CA-630 (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. I3021)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate (DOC; Sigma, cat. no. D-6750)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cycloheximide (CHX; Sigma, cat. no. C-7698)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sucrose (Mallinckrodt, cat. no. 8360-04)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNAseOUT (Invitrogen, cat. no. 100000840)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI-1640 w/ L-glutamine (Cellgro, cat. no. 10-040-CV)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10% AlbuMAX I (w/v in sterile water) (Invitrogen, cat. no. 11020-039)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gentamicin (Gibco, cat. no. 15750-060))</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HT supplement (100x) (Invitrogen, cat. no. 11067030)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">45% (w/v) sucrose (Sigma, cat no. G8769)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 M HEPES buffer (Gibco, cat. no. 15630-080)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Cellgro, cat. no. 2109310CV)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Corning 500 ml vacuum filter flask (VWR, cat. no. 430769)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glass slides (VWR, cat. no. 48311-702)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Giemsa stain (50X) (VWR, cat no. m708-01)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion, ThermoFisher Scientific).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5&#39; Biotin conjugated mature miRNA (sequence varies by miRNA of interest) (Dharmacon)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Biotin powder (Sigma-Aldrich)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1M Potassium Chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Streptavidin Sepharose High Performance Beads (GE Healthcare)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ribosome resuspension buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysis buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">15% (w/v) sucrose gradient solution (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50% (w/v) sucrose gradient solution (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5 M sucrose cushion (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">60% (w/v) sucrose chase solution (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plasmodium cell culture media (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNA capture Wash Buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNA Elution Buffer (see REAGENT SETUP)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;">REAGENT SETUP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plasmodium cell culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">500 ml RPMI-1640 w/ L-glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5 ml gentamicin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5 ml HT supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2.5 ml 45% glucose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">25 ml 10% AlbuMAX I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">12.5 ml 1 M HEPES</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sterile filter with 0.2 mm vacuum filter flask.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plasmodium cell culture media containing 10x CHX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Same recipe as Plasmodium cell culture media above, with the addition of:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2 mM cycloheximide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Media is prepared as normal, then add CHX to a final concentration of 2 mM and filter.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1x PBS containing cycloheximide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Cycloheximide is added fresh to 1x PBS to a final concentration of 200 mM, and kept at 4 OC until use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ribosome resuspension buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">400 mM potassium acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">25 mM potassium HEPES, pH 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">15 mM magnesium acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">200 mM cycloheximide (add fresh)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 mM DTT (add fresh)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 mM PMSF (add fresh)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">40 U/ml RNaseOUT (add fresh)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Same recipe as ribosome resuspension buffer above, with the addition of:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1% (v/v) Igepal CA-630</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5% (w/v) DOC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sucrose solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Same recipe as ribosome resuspension buffer above, with the addition of varying amounts of sucrose:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">15% (w/v) sucrose to make 15% sucrose gradient solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50% (w/v) sucrose to make 50% sucrose gradient solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5 M sucrose to make 0.5 M sucrose cushion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">As above, cycloheximide, DTT, PMSF, and RNaseOUT must be added fresh.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">The 60% sucrose chase solution requires only sucrose and water, no other components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">60% (w/v) sucrose in DEPC-treated water to make 60% sucrose chase solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNA Capture Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">20mM&#160; KCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5unit/ml Rnase Out (Invitrogen)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNA Capture Elution Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Same recipe as RNA Capture Wash Buffer, with the addition of:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2mM Biotin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;">EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SW55 Ti ultracentrifuge rotor (Beckman, cat. no. 342194)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SW41 Ti ultracentrifuge rotor (Beckman, cat. no. 331362)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ultra-ClearTM &#189; x 2 in (13 x 51 mm) ultracentrifuge tubes for the SW55 (Beckman, cat. no. 344057)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyallomer 9/16 x 3 &#189; in (14 x 89 mm) ultracentrifuge tubes for the SW41 (Beckman, cat. no. 331372)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L8-80M ultracentrifuge (Beckman)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Steel blunt syringe needle, 4 inch, 16G (Aldrich, cat. no. Z261378)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 ml syringe with 27G&#189; needle (Becton Dickinson, cat no. 309623)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5 ml syringe (Becton Dickinson, cat. no. 309646)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parafilm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tube rotator, end-over-end</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microcentrifuge, refrigerated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Density gradient fractionation system (Teledyne Isco, cat. no. 69-3873-179)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TracerDAQ (Measurement Computing)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf 5810R centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf A-4-81 rotor (Eppendorf, cat. no. 022638807)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to investigate the regulatory role of small rnas and ribosomal occupancy of plasmodium falciparum

