The authors would like to thank Steven Gray, Matthew Rioux, Nanda Regmi, and Lacey Stearman of UT Southwestern for a productive discussion of the challenge posed by juvenile rats for intrathecal injection. This work was partly supported by funding from Jaguar Gene Therapy (to JLFK).

This study was approved by the Emory University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Sprague-Dawley rats (28-30 days of age, mass in the range of about 90-135 g, males and females) were used in the present study.
1. Preparation of the vector
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the AAV9 vector (see Table of Materials) on ice at the beginning of the procedure.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the microcentrifuge tube containing the vector briefly in a table-top centrifuge to e...

Lumbar Puncture Delivery of AAV9 in Juvenile Rats for CNS Gene Therapy

<ol>
	<li>Wurster, C., Petri, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+spinal+muscular+atrophy+research.">Progress in spinal muscular atrophy research.</a> Curr Opin Neurol. 35 (5), 693-698 (2022).</li><li>Wu, K. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinitis+pigmentosa:+Novel+therapeutic+targets+and+drug+development.">Retinitis pigmentosa: Novel therapeutic targets and drug development.</a> Pharmaceutics. 15 (2), 685 (2023).</li><li>Larkin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+FDA-approved+gene+therapy+for+hemophilia.">First FDA-approved gene therapy for hemophilia.</a> JAMA. 329 (1), 14 (2023).</li><li>Lee, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nadofaragene+firadenovec:+First+approval.">Nadofaragene firadenovec: First approval.</a> Drugs. 83 (4), 353-357 (2023).</li><li>Taghian, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+safe+and+reliable+technique+for+CNS+delivery+of+AAV+vectors+in+the+cisterna+magna.">A safe and reliable technique for CNS delivery of AAV vectors in the cisterna magna.</a> Mol Ther. 28 (2), 411-421 (2020).</li><li>Donsante, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracerebroventricular+delivery+of+self-complementary+adeno-associated+virus+serotype+9+to+the+adult+rat+brain.">Intracerebroventricular delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to the adult rat brain.</a> Gene Ther. 23 (5), 401-407 (2016).</li><li>Pellot, J. E., Jesus, O. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suboccipital+puncture.+[Updated+2022+Jul+25].">Suboccipital puncture. [Updated 2022 Jul 25].</a> StatPearls [Internet]. , (2022).</li><li>Elliger, S. S., Elliger, C. A., Aguilar, C. P., Raju, N. R., Watson, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elimination+of+lysosomal+storage+in+brains+of+MPS+vii+mice+treated+by+intrathecal+administration+of+an+adeno-associated+virus+vector.">Elimination of lysosomal storage in brains of MPS vii mice treated by intrathecal administration of an adeno-associated virus vector.</a> Gene Ther. 6 (6), 1175-1178 (1999).</li><li>De La Calle, J. L., Paino, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+procedure+for+direct+lumbar+puncture+in+rats.">A procedure for direct lumbar puncture in rats.</a> Brain Res Bull. 59 (3), 245-250 (2002).</li><li>O'connor, D. M., Lutomski, C., Jarrold, M. F., Boulis, N. M., Donsante, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lot-to-lot+variation+in+adeno-associated+virus+serotype+9+(AAV9)+preparations.">Lot-to-lot variation in adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) preparations.</a> Hum Gene Ther Methods. 30 (6), 214-225 (2019).</li><li>Manfredsson, F. P., Rising, A. C., Mandel, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV9:+A+potential+blood-brain+barrier+buster.">AAV9: A potential blood-brain barrier buster.</a> Mol Ther. 17 (3), 403-405 (2009).</li><li>Hudry, E., Vandenberghe, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+AAV+gene+transfer+to+the+nervous+system:+A+clinical+reality.">Therapeutic AAV gene transfer to the nervous system: A clinical reality.</a> Neuron. 101 (5), 839-862 (2019).</li><li>Georg-Fries, B., Biederlack, S., Wolf, J., Zur Hausen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+proteins,+helper+dependence,+and+seroepidemiology+of+a+new+human+parvovirus.">Analysis of proteins, helper dependence, and seroepidemiology of a new human parvovirus.</a> Virology. 134 (1), 64-71 (1984).</li><li>Schulz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+and+neutralizing+anti-aav+antibodies:+Detection+and+implications+for+rAAV-mediated+gene+therapy.">Binding and neutralizing anti-aav antibodies: Detection and implications for rAAV-mediated gene therapy.</a> Mol Ther. 31 (3), 616-630 (2023).</li><li>Gray, S. J., Nagabhushan Kalburgi, S., Mccown, T. J., Samulski, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+CNS+gene+delivery+and+evasion+of+anti-aav-neutralizing+antibodies+by+intrathecal+aav+administration+in+non-human+primates.">Global CNS gene delivery and evasion of anti-aav-neutralizing antibodies by intrathecal aav administration in non-human primates.</a> Gene Ther. 20 (4), 450-459 (2013).</li><li>Meyer, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+single+injection+CSF+delivery+of+AAV9-mediated+gene+therapy+for+sma:+A+dose-response+study+in+mice+and+non-human+primates.">Improving single injection CSF delivery of AAV9-mediated gene therapy for sma: A dose-response study in mice and non-human primates.</a> Mol Ther. 23 (3), 477-487 (2015).</li><li>Hinderer, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+intrathecal+routes+of+administration+for+adeno-associated+viral+vectors+in+large+animals.">Evaluation of intrathecal routes of administration for adeno-associated viral vectors in large animals.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 29 (1), 15-24 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+leakage+and+headache+after+lumbar+puncture:+A+prospective+non-invasive+imaging+study.">Cerebrospinal fluid leakage and headache after lumbar puncture: A prospective non-invasive imaging study.</a> Brain. 138, 1492-1498 (2015).</li><li>Hordeaux, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-induced+dorsal+root+ganglion+pathology).">Adeno-associated virus-induced dorsal root ganglion pathology).</a> Hum Gene Ther. 31 (15-16), 808-818 (2020).</li><li>Semple, B. D., Blomgren, K., Gimlin, K., Ferriero, D. M., Noble-Haeusslein, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+development+in+rodents+and+humans:+Identifying+benchmarks+of+maturation+and+vulnerability+to+injury+across+species.">Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 106-107, 1-16 (2013).</li><li>Fang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+adeno-associated+virus+serotypes+and+delivery+methods+for+cardiac+gene+transfer.">Comparison of adeno-associated virus serotypes and delivery methods for cardiac gene transfer.</a> Hum Gene Ther Methods. 23 (4), 234-241 (2012).</li></ol>

