This work was supported by grants from the University of Buenos Aires (UBACyT 2018-2020 20020170100082BA), the National Council for Scientific Research and Technology (CONICET) (PIP 2021-2023 GI&#8722; 11220200101549CO; and PUE 22920170100033) and the National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (PICT 2019-01664).

1. Cell preparation
<ol>
	<li>Soak 12 mm round coverslips in absolute ethanol, and place them vertically in the wells of a 24-well plate.</li>
	<li>Remove the cover, and expose the multi-well plate to ultraviolet radiation for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Position the coverslips horizontally, and wash them with Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM).</li>
	<li>Seed a low passage number of pancreatic cells. The amount should be adjusted to obtain 50%-75% confluency on the day of fixation16</...

<ol>
	<li>Grasso, D., Renna, F. J., Vaccaro, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+steps+in+mammalian+autophagosome+biogenesis.">Initial steps in mammalian autophagosome biogenesis.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 6, 146 (2018).</li><li>Galluzzi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+definitions+of+autophagy+and+related+processes.">Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes.</a> EMBO Journal. 36 (13), 1811-1836 (2017).</li><li>Kitada, M., Koya, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+in+metabolic+disease+and+ageing.">Autophagy in metabolic disease and ageing.</a> Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 17 (11), 647-661 (2021).</li><li>Ktistakis, N. T., Tooze, S. 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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+cancer.">Pancreatic cancer.</a> Lancet. 395 (10242), 2008-2020 (2020).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+and+function+of+autophagy+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Regulation and function of autophagy in pancreatic cancer.</a> Autophagy. 17 (11), 3275-3296 (2021).</li><li>Ropolo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+E2F1-EP300-VMP1+pathway+mediates+gemcitabine-induced+autophagy+in+pancreatic+cancer+cells+carrying+oncogenic+KRAS.">A novel E2F1-EP300-VMP1 pathway mediates gemcitabine-induced autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells carrying oncogenic KRAS.</a> Frontiers in Endocrinology. 11, 411 (2020).</li><li>Pardo, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gemcitabine+induces+the+VMP1-mediated+autophagy+pathway+to+promote+apoptotic+death+in+human+pancreatic+cancer+cells.">Gemcitabine induces the VMP1-mediated autophagy pathway to promote apoptotic death in human pancreatic cancer cells.</a> Pancreatology. 10 (1), 19-26 (2010).</li><li>Logsdon, C. D., Moessner, J., Williams, J. A., Goldfine, I. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucocorticoids+increase+amylase+mRNA+levels,+secretory+organelles,+and+secretion+in+pancreatic+acinar+AR42J+cells.">Glucocorticoids increase amylase mRNA levels, secretory organelles, and secretion in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 100 (4), 1200-1208 (1985).</li><li>Klionsky, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+and+interpretation+of+assays+for+monitoring+autophagy+(4th+edition).">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).</a> Autophagy. 17 (1), 1 (2021).</li><li>Segeritz, C. -. P., Vallier, L., Jalali, M., Saldanha, F. Y. L., Jalali, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+9+-+Cell+culture:+Growing+cells+as+model+systems+in+vitro.">Chapter 9 - Cell culture: Growing cells as model systems in vitro.</a> Basic Science Methods for Clinical Researchers. , 151-172 (2017).</li><li>Elliott, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+microscopy:+Principles+and+modern+practices.">Confocal microscopy: Principles and modern practices.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. 92 (1), 68 (2020).</li><li>Grasso, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+novel+selective+autophagy+pathway+mediated+by+VMP1-USP9x-p62,+prevents+pancreatic+cell+death.">a novel selective autophagy pathway mediated by VMP1-USP9x-p62, prevents pancreatic cell death.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (10), 8308-8324 (2011).</li><li>Ropolo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pancreatitis-induced+vacuole+membrane+protein+1+triggers+autophagy+in+mammalian+cells.">The pancreatitis-induced vacuole membrane protein 1 triggers autophagy in mammalian cells.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (51), 37124-37133 (2007).</li><li>Karanasios, E., Stapleton, E., Walker, S. A., Manifava, M., Ktistakis, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+imaging+of+early+autophagy+events:+Omegasomes+and+beyond.">Live cell imaging of early autophagy events: Omegasomes and beyond.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (77), e50484 (2013).</li><li>Kuma, A., Matsui, M., Mizushima, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LC3,+an+autophagosome+marker,+can+be+incorporated+into+protein+aggregates+independent+of+autophagy:+caution+in+the+interpretation+of+LC3+localization.">LC3, an autophagosome marker, can be incorporated into protein aggregates independent of autophagy: caution in the interpretation of LC3 localization.</a> Autophagy. 3 (4), 323-328 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Singh, R., Aschner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+the+detection+of+autophagy+in+mammalian+cells.">Methods for the detection of autophagy in mammalian cells.</a> Current Protocols in Toxicology. 69, 1-26 (2016).</li><li>Yoshii, S. R., Mizushima, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+measuring+autophagy.">Monitoring and measuring autophagy.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (9), 1865 (2017).</li><li>Betriu, N., Andreeva, A., Semino, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Erlotinib+promotes+ligand-induced+EGFR+degradation+in+3D+but+not+2D+cultures+of+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma+cells.">Erlotinib promotes ligand-induced EGFR degradation in 3D but not 2D cultures of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.</a> Cancers. 13 (18), 4504 (2021).</li><li>Wang, W., Dong, L., Zhao, B., Lu, J., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E-cadherin+is+downregulated+by+microenvironmental+changes+in+pancreatic+cancer+and+induces+EMT.">E-cadherin is downregulated by microenvironmental changes in pancreatic cancer and induces EMT.</a> Oncology Reports. 40 (3), 1641-1649 (2018).</li><li>Kim, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+heterogeneity+and+plasticity+of+cancer+cell+migration+in+a+pancreatic+tumor+three-dimensional+culture+model.">Phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cell migration in a pancreatic tumor three-dimensional culture model.</a> Cancers. 12 (5), 1305 (2020).</li><li>Meng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+EpCAM+over-expression+is+associated+with+favorable+clinical+outcomes+in+pancreatic+cancer+patients+with+Hepatitis+B+virus+negative+infection.">Cytoplasmic EpCAM over-expression is associated with favorable clinical outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients with Hepatitis B virus negative infection.</a> International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 8 (12), 22204-22216 (2015).</li><li>Brock, R., Hamelers, I. H., Jovin, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+fixation+protocols+for+adherent+cultured+cells+applied+to+a+GFP+fusion+protein+of+the+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor.">Comparison of fixation protocols for adherent cultured cells applied to a GFP fusion protein of the epidermal growth factor receptor.</a> Cytometry. 35 (4), 353-362 (1999).</li></ol>

