저자는 아낌없이 α-catenin의를 제공하기 위해 박사 르 트린 박사 토빈 감사 : 황수정 물고기 라인과 빌 잭맨 우리 자신의 실험실에서 촬영을 할 수 있도록합니다. 저자는 자금 출처 국립 보건원 (보조금 5P20RR016463, 8P20GM103423 및 R15AI094406)과 USDA 인정 (프로젝트 # ME0-H-1-00517-13). 이 원고는 주요 농업 및 임업 실험 역 게시 번호 3371로 게시됩니다.

참고 : 모든 제브라 피쉬의 치료 프로토콜과 실험 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC) 프로토콜 A2012-11-03에서 NIH의 지침에 따라 수행되었다. 4 일 포스트 시비 1. Zebrafish의 양육 <ol><li> 다른 동영상 34에 도시 된 바와 같이, 제 3 시간 포스트 시비 내에 AB 제브라 피쉬, 또는 다른 형질 전환 계통 모아서. </li><li> (0.17 mM의 KCl을 0.33 mM의 염화칼슘이 0.33 mM의의 MgCl 2, 2 mM의 HEPES, pH가 6.8 5 mM의 NaCl을) 메틸렌 블루 (0.3 ㎍ / ml의 최종 E3 미디어 150 ㎖를 포함하는 15cm 페트리 접시에 120 알을 품어 12/12 / 암 광주와 33 ° C 배양기에서 농도). </li><li> E3 + PTU (1- 페닐 -2- 티오, 10 ㎍ / ml의 최종 농도)와 6 시간 후 용지를 교체하고 죽은 계란을 제거합니다. </li><li> 이일 후 신선한 E3 + PTU와 미디어를 교환, 33 ° C에서 4 일 동안 품어. </li></ol> 2.에서켜졌 마이크로 니들 준비 <ol><li> 다음 설정을 사용하여 바늘 풀러를 사용하여 미세 바늘로, 붕 규산염 모세관 (ID 0.69 mm OD 1.2 mm)를 당겨 (550 열을 0 풀을 130 속도 110 시간). 주 : 설정 필라멘트 다를 것이다 (도 1 참조)와 마찬가지로 형상의 미세 니들을 얻었다 필라멘트와 새로운 필라멘트가 설치 될 때마다 재조정 될 필요가있을 것이다. </li><li> 0.4 μm의 필터링 된 인산 완충 식염수 3 μL와 마이크로 바늘을 채우기 (137 mM의 NaCl을, 2.7 mM의 KCl을, PBS 10 mM의 나 2 HPO 4 1.8 mM의 KH 2 PO 4 7.4의 pH) 20 μL의 microloader 피펫을 사용하여 팁. </li><li> 압력 분사 시스템에 부착 된 미세 조작기에 마이크로 피펫 홀더에 마이크로 바늘을 설정합니다. 30 PSI 및 분사 압력에서 30 msec의 펄스 지속 시간을 설정한다. </li><li> 바늘의 1/5이 될 때까지 물을 증류수로 페트리 접시를 사용하여, 미세 니들을 낮출. 마이크로 니들 위스콘신 클립그냥 물 수준 이하로 미세 핀셋을 토륨. 물 밖으로 미세 바늘을 가져오고 러스가 나타날 때까지 페달을 여러 번 누릅니다. </li><li> 한 방울 형 침지 오일 계층화 혈구에 마이크로 바늘을 하강시킴으로써 루스의 직경을 측정한다. 원하는 부피를 얻기 위해 펄스 폭을 조정한다 (표 1 참조). </li><li> 기름에 안정적으로 유지 (루스가 볼륨을 증가하면 압력을 낮추고 일시 볼륨이 감소하면 배압을 증가) 할 러스에 대한 배압을 설정합니다. 각각의 마이크로 니들의 펄스 지속 시간을 기록한다. </li><li> microloader 피펫 팁을 사용하여 흡입하여 미세 바늘에서 PBS를 제거하고 인젝터에 다시 배치하고 연속 펄스 스위치를 젖혀 왼쪽 위에 PBS를 추방. 각각의 마이크로 바늘을 보유합니다. </li></ol> 3. 칸디다 준비 <ol><li> 킬 칸디다 알비 칸스 코돈 최적화 dTomato, GFP, BFP, EOS 또는 원거리로 형질 전환효모 peptine 덱 스트로스 (YPD) 한천 플레이트 (10g /의 L 효모 추출물, 20g / L 펩톤에 멸균 나무 앵커를 사용하여 냉동 주식에서 (-80 ° C 주식 25 % 글리세롤) 레드, 20g / L의 포도당 , 20g / L의 한천은, 멸균 및 배양 접시에 25 ml에 부어) 30 ° C에서 하룻밤 배양한다. </li><li> 멸균 나무 앵커를 사용하여 하나의 식민지를 선택하고 YPD 액체 (10g /의 L 효모 추출물, 20g / L 펩톤, 20g / L의 포도당을 5 ml에 접종, 멸균 및 무균 16 × 150mm 유리 문화 5ml에 분주 튜브). </li><li> 60 rpm에서 롤러 드럼에서 30 ° C에서 밤새 인큐베이션. </li><li> C. 1 ㎖를 수집 1.7 ml의 멸균 원심 분리기 튜브에 알비 칸스 문화 및 전송. </li><li> 초 몇 5,000 XG에 원심 분리기. 