A wide variety of diseases affect the CNS. Providing a functional copy of the relevant gene via a viral vector is an attractive treatment strategy for those that are recessive and monogenic in nature, such as spinal muscular atrophy. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes most gene therapy vectors given intravenously11. Those that can cross the BBB, such as AAV9, must be given in high doses to overcome the vector loss due to peripheral transduction12. The age is al...

The promise of viral-mediated gene therapies has finally been realized in recent years with the FDA approval of treatments for spinal muscular atrophy, retinal dystrophy, factor IX hemophilia, cancer, and more1,2,3,4. Countless other therapeutics are currently in development. Gene therapy aims to deliver a therapeutic gene to a patient&#39;s cells. The products of this new gene can replace the missing activity from a deficient endogenous gene, inhibit a toxic gene, kill cancerous cells, or provide some other beneficial function.
For diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), delivering the gene therapy vector directly to the target tissue is often desirable. Non-systemic approaches provide two benefits: they minimize off-target side effects that may be caused by peripheral transduction, and they greatly reduce the amount of vector needed to achieve adequate levels of transduction in the target tissue5.
There are a variety of approaches to delivering gene therapy vectors to the CNS. Intraparenchymal injection, the injection of a vector directly into the spinal cord or brain tissue, can be used for delivery to a defined region. However, for many diseases, broad transduction of the CNS is desired. This can be accomplished by delivering a vector to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)5, the fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord. There are three primary ways to deliver vectors to the CSF. The most invasive approach is intracerebroventricular delivery, which involves drilling a burr hole through the skull and advancing a needle through the brain into the lateral ventricles. This yields transduction throughout the brain. However, the procedure may cause intracranial hemorrhage, and the approach generally produces only limited transduction of the spinal cord6. Injection into the cisterna magna at the base of the skull is less invasive, but carries the risk of damage to the brainstem. While often used in animal research5, injection into the cisterna magna is no longer used routinely in the clinic7. Lumbar puncture is the least invasive approach to access the CSF. This involves placing a needle between two lumbar vertebrae and into the lumbar cistern.
Lumbar puncture for vector delivery is routinely performed in adult rats and mice and in neonatal mice8,9. The authors of this study recently performed lumbar punctures in juvenile rats (28-30 days of age) to deliver adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors. In adult rats, a neonatal lumbar puncture needle was placed vertically between the L3 and L4 vertebrae9. Proper placement results in a tail flick and CSF flowing up into the needle reservoir. In juvenile rats, though, neither of these read-outs could be achieved. The authors then attempted to adapt an adult mouse procedure using a 27 G insulin syringe inserted at an angle between L5 and L610. In adult mice, which are typically smaller than P28 rats, this does not produce a tail flick, but incorrect needle placement is evident by the backflow of the injectate. In juvenile rats, however, this approach uniformly led to the injectate being delivered epidurally, likely resulting from different elasticity between adult mice and juvenile rats of the tissue layers surrounding the spinal cord. Catheter approaches were evaluated next. Specifically, a catheter was introduced through an incision in the dura of the lumbar cistern and up to the mid-thoracic spinal cord; however, this approach led to substantial reflux of the injectate back out of the incision site during delivery. Attempts to place the catheter into the intrathecal space percutaneously using a guide needle were also unsuccessful. Due to the narrowness of the interlaminar width, the catheter would likely hit the rostral lamina and fail to advance.
Here, a method is described to achieve successful and reproducible solution delivery via a lumbar puncture in the juvenile rat. This approach can be used for viral vectors, and likely also for cells, pharmaceuticals, and other therapeutics.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L filtered pipette tips</td>
			<td>MidSci</td>
			<td>PR-200RK-FL</td>
			<td>Pipetting virus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV9-GFP</td>
			<td>Vector Builder</td>
			<td>P200624-1005ynr</td>