鎌状赤血球対立遺伝子（HBS）を担当する遺伝的変異は 、P、マラリア原虫による感染に抵抗するために赤血球を可能にします熱帯熱マラリア原虫 。多因子性であることが知られており、この抵抗の分子的基礎は、完全には理解されたままです。最近の研究では、遺伝子調節や寄生虫の成長の両方に影響を与え、一度マラリア原虫に転位、赤血球マイクロRNAの発現差異ことがわかりました。これらのmiRNAは、後寄生虫mRNAの控えめなサブセットと5 &#39;RNAの融合を介してキメラRNA転写物を形成することによりmRNAの翻訳を阻害することが示されました。ここで、技術はPの遺伝子調節および翻訳可能性に赤血球マイクロRNAの基礎となる機能的役割と推定されるメカニズムを研究するために使用されたこと熱帯熱マラリア原虫 、宿主赤血球に変性合成マイクロRNAのトランスフェクションを含め、詳細に説明します。最後に、ポリソーム勾配法は、TRAの程度を決定するために使用されますこれらの転写物のnslation。一緒に、これらの技術は、私たちは赤血球マイクロRNAの調節不全のレベルは鎌状赤血球の細胞固有のマラリア耐性に寄与することを実証することができました。

P.中のヒトマイクロRNAのグローバルプロファイリング熱帯熱マラリア原虫 ここに提示された技術は、様々な条件に寄生虫からマイクロRNAを抽出するために使用されました。もう一つ注意すべきは、多くの場合、この記事を最初の研究29の双方に提示マイクロRNAデータの基準点を務め32に示すように、非感染赤血球のためのRNA抽出を行ったとい...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum at JoVE.com

Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum

Human microRNAs translocate from host erythrocytes to Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Here, the techniques used to transfect synthetic microRNAs into host erythrocytes and isolate all RNAs from P. falciparum are described. In addition, this paper will detail a method of polysome isolation in P. falciparum to determine the ribosomal occupancy and translational potential of parasite transcripts.

小さなRNAおよびリボソームの占有の調節の役割を調査する方法<em&gt;熱帯熱マラリア原虫</em

The genetic variation responsible for the sickle cell allele (HbS) enables erythrocytes to resist infection by the malaria parasite, P. falciparum. The ...

methods-to-investigate-regulatory-role-small-rnas-ribosomal-occupancy

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum

8.8K ビュー.  Duke University School of Medicine. Human microRNAs translocate from host erythrocytes to Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Here, the techniques used to transfect synthetic microRNAs into host erythrocytes and isolate all RNAs from P. falciparum are described. In addition, this paper will detail a method of polysome isolation in P. falciparum to determine the ribosomal occupancy and translational potential of parasite transcripts. 

ビデオ: Methods to Investigate the Regulatory Role of Small RNAs and Ribosomal Occupancy of Plasmodium falciparum