뜨는을 비우고 철저하게 멸균 PBS, 소용돌이 1 ㎖를 추가합니다. 이 두 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 멸균 PBS에서 1,000 : 1 ml의 수량 1 개를 희석하여 혈구를 사용하여 식민지를 계산합니다. </li></ol> 4에 Zebrafish의 주입Swimbladder <ol><li> 33 ° C의 배양기에서 30 분 동안 주입 접시 (2 % 아가 로스)을 따뜻하게. </li><li> 원하는 시간에, 어떤 제브라 피쉬를 흡입하지 않고 25ml를 피펫을 사용하여 주입하는 물고기를 포함 15cm 페트리 접시에서 E3 + PTU의 150 ml의 100를 제거합니다. </li><li> 나머지 50 ㎖ 미디어 (최종 농도 200 ㎍ / ㎖)에 4 ㎎ / ㎖ 버퍼 tricaine 메탄 설포 네이트 재고 (TR) 2 ㎖를 추가하여 제브라 피쉬 DPF (4) 마취 15 분 동안 기다립니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경, 팽창 swimbladder 물고기를 선택합니다. 물고기는 또한 MPO에서 호중구 분포로, 균일 한 표현형을 위해 그 시간에 상영 할 수 있습니다 GFP 라인은 해부 현미경 표면 형광을 사용. </li><li> C. 희석 원래의 농도에서 알비 칸스의 재고 1.5 × 10 7 식민지 PBS에서 ㎖ (CFU / ㎖) 당 단위를 형성한다 (단계 3.8). </li><li> 플라스틱 전열관을 사용하여 사출 접시 (30) 상으로 전송 지브라 피쉬TTE 및 초과 용지를 제거합니다. </li><li> 낚시 선 도구 (0.012 인치 직경 낚시 줄 보로 실리케이트 모세관에 슈퍼 접착)를 사용하여, 수직 사출 접시를 들고 10 물고기의 3 선을 수직으로 물고기의 방향을. </li><li> 초과 한 용지를 제거합니다. </li><li> 철저히 1.5 × 107 CFU로 튜브 와동 / ㎖ C. 알비 칸스. </li><li> C. 3 ㎕를 하나의 마이크로 바늘을 채우기 알비 새로운 microloader 피펫 팁을 사용하여 적절한 설정으로 펄스 지속 시간을 설정한다 (단계 2.9 참조). </li><li> swimbladder (도 3a)의 후방을 향해 조준, 미세 니들 및 물고기의 머리 사이의 20 °의 각도를 만들기 위해 분사 접시 돌린다. </li><li> , swimbladder로 마이크로 바늘을 밀어 바늘의 구멍은 루멘에 확인하고, 한 번 페달을 누르십시오. </li><li> 각각의 물고기를 반복 E3와 함께 요리를 홍수에 의해 복구 접시 (25 ml의 E3 + PTU)로 전송D 복구 접시에 그것을 비우는. </li><li> 사출 접시에 다른 30 ​​물고기를 전송합니다. </li><li> 철저하게 가득 새로운 마이크로 바늘 반복 주입은 C를 와동 알비 칸스. </li><li> 필요한 경우 오염을 방지하고 별도의 복구 접시 (단계 4.10)로 전송하기 위해 다른 주사 접시를 사용하여, PBS 제어를 주입하여 마침. </li></ol> 5. 원하는 접종의 물고기 상영 <ol><li> 용해 될 때까지 레인지 작동, 37 ° C로 냉각 비등, E3의 40 ml의 0.4 % 아가로 오스 솔루션 (LMA) 낮은 용융 160 mg을 추가하여 낮은 용융 아가로 오스 40 ml의를 준비합니다. 