The method described in this protocol allows for visualizing the endogenous LC3 distribution in the cell and quantifying the autophagic levels under different conditions. Another similar method used to analyze the LC3 distribution and determine autophagy activation involves fluorescence-labeled LC3 transfection (such as RFP-LC3)19. RFP-LC3 transfection has the advantages of not needing fixation (which allows for applying this method in live cell imaging20), being cheaper, a...

Macroautophagy (commonly referred to as autophagy) is a specialized catabolic process that selectively degrades cytoplasmic components, including proteins and damaged organelles1,2. Autophagy allows cells to physiologically respond to stress stimuli and, thus, maintain cellular homeostasis3. During autophagy, a double membrane vesicle is formed: the autophagosome. The autophagosome contains the cargo molecules and drives them to the lysosome for degradation1,4. 
Autophagosomes are decorated by the autophagic protein microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)5. When autophagy is not induced, LC3 is diffused in the cytoplasm and nucleus in the LC3-I conformation. On the other hand, when autophagy is induced, LC3 is conjugated with a phosphatidylethanolamine in the membrane of the autophagic structures6. This new LC3 conformation is known as LC3-II1. The LC3 conformation shift causes changes in its cellular localization and its dodecyl sodium sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) migration, which can be detected by techniques such as immunofluorescence and western blot5,7. In this way, LC3 conjugation is a key event in the autophagic process that can be used to measure autophagic activity.
The pancreatic acinar cell is a highly differentiated cell that, under healthy conditions, has a low rate of autophagy. However, in different physiological conditions or under pharmacological stimulation, they can activate autophagy. Therefore, the determination of autophagic levels in this cell line is useful for studying the potential direct or indirect effects of different pharmacological or biological agents on autophagy8,9.
Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest types of cancer, given its late diagnosis and its high chemotherapy resistance10. Pancreatic cancer cells have high autophagy activity due to the transcriptional upregulation and post-translational activation of autophagy-related proteins11. Pancreatic cancer cells may adjust their autophagy levels in response to unfavorable conditions like hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, or chemotherapy-induced damage11. Hence, analyzing the autophagy levels in pancreatic cancer cells can help understand how they adapt to varying environments and evaluate the effectiveness of autophagy-modulating treatments.
This study shows a method to perform LC3 immunofluorescence in two distinct pancreatic cellular models. The first model, PANC-1 cells, served as a model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. These cells were treated with gemcitabine, a chemotherapy agent that has previously been shown to induce autophagy, specifically in pancreatic cancer cells carrying the oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma virus gene (KRAS)12,13. The second model, AR42J cells, served as a more physiological model of exocrine pancreatic cells. These cells were differentiated with dexamethasone to become more similar to acinar pancreatic cells14. In these cells, autophagy was pharmacologically induced through the use of PP242, which is a potent mTOR inhibitor15. In this study, we demonstrate the applicability of the protocol described with two different pancreatic models and its ability to discriminate between states of low and high autophagy.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-013-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mm round coverslips</td>
			<td>HDA</td>
			<td>CBR_OBJ_6467</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 Well- Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td>Sorfa</td>
			<td>220300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>Biopack</td>
			<td>2207.10.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R37119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM 800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEN</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>01-052-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>NATOCOR&#160;</td>
			<td>Lintc-634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gemcitabina</td>
			<td>Eli Lilly</td>
			<td>VL7502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LC3B (D11) XP Rabbit mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>3868S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Anedra</td>
			<td>6197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm &#34;M&#34; (Laboratory Sealing Film)</td>
			<td>Bemis/Curwood</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen-Strep Solution</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>03-031-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PP242</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-301606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11570626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating autophagy levels in two different pancreatic cell models using lc3 immunofluorescence