			<td>AAV9 vector expressing GFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbable Suture with Needle Coated Vicryl Polyglactin 910 FS-2 3/8 Circle Reverse Cutting Needle Size 4 - 0 Braided</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>J422H</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench pad</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>56616-031</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braintree Scientific Isothermal Pads, 8&#39;&#39; x 8&#39;&#39;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-195-4664</td>
			<td>Maintains body temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>1013922</td>
			<td>Analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine-ER (1 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Zoopharma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Extended-release analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>19-365-409</td>
			<td>Blood removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drape, Mouse, Clear Plastic, 12&#34; x 12&#34;, with Adhesive Fenestration</td>
			<td>Steris</td>
			<td>1212CPSTF</td>
			<td>Surgical drape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td>Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Blanket</td>
			<td>CVS Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CVS Health Series 500 Extra Long Heating Pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research plus, 1-channel pipette, variable, 20&#8211;200 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000055</td>
			<td>Pipetting virus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14059-11</td>
			<td>Curved surgical scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Friedman-Pearson Rongeurs</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>16121-14</td>
			<td>Laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Needle Holders</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12001-13</td>
			<td>Needle driver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin Syringes with Ultra-Fine Needle 12.7 mm x 30 G 3/10 mL/cc</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>328431</td>
			<td>Syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>803250</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol wipes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-031-350</td>
			<td>Skin disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine, 1%</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>239935</td>
			<td>Local anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-137</td>
			<td>Loading the syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-118-0481</td>
			<td>Skin disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle - #4</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10004-13</td>
			<td>Scalpel blade holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sure-Seal Induction Chamber</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>EZ-17</td>
			<td>Anesthesia box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Blade Miltex Carbon Steel No. 11 Sterile Disposable Individually Wrapped</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>4-111</td>
			<td>#11 Scalpel blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYSTANE NIGHTTIME Eye Ointment</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97063-702</td>
			<td>Injection</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intrathecal vector delivery in juvenile rats via lumbar cistern injection

Gene therapy is a powerful technology to deliver new genes to a patient for the treatment of disease, be it to introduce a functional gene, inactivate a toxic gene, or provide a gene whose product can modulate the biology of the disease. The delivery method for the therapeutic vector can take many forms, ranging from intravenous infusion for systemic delivery to direct injection into the target tissue. For neurodegenerative disorders, it is often desirable to skew transduction towards the brain and/or spinal cord. The least invasive approach to target the entire central nervous system involves injection into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), allowing the therapeutic to reach a large fraction of the central nervous system. The safest approach to deliver a vector into the CSF is the lumbar intrathecal injection, where a needle is introduced into the lumbar cistern of the spinal cord. This technique, also known as a lumbar puncture, has been widely used in neonatal and adult rodents and in large animal models. While the technique is similar across species and developmental stages, subtle differences in size, structure, and elasticity of tissues surrounding the intrathecal space require accommodations in the approach. This article describes a method for performing lumbar puncture in juvenile rats to deliver an adeno-associated serotype 9 vector. Here, 25-35 &#181;L of vector were injected into the lumbar cistern, and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter was used to evaluate the transduction profile resulting from each injection. The benefits and challenges of this approach are discussed.