한 번 냉각 TR (최종 농도 200 ㎍ / ㎖)의 400 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> (25 ㎖ E3 + PTU, 최종 농도 200 ㎍ / ㎖의에 TR 만 1 ml의 사용 단계 4.3) 기술로 30 분 복구 후 물고기를 마취시키다. </li><li> 무게 보트 LMA 2 ㎖에 (가능한 한 작은 매체) 전송 (30) 물고기. </li><li> 기음 개별 전송 피펫과 물고기와 만 10 × 6 중앙 우물을 사용하여, 96 웰 이미징 플레이트에 LMA 1 방울과 물고기를 접시. </li><li> 화면에 모든 물고기가 이미징 플레이트에 장착 될 때까지 반복합니다. </li><li> 미디어가 5 분 동안 실온에서 고화하자. </li><li> 그들은 유리 바닥과 접촉 확인하고, 그들의 편에서 물고기를 놓습니다. </li><li> 반전 표면 형광 / 공 초점 현미경 및 적절한 필터 20X 대물 렌즈를 사용하면, C.의 수를 기록 각 물고기의 swimbladder에 알비 칸스의 효모 세포. </li><li> , swimbladder 15-25 효모 세포와 물고기 (또는 원하는 접종)을 선택 안락사 선택되지 않은 물고기 (E3에서 TR 800 μg의 / ㎖)에 의해 E3 + PTU 50 ml로 깊은 페트리 접시에 선택한 생선을 반환 촬상 선택된 웰 플레이트 E3의 3 방울을 첨가하고, 플라스틱 전송 피펫으로 흡입 물고기. </li><li> 원하는 기간 동안 33 ° C에서 품어. </li></ol> 6. 물고기 사후 심사 이미징 <ol><li> 원하는 시간, 이미지를 포함하는 어류 깊은 페트리 접시에서 E3 + PTU 매체의 50 ㎖의 25을 제거한다. </li><li> (25 ml의 E3 + PTU 나머지, 최종 농도 200 ㎍ / ㎖의에 TR 만 1 ml의 사용 단계 4.3) 기술로 물고기를 마취시키다. </li><li> 적절하게 96 웰 이미징 플레이트와 위치로 물고기 플레이트 (5.7 - 5.3 단계). </li><li> 적절한 레이저와 방출 필터를 사용하여 공 초점 현미경을 스캔하여 이미지. 제 1 차동 간섭 대비 (DIC) 하에서 4X 목적을 사용 물고기 초점과 2 마이크로 초 / 화소 ​​속도 및 1,024 × 600 화소 종횡비 스캔 모드에서, 공 초점 레이저를 20X 대물 렌즈를 이용하여 관심 영역의 화상을 취득. 3 프레임 칼만 필터 모드를 적용, 1 ㎛의 크기를 갖는 Z-스택을 획득. </li><li> 50 ㎖ E3 + PTU 또는 individua에 깊은 페트리 접시로 돌아 가기L 우물 (24 웰 배양 접시, 3 ㎖ E3 + PTU), 33 ° C에서 품어. </li></ol> 7. Swimbladder 해부 <ol><li> 높은 진공 그리스와 10 ML의 주사기를 입력합니다. </li><li> 2 % LMA (아가로 오스 E3 8 ml의 낮은 녹는 160 MG와 단계 5.3)을 준비합니다. </li><li> 원하는 시간, 물고기 (단계 5.2)를 마취시키다. </li><li> 이전 10 E3 1 ㎖와 함께 1.7 ㎖의 원심 분리 관에 물고기와 원심 분리 튜브에 4 ㎎ / ㎖ Tricaine (최종 농도 800 ㎍ / ㎖) 200 μL를 첨가하고, 실온에서 15 분 동안 인큐베이션에 의해 안락사. </li><li> 마이크로 슬라이드 (75 X 25mm, 그림 2)에 1cm 간격, 광장에 진공 그리스의 4 방울을 배치하여 영상 유리 슬라이드를 준비합니다. </li><li> 광장의 중앙에 2 % LMA 2 방울을 놓습니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경 별도의 유리 슬라이드에 하나의 물고기를 놓고 심장이 박동을 멈 추면 확인, 여분의 수분을 제거합니다. </li><l미세 핀셋을 사용하여 난&gt; 왼쪽 핀셋으로 고정 된 위치에 머리를 유지하고 오른쪽 핀셋 (그림 4A)과 전방 장을 아래로 당겨서 swimbladder을 해부하다. </li><li> 소화 기관에서 분리, 왼쪽 핀셋 공기 덕트에 의해 swimbladder을 선택하고,이 응고되기 전에 2 % LMA의 중심에 배치합니다. </li><li> 이미징 유리 슬라이드의 상단에 커버 슬립 (18 X 18mm)를 놓고는 진공 그리스뿐만 아니라 LMA (그림 2)에 닿을 때까지 밀어 넣습니다. </li><li> 해부의 10 분 내 이미지 단계 6.4에 설명 된대로. 단계를 반복 7.7-7.11 다른 물고기와. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