Autophagy is a specialized catabolic process that selectively degrades cytoplasmic components, including proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy allows cells to physiologically respond to stress stimuli and, thus, maintain cellular homeostasis. Cancer cells might modulate their autophagy levels to adapt to adverse conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deficiency, or damage caused by chemotherapy. Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest types of cancer. Pancreatic cancer cells have high autophagy activity due to the transcriptional upregulation and post-translational activation of autophagy proteins.
Here, the PANC-1 cell line was used as a model of pancreatic human cancer cells, and the AR42J pancreatic acinar cell line was used as a physiological model of highly differentiated mammalian cells. This study used the immunofluorescence of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) as an indicator of the status of autophagy activation. LC3 is an autophagy protein that, in basal conditions, shows a diffuse pattern of distribution in the cytoplasm (known as LC3-I in this condition). Autophagy induction triggers the conjugation of LC3 to phosphatidylethanolamine on the surface of newly formed autophagosomes to form LC3-II, a membrane-bound protein that aids in the formation and expansion of autophagosomes. To quantify the number of labeled autophagic structures, the open-source software FIJI was utilized with the aid of the &#34;3D Objects Counter&#34; tool.
The measure of the autophagic levels both in physiological conditions and in cancer cells allows us to study the modulation of autophagy under diverse conditions such as hypoxia, chemotherapy treatment, or the knockdown of certain proteins.

This protocol performs immunofluorescence of LC3 in pancreatic cell lines to determine the autophagy levels in different conditions. The outcome of this experiment was the obtention of cellular images from the red and blue channels, corresponding to LC3 and DAPI. The LC3 images indicate the cellular distribution of this protein, whereas the DAPI shows the nuclear localization. Figure 2A shows a representative image of the immunofluorescence of LC3 and its merge with DAPI staining in PANC-1 c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Autophagy Levels in Two Different Pancreatic Cell Models Using LC3 Immunofluorescence at JoVE.com

Evaluating Autophagy Levels in Two Different Pancreatic Cell Models Using LC3 Immunofluorescence

The goal of this protocol is to determine autophagic levels in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic acinar cells through LC3 immunofluorescence and LC3 dot quantification.

Autophagy is a specialized catabolic process that selectively degrades cytoplasmic components, including proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy allows ...