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

Most human malaria deaths are caused by blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Cerebral malaria, the most life-threatening complication of the disease, is characterised by an accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells (iRBC) at pigmented trophozoite stage in the microvasculature of the brain2-4. This microvessel obstruction (sequestration) leads to acidosis, hypoxia and harmful inflammatory cytokines (reviewed in 5). Sequestration is also found in most microvascular tissues of the human body2, 3. The mechanism by which iRBC attach to the blood vessel walls is still poorly understood.
The immortalized Human Brain microvascular Endothelial Cell line (HBEC-5i) has been used as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier6. However, Plasmodium falciparum iRBC attach only poorly to HBEC-5i in vitro, unlike the dense sequestration that occurs in cerebral malaria cases. We therefore developed a panning assay to select (enrich) various P. falciparum strains for adhesion to HBEC-5i in order to obtain populations of high-binding parasites, more representative of what occurs in vivo.
A sample of a parasite culture (mixture of iRBC and uninfected RBC) at the pigmented trophozoite stage is washed and incubated on a layer of HBEC-5i grown on a Petri dish. After incubation, the dish is gently washed free from uRBC and unbound iRBC. Fresh uRBC are added to the few iRBC attached to HBEC-5i and incubated overnight. As schizont stage parasites burst, merozoites reinvade RBC and these ring stage parasites are harvested the following day. Parasites are cultured until enough material is obtained (typically 2 to 4 weeks) and a new round of selection can be performed. Depending on the P. falciparum strain, 4 to 7 rounds of selection are needed in order to get a population where most parasites bind to HBEC-5i. The binding phenotype is progressively lost after a few weeks, indicating a switch in variant surface antigen gene expression, thus regular selection on HBEC-5i is required to maintain the phenotype.
In summary, we developed a selection assay rendering P. falciparum parasites a more "cerebral malaria adhesive" phenotype. We were able to select 3 out of 4 P. falciparum strains on HBEC-5i. This assay has also successfully been used to select parasites for binding to human dermal and pulmonary endothelial cells. Importantly, this method can be used to select tissue-specific parasite populations in order to identify candidate parasite ligands for binding to brain endothelium. Moreover, this assay can be used to screen for putative anti-sequestration drugs7.

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

An in vitro model for cerebral malaria sequestration is described1. Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells are selected for binding to immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells. The selected parasites show a distinct phenotype. The selection process can be applied using various P. falciparum strains and endothelial cell lines.

の選択熱帯熱マラリア原虫</em人間の脳内皮細胞へのCytoadhesion用>寄生虫

Most human malaria deaths are caused by blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Cerebral malaria, the most life-threatening complication of the ...

免疫・感染学

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. 1A-C), females of the genus Leptopilina (Fig. 1D, 1F, 1G) and Ganaspis (Fig. 1E) attack the larval stages. We use these parasites to study the molecular basis of a biological arms race. Parasitic wasps have tremendous value as biocontrol agents. Most of them carry virulence and other factors that modify host physiology and immunity. Analysis of Drosophila wasps is providing insights into how species-specific interactions shape the genetic structures of natural communities. These studies also serve as a model for understanding the hosts' immune physiology and how coordinated immune reactions are thwarted by this class of parasites.
The larval/pupal cuticle serves as the first line of defense. The wasp ovipositor is a sharp needle-like structure that efficiently delivers eggs into the host hemocoel. Oviposition is followed by a wound healing reaction at the cuticle (Fig. 1C, arrowheads). Some wasps can insert two or more eggs into the same host, although the development of only one egg succeeds. Supernumerary eggs or developing larvae are eliminated by a process that is not yet understood. These wasps are therefore referred to as solitary parasitoids.
Depending on the fly strain and the wasp species, the wasp egg has one of two fates. It is either encapsulated, so that its development is blocked (host emerges; Fig. 2 left); or the wasp egg hatches, develops, molts, and grows into an adult (wasp emerges; Fig. 2 right). L. heterotoma is one of the best-studied species of Drosophila parasitic wasps. It is a "generalist," which means that it can utilize most Drosophila species as hosts1. L. heterotoma and L. victoriae are sister species and they produce virus-like particles that actively interfere with the encapsulation response2. Unlike L. heterotoma, L. boulardi is a specialist parasite and the range of Drosophila species it utilizes is relatively limited1. Strains of L. boulardi also produce virus-like particles3 although they differ significantly in their ability to succeed on D. melanogaster1. Some of these L. boulardi strains are difficult to grow on D. melanogaster1 as the fly host frequently succeeds in encapsulating their eggs. Thus, it is important to have the knowledge of both partners in specific experimental protocols.
In addition to barrier tissues (cuticle, gut and trachea), Drosophila larvae have systemic cellular and humoral immune responses that arise from functions of blood cells and the fat body, respectively. Oviposition by L. boulardi activates both immune arms1,4. Blood cells are found in circulation, in sessile populations under the segmented cuticle, and in the lymph gland. The lymph gland is a small hematopoietic organ on the dorsal side of the larva. Clusters of hematopoietic cells, called lobes, are arranged segmentally in pairs along the dorsal vessel that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal (Fig. 3A). The fat body is a large multifunctional organ (Fig. 3B). It secretes antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial and metazoan infections.
Wasp infection activates immune signaling (Fig. 4)4. At the cellular level, it triggers division and differentiation of blood cells. In self defense, aggregates and capsules develop in the hemocoel of infected animals (Fig. 5)5,6. Activated blood cells migrate toward the wasp egg (or wasp larva) and begin to form a capsule around it (Fig. 5A-F). Some blood cells aggregate to form nodules (Fig. 5G-H). Careful analysis reveals that wasp infection induces the anterior-most lymph gland lobes to disperse at their peripheries (Fig. 6C, D).
We present representative data with Toll signal transduction pathway components Dorsal and Sp&auml;tzle (Figs. 4,5,7), and its target Drosomycin (Fig. 6), to illustrate how specific changes in the lymph gland and hemocoel can be studied after wasp infection. The dissection protocols described here also yield the wasp eggs (or developing stages of wasps) from the host hemolymph (Fig. 8).