swimbladder의 미세 주입 질환 모델의 발전과 한계 여기에 제시된 모델은 Gratacap 등에 설명 된 점막 칸디다증 침수 모델의 확장이다 (2013).; 이는 제어 된 감염 시간의 장점, 높은 재현성 감염 도즈, 따라서 효율 향상을 추가한다. 우리는 여기서 비 침습적 훌륭한 세부 사항에 감염 역학의 시간적 문서뿐만 아니라 swimbladder의 높은 해상도 생체 이미징을 허용하는 ?...

Mucosal infections can lead to life threatening bloodstream infections due to the damage of the epithelial barrier, which allows pathogens access to the systemic environment1,2. In addition, mucosal infections can also cause significant immunopathology even when contained externally3-5. The commensal unicellular fungus Candida albicans is present in the majority of the population in the oral cavity and other mucosal sites6-9. Although normally contained by innate and adaptive immune responses, innate immune defects and medical interventions can lead to severe mucosal candidiasis. The assault on the epithelial barrier results in an increased risk of life threatening disseminated disease as well as immunopathology, as in the case of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, additionally C. albicans colonization has been linked with lung immune homeostasis10,11. Disseminated candidiasis is now the fourth most common bloodstream infection in intensive care units12 and mortality as high as 40% makes it a major concern. Due to the increase in immunomodulatory treatments for patients with autoimmune diseases, cancer or organ transplants, it is imperative to understand the interaction between this pathogen and the mucosal immune compartment.
The majority of cell biological advances regarding C. albicans-cell interactions at the mucosal level come from in vitro13-15 and murine models16-18. Both these approaches have distinct advantages, but the ability to image live cells at high resolution in an intact host has limited the temporal and spatial characterization of the infection. For these studies, there is the need for an in vivo model where the interaction of pathogen, innate immune and epithelial cells can be visualized in an intact vertebrate host.
The zebrafish has emerged as an invaluable tool for the understanding of human disease, mainly due to its transparency and amenability to genetic manipulation. Cell and organ development have been imaged in exquisite detail, which has led to the description of novel immune cell behaviors, such as T cell behavior in the developing thymus19 or the battle between intracellular mycobacteria and phagocytes20-22. Recent work has described intestinal microbe-host interactions in zebrafish and shown that microbial colonization of the intestinal tract affects host intestinal physiology and resistance to other infections23,24. Furthermore, infection through the gut epithelium has been described for several pathogens.
In contrast to the intestinal tract, the swimbladder represents a more isolated and complementary mucosal model. This organ is an extension of the developing gut tube and forms anteriorly to the liver and pancreas25,26. It produces surfactant, mucus and antimicrobial peptides27,28 and anatomically, as well as ontogenetically, this organ is considered a homologue of the mammalian lung29,30. Since the pneumatic duct remains connected to the gut in the zebrafish, this allows for immersion infection to occur naturally. Remarkably, the only known naturally occurring infections of fish with Candida species are C. albicans infections in the swimbladder31. We recently described an experimental immersion infection model where C. albicans infects the swimbladder, and found that this infection recapitulates some of the hallmarks of C. albicans-epithelial interaction in vitro32,33. 
In the method presented here, the original immersion infection model is improved by directly injecting C. albicans into the swimbladder of 4 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish. This allows for precise temporal control of infection as well as a highly reproducible inoculum. It permits detailed intravital imaging, coupled with the versatility of the zebrafish model. As an example of what can be done with this method, we present the spatio-temporal dynamics of C. albicans growth along with neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. Because zebrafish swimbladder tissue is challenging to image intravitally, we also present a rapid swimbladder dissection technique that improves fluorescence signal and microscopic resolution. These methods expand the toolbox for fungal, immunological, and aquaculture research as well as describing a novel infection route that may be translated to model other fungal, bacterial or viral infections of mucosal surfaces.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Name</td>
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			<td style="width:176px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Comments</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.7 mL tubes</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT-175-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deep Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>89107-632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>90000-726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>90000-264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>90000-760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine tweezers (Dumont Dumoxel #5)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wooden Dowels</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>10805-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Low Melt Agarose</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>12001-722</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Borosilicate capillary</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF120-69-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MPPI-3 Injection system</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>MPPI-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Back Pressure Unit</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>BPU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette Holder kit</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>MPIP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Foot Switch</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>FSW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>MM33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic Base</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>Magnetic Base</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tricaine methane sulfonate</td>
			<td>Western Chemical Inc.</td>
			<td>MS-222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Scope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td colspan="2">SZ61 top SZX-ILLB2-100 base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td colspan="2">IX-81 with FV-1000 laser scanning confocal system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">20x microscope objective</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UPlanSApo 20x/0.75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Roller drum</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td>TC-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microloader pipette tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930001007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass culture tubes (16 x 150 mm)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>60825-435</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>BDH4534-500GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>BDH4532-500GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>BDH0246-500GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES (Corning)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>BDH4520-500GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Children clay (Play-Doh)</td>
			<td>Hasbro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C69-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methylene Blue</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>VW6276-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PTU</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7629-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer (Hausser scientific)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>15170-172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Type A immersion oil</td>
			<td>Blue Marble Products</td>
			<td>51935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vortex Genie</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>14216-184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose (Lonza)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>12001-870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S374-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P285-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fishing wire</td>
			<td>Stren</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 well imaging plate (Sensoplate)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655892</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High vacuum grease (Dow Corning)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>59344-055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microslide (25 x 75 mm)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>48300-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cover slips (18 x 18 mm), No 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>48366-045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 cm Petri dish (Olympus plastics)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>32-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol (EMD chemicals)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>EMGX0185-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24-well culture dish (Olympus plastics)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>25-107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weight boats (8.9 cm)</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>89106-766</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling mucosal candidiasis in larval zebrafish by swimbladder injection