Author Spotlight: Assessing Intrathecal Gene Therapy Efficacy in Juvenile Rats

Intrathecal Vector Delivery in Juvenile Rats via Lumbar Cistern Injection

Our research focuses on the development of gene therapies for diseases that affect the central nervous system. As of December, 2023, the FDA has approved AAV-based gene therapies for a handful of genetic stores, including spinal muscular atrophy, Leber congenital amaurosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Hemophilia A and B.Many more treatments are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials. Devising safe and effective interventions for genetic diseases requires leveraging a range of approaches from careful natural history studies in patients to preclinical work in tissue culture and animal models, and gene therapy is really only one of several technologies that are used for this purpose.Many gene therapy experiments use neonatal or adult animals. Few evaluate treatments in juveniles, even though this represents a significant patient population for genetic disorders. So, for older children, body size and the immune system pose significant barriers to intravenous delivery of gene therapies.Intrathecal delivery may overcome this, but we need appropriate models to test this hypothesis. This procedure that we have developed will allow us to evaluate the efficacy of this approach in juvenile rats.

To determine the accuracy of the injection technique, a dye, trypan blue, was used as a surrogate for the therapeutic. This dye readily binds to proteins, so it generally stays within the structure into which it was injected. This means the dye may not accurately predict the post-injection distribution of the therapeutic; it is simply used to reveal the accuracy of the injection. When successfully introduced into the lumbar cistern, trypan blue binds to the dura mater, staining the perimeter of the spinal cord blue. Howe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Assessing Intrathecal Gene Therapy Efficacy in Juvenile Rats at JoVE.com

A surgical procedure is described to perform injections into the lumbar cistern of the juvenile rat. This approach has been used for the intrathecal delivery of gene therapy vectors, but it is anticipated that this approach can be used for a variety of therapeutics, including cells and drugs.

Gene therapy is a powerful technology to deliver new genes to a patient for the treatment of disease, be it to introduce a functional gene, inactivate a ...

intrathecal-vector-delivery-juvenile-rats-via-lumbar-cistern

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Neuroscience

468 ビュー.  Emory University. 私たちの研究は、中枢神経系に影響を与える疾患に対する遺伝子治療の開発に焦点を当てています。2023年12月現在、FDAは、脊髄性筋萎縮症、レーバー先天性黒内障、デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィー、血友病AおよびBなど、いくつかの遺伝子ストアに対してAAVベースの遺伝子治療を承認しています。遺伝性疾患に対する安全で効果的な介入を考案するには、患者を対象と...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:若年ラットにおける髄腔内遺伝子治療の有効性の評価

A surgical procedure is described to perform injections into the lumbar cistern of the juvenile rat. This approach has been used for the intrathecal delivery of gene therapy vectors, but it is anticipated that this approach can be used for a variety of therapeutics, including cells and drugs.

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intrathecal injection of newborn mouse for genome editing and drug delivery

Author Spotlight: Intrathecal Injection &amp;#8211; An Efficient and Reliable Delivery Method to Test the Efficacy of Gene Editing in Neonatal Mouse Brains

The present protocol outlines step-by-step instructions for performing intrathecal injections in neonatal mice for gene editing and drug...

A Comprehensive Protocol for Delivering Intrathecal Injections in Neonatal Mice

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delivering gene therapy vectors via lumbar puncture in the juvenile rat

Delivering Gene Therapy Vectors via Lumbar Puncture in the Juvenile Rat

large animal model for evaluating the efficacy of the gene therapy in ischemic heart

Large Animal Model for Evaluating the Efficacy of the Gene Therapy in Ischemic Heart

Myocardial gene therapy for ischemic heart disease holds great promise for future therapeutics. Here, we introduce a large animal model for evaluating the efficacy of gene therapy in the ischemic...

a streamlined and standardized procedure for generating high-titer, high-quality adeno-associated virus vectors utilizing a cell factory platform

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Therapy Research with High-Titer Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Production

As the field of gene therapy continues to evolve, there is a growing need for innovative methods that can address these challenges. Here, a unique method is presented, which streamlines the process of generating high-yield and high-purity AAV vectors using a cell factory platform, meeting the quality standards for in vivo...