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Parasitoid (parasitic) wasps constitute a major class of natural enemies of many insects including Drosophila melanogaster. We will introduce the techniques to propagate these parasites in Drosophila spp. and demonstrate how to analyze their effects on immune tissues of Drosophila larvae.

の寄生蜂の紹介<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;と抗寄生虫免疫応答

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important health problems worldwide, being responsible for a total of 4 million deaths annually1. Due to their extensive overlap in developing regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, co-infections with malaria and HIV-1 are common, but the interplay between the two diseases is poorly understood. Epidemiological reports have suggested that malarial infection transiently enhances HIV-1 replication and increases HIV-1 viral load in co-infected individuals2,3. Because this viremia stays high for several weeks after treatment with antimalarials, this phenomenon could have an impact on disease progression and transmission.
The cellular immunological mechanisms behind these observations have been studied only scarcely. The few in vitro studies investigating the impact of malaria on HIV-1 have demonstrated that exposure to soluble malarial antigens can increase HIV-1 infection and reactivation in immune cells. However, these studies used whole cell extracts of P. falciparum schizont stage parasites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), making it hard to decipher which malarial component(s) was responsible for the observed effects and what the target host cells were4,5. Recent work has demonstrated that exposure of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to the malarial pigment hemozoin increased their ability to transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells6,7, but that it decreased HIV-1 infection of macrophages8. To shed light on this complex process, a systematic analysis of the interactions between the malaria parasite and HIV-1 in different relevant human primary cell populations is critically needed.
Several techniques for investigating the impact of HIV-1 on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms and the effect of such pathogens on HIV-1 replication have been described. We here present a method to investigate the effects of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes on the replication of HIV-1 in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The impact of parasite exposure on HIV-1 transcriptional/translational events is monitored by using single cycle pseudotyped viruses in which a luciferase reporter gene has replaced the Env gene while the effect on the quantity of virus released by the infected macrophages is determined by measuring the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 by ELISA in cell supernatants.

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

We have developed an in vitro malaria-HIV-1 co-infection model to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum on the HIV-1 replicative cycle in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. This versatile system can easily be adapted to other primary cell types susceptible to HIV-1 infection.

不定冠詞<em&gt;のin vitro</em研究する&gt;共同感染モデル<em&gt;熱帯熱マラリア原虫（Plasmodium falciparum）</emヒトの第一次単球由来の免疫細胞に&gt;-HIV-1の相互作用

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

A Simple Protocol for Platelet-mediated Clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes in a Resource Poor Setting