점막 병원균에 대한 초기 방어는 상피 장벽과 선천성 면역 세포로 구성됩니다. 모두의 immunocompetency, 그들의 상호는 감염에 대한 보호를 위해 매우 중요하다. 병원체와 상피 및 선천성 면역 세포의 상호 작용은 가장 복잡한 문제는 시간과 공간에 펼쳐지는 생체 내에서 조사하고 있습니다. 그러나, 기존 모델은 점막 수준에서 병원균과 전투의 쉬운 공간 - 시간 영상을 허용하지 않습니다. 여기에 개발 된 모델은 청소년 제브라 피쉬의 swimbladder에 곰팡이 병원균, 칸디다 알비 칸스의 직접 주입하여 점막 감염을 만듭니다. 얻어진 감염 질환의 점막 상피에 걸쳐 개발 및 선천성 면역 세포 행동의 고해상도 영상화를 가능하게한다. 이 방법의 다양성은 산도로 이어지는 면역 이벤트의 상세한 순서를 조사하기 위해 호스트의 심문을 허용agocyte 모집 특정 세포 유형과 보호 분자 경로의 역할을 조사하고. 또한, 면역 공격의 함수로서 병원체의 동작은 형광 단백질 발현을 C. 동시에 사용하여 묘화 될 수 알비 칸스. 호스트 병원체 상호 작용의 증가 된 공간 해상도는 설명 빠른 swimbladder 해부 기술을 사용하는 것도 가능하다. 여기에 기재된 점막 감염 모델은 점막 칸디다증의 연구를위한 가치있는 도구 만드는 간단하고 높은 재현성이다. 이 시스템은 또한 일반적으로 상피 표면을 통해 감염, 마이코 박테리아 세균 또는 바이러스 성 미생물로 다른 점막 병원균에 광범위하게 번역 될 수있다.