Efficient Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Production Using a Cell Factory Platform

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enhancing the development and growth of infant cerebral palsy rats using selective spinal manipulations

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Efficacy of Selective Spinal Manipulation in Pediatric Cerebral Palsy

This study illustrates the effect of selective spinal manipulation on the growth and development of infant rats with cerebral palsy, emphasizing the specific procedure and standardized protocol. Body weight measurement, Rotarod test, Foot-fault score, other behavioral tests, and growth hormone detection were performed to evaluate the protocol.

Developmental Enhancement in Cerebral Palsy Rats via Spinal Manipulations

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evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of rnas targeting hiv-1 production for use in gene or drug therapy

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones.

auricular acupressure as an adjuvant treatment for wheezing in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 

Author Spotlight: Efficacy of Auricular Pressure Bean Therapy in Reducing Wheezing Symptoms

This protocol describes an effective therapy using auricular acupressure to relieve wheezing symptoms in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary...

Traditional Chinese Medicine Ear Point Therapy for Wheezing in COPD Patients

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operation procedure and precautions of thread-embedding acupuncture therapy in alzheimer

Author Spotlight: Exploring Acupuncture in Alzheimer&#039;s Research from Thread-Embedding Techniques to Clinical Trials

This study presents a protocol for thread-embedding acupuncture therapy in Alzheimer's disease-like...

Improving Cognitive Functions in Rats via Thread-Embedding Acupuncture Therapy

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cytotoxic efficacy of photodynamic therapy in osteosarcoma cells in vitro

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

The protocol reported here allows the evaluation of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cell lines and the optimization of the PDT settings before applying the therapy in animal...

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

polar histogram visualization of acute stress disorder scale scores for comprehensive clinical assessment

Author Spotlight: Assessing Stress Profiles and Intervention Outcomes in Elderly ICU Caregivers Using Polar Histogram Visualization

This study introduces a novel polar histogram visualization method for analyzing Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) scores, focusing on elderly ICU caregivers. The technique displayed all 19 ASDS variables simultaneously, revealing distinct stress patterns between healthy controls and caregivers while demonstrating significant improvements post-intervention in hyperarousal and avoidance...

Novel Polar Histogram for Enhanced ASDS Analysis in Elderly ICU Caregivers

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in vivo sirna transfection and gene knockdown in spinal cord via rapid noninvasive lumbar intrathecal injections in mice

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

operational and intervention effects of targeted tuina in lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration model rabbits

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Tuina Therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

The finger tactile measurement system quantifies tactile pressure on the finger using a highly sensitive electrosurgical pressure sensor, with software displaying and accurately recording the pressure data and video in real time. Two analysis modules unify the data processing for thumb tracking and conditioning during...

Targeted Tuina Stimulation Protocol in Lumbar Region of IDD Model Rabbits

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mimicking ding's roll method on notexin-induced muscle injury in rats

Author Spotlight: Performing Tuina Massage in Rats Using a Self-Made Massager 

This protocol describes a simple device that mimics Ding's roll method, establishes a rat model of skeletal muscle injury, and uses hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the pathology of damaged tissue and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect changes in serum damage...

A Massager Based on Ding&#039;s Roll Manipulation to Treat Muscle Injury in a Rat Model

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a novel model of mild traumatic brain injury for juvenile rats

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

chimeric antigen receptor t cell manufacturing on an automated cell processor

Author Spotlight: Advancements in CAR-T Cell Manufacturing and Gene Therapy Production 

This article details the manufacturing process for chimeric antigen receptor T cells for clinical use, specifically using an automated cell processor capable of performing viral transduction and cultivation of T cells. We provide recommendations and describe pitfalls that should be considered during the process development and implementation of an early-phase clinical...

Automated Processor for Clinical-Scale CAR-T Cell Manufacturing

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alternative therapy for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: moving cupping along meridians

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Therapeutic Efficacy of Moving Cupping Along Meridians for Acute Exacerbation of COPD

This protocol presents a novel approach to alleviating the symptoms and improving the quality of life of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) by employing moving cupping along meridians therapy to stimulate the first sideline of the bladder...

Cupping Therapy as a Complementary Treatment for AECOPD Relief

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clinical efficacy of small needle knife therapy on stage i-ii frozen shoulder

Author Spotlight: Treating Frozen Shoulder with Small Needle Knife Therapy 

The protocol presented here describes the detailed operation method and proves the effectiveness of a small needle knife in the treatment of frozen...