The LC3 immunofluorescence enables the determination of autophagy levels in pancreatic cells. It permits the study of the potential effects of different agents on pancreatic cell autophagy. Immunofluorescence is a technique utilized to detect endogenous LC3 protein, which avoids problems caused by over-expressing LC3, such as forming protein aggregates unrelated to autophagy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Felipe Renna, a PhD graduate, and Malena Herrera Lopez, a PhD student from the laboratory of Maria Ines Vaccaro. To begin cell preparation, soak 12-millimeter round cover slips in absolute ethanol. After removing the cover, place the soaked cover slip vertically in the 24-well plate.Expose the multi-well plate to ultraviolet radiation for 15 minutes. Then position the cover slip horizontally and wash it with DMEM. Now see the low passage number of pancreatic cells, re-suspended in DMEM, containing 10%FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin, and incubate the cells for two days.Two days after cell seeding, prepare gemcitabine solution in DMEM at one microgram per microliter concentration. Then aspirate half the volume from each well in a separate tube, and add appropriate amount of gemcitabine solution. Return the half volume corresponding to each well back into the treated wells, and incubate the cells for 24 hours.For fixing and permeabilizing the cells, add cold methanol into a 24-well plate containing cells. Also prepare a six-well plate with cold PBS. Using a syringe needle and tweezers, take each cover slip and wash it twice in PBS.Then incubate in methanol for six minutes. After washing twice with PBS, incubate the cover slips in a blocking solution for one hour. Add an anti LC3 in the blocking solution at a ratio of one to 1000, and maintain on ice.Place a piece of laboratory sealing film over the multi-well lid, and add 25 microliters of anti-LC3 solution per cover slip over the sealing film. Using a syringe needle and tweezers, place each cover slip over the primary antibody drop, ensuring the cell side is in contact with the solution. Place the multi-well plate into the humidity chamber.Cover it with foil and incubate overnight in the fridge. The next day, remove the multi-well plate from the humidity chamber. Place the cover slips back on the multi-well plate and wash them with PBS three times.Dilute fluorescently-labeled anti-rabbit in blocking solution at a ratio of one to 800, and keep on ice in the dark. After sealing the multi-well lid, add 25 microliters of anti-rabbit solution per cover slip over the sealing film. And treat the cover slip with a secondary antibody as previously demonstrated.Then incubate the plate in the humidity chamber for two hours at room temperature, protected from light. At the end of incubation with antibody, wash the cover slips on the multi-well plate with PBS three times. Incubate each cover slip with the prepared DAPI solution for 10 minutes.Once washed with PBS, maintain the multi-well plate in the dark. For cell montage, prepare two beakers with water and a piece of paper. Add 10 microliters of PVA-DABCO solution per cover slip on a slide.Wash the cover slip in water, and then dry it on paper. Finally, place it over the PVA-DABCO drop. And dry overnight in the dark.The next day, using an inverted confocal microscope, visualize the labeled cells and capture the images. After capturing images, drag and drop each image file containing the captured channels in the Fiji screen. In the dialogue box, click OK to open the image.Then close the opened console window. From the Image tab, select Color, and then Split Channels. Close the image corresponding to the channels other than the LC3 image.Then in the Image tab, select Adjust, followed by Color Balance. Move the maximum slider to the left until the image saturates to visualize the cell contours. Use the freehand selection tool to draw the cell outline, and click reset to adjust the colors.To cut the selected item from the Edit tab, select Cut, and close the image without saving it. And from the Edit tab, select paste. In the Analyze menu, choose the tool 3D Objects Counter.Set the threshold at 2000, and the size filter at 50 to 500. Ensure the objects and summary boxes are marked, and click on OK.In the log window, the number of dots will be described as objects detected. The immunofluorescence indicated the cellular distribution of LC3 protein, whereas the DAPI showed nuclear localization in pancreatic cells.The LC3 dots significantly increased under gemcitabine treatment, indicating autophagic activity. Under an excessive confluence, the exocrine pancreas cells tend to pile up and grow on top of each other. The paraformaldehyde cell fixation method was ineffective for preserving LC3 proteins, as it did not reflect accurate distribution.When fixation or treatment was performed without waiting two days after seeding, the PANC1 cells had a round shape. This morphology decreased the relation between the cytoplasm and nucleus, making it difficult to understand the intracellular distribution of LC3. Incomplete methanol fixation could interfere with proper LC3 immuno labeling, leading to unclear images and suboptimal quantification.The most important thing to remember during this procedure is that the cells must be fixed in cold methanol for six minutes, instead of paraformaldehyde. Following this procedure, colocalization between LC3 and other proteins can be analyzed, allowing the study of different molecular pathways related to LC3 functions.

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1.3K ビュー.  Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET. LC3免疫蛍光法は、膵臓細胞のオートファジーレベルの測定を可能にします。これにより、膵臓細胞のオートファジーに対するさまざまな薬剤の潜在的な影響の研究が可能になります。免疫蛍光法は、内因性LC3タンパク質を検出するために利用される技術であり、オートファジーとは無関係のタンパク質凝集体の形成など、LC3の過剰発現によって引き起こされる問題を回?...