후방 swimbladder에 미세 주입 여기에 제시된 실험 방법은 C의 일관된 용량의 주입을 설명 제브라 피쉬 DPF 4의 swimbladder에서 알비 칸스의 효모 세포. 침지 모델과 이전 작업 제안이 C.에 swimbladder 면역 반응 알비 칸스 (Candida albicans)는 포유류의 점막 칸디다증 (32)와 유사하다. 여기에서 우리는 더 간단 재현하고 빠르다 수정 감염 방법을 보여; 제브?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Mucosal Candidiasis in Larval Zebrafish by Swimbladder Injection at JoVE.com

Modeling Mucosal Candidiasis in Larval Zebrafish by Swimbladder Injection

In vivo spatio-temporal interactions of pathogen and immune defenses at the mucosal level are not easily imaged in existing vertebrate hosts. The method presented here describes a versatile platform to study mucosal candidiasis in live vertebrates using the swimbladder of the juvenile zebrafish as an infection site.

Swimbladder 주입에 의해 애벌레 Zebrafish의 점막 칸디다증 모델링

Early defense against mucosal pathogens consists of both an epithelial barrier and innate immune cells. The immunocompetency of both, and their ...

modeling-mucosal-candidiasis-larval-zebrafish-swimbladder

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.1K 조회수.  University of Maine. In vivo spatio-temporal interactions of pathogen and immune defenses at the mucosal level are not easily imaged in existing vertebrate hosts. The method presented here describes a versatile platform to study mucosal candidiasis in live vertebrates using the swimbladder of the juvenile zebrafish as an infection site.

비디오: Modeling Mucosal Candidiasis in Larval Zebrafish by Swimbladder Injection

Non-invasive Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Larvae

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 to 40% attributable mortality6. Systemic candidiasis is normally controlled by innate immunity, and individuals with genetic defects in innate immune cell components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase are more susceptible to candidemia7-9. Very little is known about the dynamics of C. albicans interaction with innate immune cells in vivo. Extensive in vitro studies have established that outside of the host C. albicans germinates inside of macrophages, and is quickly destroyed by neutrophils10-14. In vitro studies, though useful, cannot recapitulate the complex in vivo environment, which includes time-dependent dynamics of cytokine levels, extracellular matrix attachments, and intercellular contacts10, 15-18. To probe the contribution of these factors in host-pathogen interaction, it is critical to find a model organism to visualize these aspects of infection non-invasively in a live intact host. 
The zebrafish larva offers a unique and versatile vertebrate host for the study of infection. For the first 30 days of development zebrafish larvae have only innate immune defenses2, 19-21, simplifying the study of diseases such as disseminated candidiasis that are highly dependent on innate immunity. The small size and transparency of zebrafish larvae enable imaging of infection dynamics at the cellular level for both host and pathogen. Transgenic larvae with fluorescing innate immune cells can be used to identify specific cells types involved in infection22-24. Modified anti-sense oligonucleotides (Morpholinos) can be used to knock down various immune components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase and study the changes in response to fungal infection5. In addition to the ethical and practical advantages of using a small lower vertebrate, the zebrafish larvae offers the unique possibility to image the pitched battle between pathogen and host both intravitally and in color. 
The zebrafish has been used to model infection for a number of human pathogenic bacteria, and has been instrumental in major advances in our understanding of mycobacterial infection3, 25. However, only recently have much larger pathogens such as fungi been used to infect larva5, 23, 26, and to date there has not been a detailed visual description of the infection methodology. Here we present our techniques for hindbrain ventricle microinjection of prim25 zebrafish, including our modifications to previous protocols. Our findings using the larval zebrafish model for fungal infection diverge from in vitro studies and reinforce the need to examine the host-pathogen interaction in the complex environment of the host rather than the simplified system of the Petri dish5.