P. falciparum causes the majority of severe malarial infections. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cerebral malaria (CM) are not fully understood and several hypotheses have been put forward, including mechanical obstruction of microvessels by P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Indeed, during the intra-erythrocytic stage of its life cycle, P. falciparum has the unique ability to modify the surface of the infected erythrocyte by exporting surface antigens with varying adhesive properties onto the RBC membrane. This allows the sequestration of pRBC in multiple tissues and organs by adhesion to endothelial cells lining the microvasculature of post-capillary venules 1. By doing so, the mature forms of the parasite avoid splenic clearance of the deformed infected erythrocytes 2 and restrict their environment to a more favorable low oxygen pressure 3. As a consequence of this sequestration, it is only immature asexual parasites and gametocytes that can be detected in peripheral blood.
Cytoadherence and sequestration of mature pRBC to the numerous host receptors expressed on microvascular beds occurs in severe and uncomplicated disease. However, several lines of evidence suggest that only specific adhesive phenotypes are likely to be associated with severe pathological outcomes of malaria. One example of such specific host-parasite interactions has been demonstrated in vitro, where the ability of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to support binding of pRBC with particular adhesive properties has been linked to development of cerebral malaria 4,5. The placenta has also been recognized as a site of preferential pRBC accumulation in malaria-infected pregnant women, with chondrotin sulphate A expressed on syncytiotrophoblasts that line the placental intervillous space as the main receptor 6. Rosetting of pRBC to uninfected erythrocytes via the complement receptor 1 (CD35)7,8 has also been associated with severe disease 9.
One of the most recently described P. falciparum cytoadherence phenotypes is the ability of the pRBC to form platelet-mediated clumps in vitro. The formation of such pRBC clumps requires CD36, a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of platelets. Another human receptor, gC1qR/HABP1/p32, expressed on diverse cell types including endothelial cells and platelets, has also been shown to facilitate pRBC adhesion on platelets to form clumps 10. Whether clumping occurs in vivo remains unclear, but it may account for the significant accumulation of platelets described in brain microvasculature of Malawian children who died from CM 11. In addition, the ability of clinical isolate cultures to clump in vitro was directly linked to the severity of disease in Malawian 12 and Mozambican patients 13, (although not in Malian 14).
With several aspects of the pRBC clumping phenotype poorly characterized, current studies on this subject have not followed a standardized procedure. This is an important issue because of the known high variability inherent in the assay 15. Here, we present a method for in vitro platelet-mediated clumping of P. falciparum with hopes that it will provide a platform for a consistent method for other groups and raise awareness of the limitations in investigating this phenotype in future studies. Being based in Malawi, we provide a protocol specifically designed for a limited resource setting, with the advantage that freshly collected clinical isolates can be examined for phenotype without need for cryopreservation.

A Simple Protocol for Platelet-mediated Clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes in a Resource Poor Setting

This method investigates the platelet-mediated clumping phenotype of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (pRBC) in clinical isolates. This is performed by isolating and co-incubating platelet-rich plasma and a suspension of pRBC.

の血小板媒介クランピングのためのシンプルなプロトコル<em&gt;熱帯熱マラリア原虫</emリソース悪い設定で、&gt;感染した赤血球

P. falciparum causes the majority of severe malarial infections. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cerebral malaria (CM) are not fully ...

Isolation and Analysis of Brain-sequestered Leukocytes from Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected Mice

We describe a method for isolation and characterization of adherent inflammatory cells from brain blood vessels of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. Infection of susceptible mouse-strains with this parasite strain results in the induction of experimental cerebral malaria, a neurologic syndrome that recapitulates certain important aspects of Plasmodium falciparum-mediated severe malaria in humans 1,2 . Mature forms of blood-stage malaria express parasitic proteins on the surface of the infected erythrocyte, which allows them to bind to vascular endothelial cells. This process induces obstructions in blood flow, resulting in hypoxia and haemorrhages 3 and also stimulates the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes to the site of parasite sequestration.
Unlike other infections, i.e neutrotopic viruses4-6, both malaria-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) as well as associated inflammatory leukocytes remain sequestered within blood vessels rather than infiltrating the brain parenchyma. Thus to avoid contamination of sequestered leukocytes with non-inflammatory circulating cells, extensive intracardial perfusion of infected-mice prior to organ extraction and tissue processing is required in this procedure to remove the blood compartment. After perfusion, brains are harvested and dissected in small pieces. The tissue structure is further disrupted by enzymatic treatment with Collagenase D and DNAse I. The resulting brain homogenate is then centrifuged on a Percoll gradient that allows separation of brain-sequestered leukocytes (BSL) from myelin and other tissue debris. Isolated cells are then washed, counted using a hemocytometer and stained with fluorescent antibodies for subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.
This procedure allows comprehensive phenotypic characterization of inflammatory leukocytes migrating to the brain in response to various stimuli, including stroke as well as viral or parasitic infections. The method also provides a useful tool for assessment of novel anti-inflammatory treatments in pre-clinical animal models.

Isolation and Analysis of Brain-sequestered Leukocytes from Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected Mice

A method for isolation of adherent inflammatory leukocytes from brain blood vessels of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice is described. The method allows quantification as well as phenotypic characterization of isolated leukocytes after staining with fluorescent antibodies and subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.

脳から隔離された白血球の単離と解析<em&gt;マラリアベルゲイ</em&gt; ANKA感染マウス

We describe a method for isolation and  characterization of adherent inflammatory cells from brain blood vessels of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. ...

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the &asymp;40% limit, the investigator usually keeps the percentage at around 10%. In many cases it is necessary to isolate the parasite-containing red blood cells (RBCs) from the uninfected ones, to enrich the culture and proceed with a given experiment. 
When P. falciparum infects the erythrocyte, the parasite degrades and feeds from haemoglobin 2, 3. However, the parasite must deal with a very toxic iron-containing haem moiety 4, 5. The parasite eludes its toxicity by transforming the haem into an inert crystal polymer called haemozoin 6, 7. This iron-containing molecule is stored in its food vacuole and the metal in it has an oxidative state which differs from the one in haem 8. The ferric state of iron in the haemozoin confers on it a paramagnetic property absent in uninfected erythrocytes. As the invading parasite reaches maturity, the content of haemozoin also increases 9, which bestows even more paramagnetism on the latest stages of P. falciparum inside the erythrocyte.
Based on this paramagnetic property, the latest stages of P. falciparum infected-red blood cells can be separated by passing the culture through a column containing magnetic beads. These beads become magnetic when the columns containing them are placed on a magnet holder. Infected RBCs, due to their paramagnetism, will then be trapped inside the column, while the flow-through will contain, for the most part, uninfected erythrocytes and those containing early stages of the parasite.
Here, we describe the methodology to enrich the population of late stage parasites with magnetic columns, which maintains good parasite viability 10. After performing this procedure, the unattached culture can be returned to an incubator to allow the remaining parasites to continue growing.

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

The paramagnetic properties of hemozoin are used to isolate late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells growing in culture. The method is simple and fast and does not affect the subsequent invasive capabilities of the parasites.

の分離<em&gt;熱帯熱マラリア原虫（Plasmodium falciparum）</em磁気手段によって&gt;後期感染赤血球

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the ...

High Yield Purification of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites For Use in Opsonizing Antibody Assays

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are under development as potential malaria vaccines. One aspect of immunity against malaria is the removal of free merozoites from the blood by phagocytic cells. However assessing the functional efficacy of merozoite specific opsonizing antibodies is challenging due to the short half-life of merozoites and the variability of primary phagocytic cells. Described in detail herein is a method for generating viable merozoites using the E64 protease inhibitor, and an assay of merozoite opsonin-dependent phagocytosis using the pro-monocytic cell line THP-1. E64 prevents schizont rupture while allowing the development of merozoites which are released by filtration of treated schizonts. &#160;Ethidium bromide labelled merozoites are opsonized with human plasma samples and added to THP-1 cells. Phagocytosis is assessed by a standardized high throughput protocol. Viable merozoites are a valuable resource for assessing numerous aspects of P. falciparum biology, including assessment of immune function. Antibody levels measured by this assay are associated with clinical immunity to malaria in naturally exposed individuals. The assay may also be of use for assessing vaccine induced antibodies. &#160;

High Yield Purification of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites For Use in Opsonizing Antibody Assays

Measuring antibody function is key to understanding immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This method describes the purification of viable merozoites, and measurement of opsonization-dependent phagocytosis by flow cytometry.

高収率の精製<em&gt;熱帯熱マラリア原虫</emオプソニン抗体アッセイにおける使用のための&gt;メロゾイト

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are under development as potential malaria vaccines. One aspect of immunity against malaria is the removal of ...

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR)

The ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is a highly resolving and robust genotyping method for S. aureus that allows a high throughput at moderate costs and is, therefore, suitable to be used for routine purposes. For best resolution, data evaluation and data management, a miniaturized electrophoresis system is required. Together with such an electrophoresis system and the in-house developed software (freely available here) assignment of the pattern of bands to a genotype is standardized and straight forward. DNA extraction is simple (boiling prep), setting-up of the reactions is easy and they can be run on any standard PCR machine. PCR cycling is common except prolonged ramping and elongation times. Compared to spa typing and Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), RS-PCR does not require DNA sequencing what simplifies the analysis considerably and allows a high throughput. Furthermore, the resolution for bovine strains of S. aureus is at least as good as spa typing and better than MLST or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The RS-PCR data base includes presently a total of 141 genotypes and variants. The method is highly associated with the virulence gene pattern, contagiosity and pathogenicity of S. aureus strains involved in bovine mastitis. S. aureus genotype B (GTB) is contagious and causes herds problems causing large costs in the Switzerland and other European countries. All the other genotypes observed in Switzerland infect individual cows and quarters. Genotyping by RS-PCR allows the reliable prediction of the epidemiological and the pathogenic potential of S. aureus involved in bovine intramammary infection (IMI), two key factors for clinical veterinary medicine. Because of these beneficial properties together with moderate costs and a high sample throughput the goal of this publication is to give a detailed, step-by-step protocol for easily establishing and running RS-PCR for genotyping S. aureus in other laboratories.

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR RS-PCR

Here, ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is used together with a miniaturized electrophoresis system as a fast and high resolution method for genotyping S. aureus at moderate costs allowing a high throughput.

のジェノタイピング<em&gt;黄色ブドウ球菌</em&gt;によってリボソームスペーサーPCR（RS-PCR）

The ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is a highly resolving and robust genotyping method for S. aureus that allows a high throughput at moderate costs and is, ...

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct a tree to show the evolutionary relationship among different taxa (classification units) at the molecular level. Phylogenetic analysis can also be used to investigate domain relationships within an individual taxon, particularly for organisms that have undergone substantial change in morphology and physiology, but for which researchers lack fossil evidence due to the organisms&#39; long evolutionary history or scarcity of fossilization.
In this text, a detailed protocol is described for using the phylogenetic method, including amino acid sequence alignment using Clustal Omega, and subsequent phylogenetic tree construction using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) and Bayesian Inference via MrBayes. To investigate the origin of eukaryotic Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) genes, 228 SWEETs including 35 SWEET proteins from unicellular eukaryotes and 57 SemiSWEET proteins from prokaryotes were analyzed. Interestingly, SemiSWEETs were found in prokaryotes, but SWEETs were found in eukaryotes. Two phylogenetic trees constructed using theoretically distinct methods have consistently&#160;suggested that the first eukaryotic SWEET gene might stem from the fusion of a bacterial SemiSWEET gene and an archaeal SemiSWEET gene.&#160;It is worth noting that one should be cautious to draw a conclusion based only on phylogenetic analysis, although it is useful to explain the underlying relationship between different taxa, which is difficult or even impossible to discern through experimental means.

A method of constructing a phylogenetic tree based on sequence homology of SWEETs from eukaryotes and SemiSWEETs from prokaryotes is described. Phylogenetic analysis is a useful tool for explaining the evolutionary relatedness between homologous proteins or genes from different organism groups.

系統解析を使用して真核生物遺伝子の起源を調査するには

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct ...

Bone Marrow Transplantation Platform to Investigate the Role of Dendritic Cells in Graft-versus-Host Disease

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an effective therapy for hematological malignancies due to the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect to eradicate tumors. However, its application is limited by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major complication of BMT. GVHD is evoked when T-cells in the donor grafts recognizealloantigen expressed by recipient cells and mount unwanted immunological attacks against recipient healthy tissues. Thus, traditional therapies are designed to suppress donor T-cell alloreactivity. However, these approaches substantially impair the GVL effect so that the recipient&#39;s survival is not improved. Understanding the effects of therapeutic approaches on BMT, GVL, and GVHD, is thus essential. Due to the antigen-presenting and cytokine-secreting capacities to stimulate donor T-cells, recipient dendritic cells (DCs) play a significant role in the induction of GVHD. Therefore, targeting recipient DCs becomes a potential approach for controlling GVHD. This work provides a description of a novel BMT platform to investigate how host DCs regulate GVH and GVL responses after transplantation. Also presented is an effective BMT model to study the biology of GVHD and GVL after transplantation.

Graft-versus-host disease is a major complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Dendritic cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease. The current article describes a novel bone marrow transplantation platform to investigate the role of dendritic cells in the development of graft-versus-host disease and the graft-versus-leukemia effect.

移植片対宿主病における樹状細胞の役割を調べる骨髄移植プラットフォーム

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an effective therapy for hematological malignancies due to the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect to ...