The rapid development, small size and transparency of zebrafish are tremendous advantages for the study of innate immune control of infection1-4. Here we demonstrate techniques for infecting zebrafish larvae using the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by microinjection, methodology recently used to implicate phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in control of fungal dimorphism5.

Zebrafish 애벌레의 분해해 칸디다 증의 비침습 이미징

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

시험관 내 병원균 유도 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 평가하는 공동 문화 분석

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of causing systemic disease in both fish and humans. A better understanding of S. iniae disease pathogenesis requires an appropriate model system. The genetic tractability and the optical transparency of the early developmental stages of zebrafish allow for the generation and non-invasive imaging of transgenic lines with fluorescently tagged immune cells. The adaptive immune system is not fully functional until several weeks post fertilization, but zebrafish larvae have a conserved vertebrate innate immune system with both neutrophils and macrophages. Thus, the generation of a larval infection model allows the study of the specific contribution of innate immunity in controlling S. iniae infection.
The site of microinjection will determine whether an infection is systemic or initially localized. Here, we present our protocols for otic vesicle injection of zebrafish aged 2-3 days post fertilization as well as our techniques for fluorescent confocal imaging of infection. A localized infection site allows observation of initial microbe invasion, recruitment of host cells and dissemination of infection. Our findings using the zebrafish larval model of S. iniae infection indicate that zebrafish can be used to examine the differing contributions of host neutrophils and macrophages in localized bacterial infections. In addition, we describe how photolabeling of immune cells can be used to track individual host cell fate during the course of infection.

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle.

의 Zebrafish의 애벌레 모델의 선천성 면역 반응의 비 침습적 영상<em&gt; 연쇄상 구균 iniae</em&gt; 감염

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the analysis of immune mediators in fluid eluates for the study of the airway topical immune signature, without the need for stimulation procedures (often used by other techniques). The mucosal lining fluid is sampled on a strip of filter paper placed at the anterior part of the inferior turbinate and left for 2 min of absorption. Analytes are eluted from the filter papers, and the extracted protein-based eluates are analyzed by an electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay, allowing for the high-sensitivity quantification of low- and high-level analytes in the same sample. We measured the in vivo levels of 20 preselected immune mediators related to specific immune signaling pathways in the upper airway mucosa, but the technique is not limited to that specific panel or sampling site. The technique was first implemented in 7-year-old children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000) cohort with allergic rhinitis. It was thereafter used in the longitudinal COPSAC2010 birth cohort, sampled at 1 month, 2 years, and 6 years of age and at instances of acute respiratory symptoms. We successfully obtained and analyzed samples from 620 (89%) of 700 1-month-old children; a few samples were below the assay detection limit (reported as the median (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR)). The number of samples below the detection limit (i.e.&#160;from 0 to the set point for the lower limit of detection) for each mediator was 29 (7.25 - 119.5). This technique enables the quantification of the in vivo airway mucosal immune profile from birth, can be applied longitudinally, and can be applied to studies on the effect of genetics and early-life environmental exposures, pathophysiology, endotyping, and monitoring of respiratory diseases, and development and evaluation of novel therapeutics.

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

This protocol describes a noninvasive technique for the sampling of undisturbed mucosal lining fluid from the upper airways. It can be used to perform the quantification of in vivo levels of protein mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, in subjects of all ages.

상부 기도 면역 중재자 수준 Vivo에서 의 정량화에 대 한 점 막 안 대기의 비 침범 성 샘플링

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the ...

Bile Salt-induced Biofilm Formation in Enteric Pathogens: Techniques for Identification and Quantification

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, a significant stress response is induced during gastrointestinal transit and upon bile exposure, a normal component of human digestion. To overcome the bactericidal effects of bile, many enteric pathogens form a biofilm hypothesized to permit survival when transiting through the small intestine. Here we present methodologies to define biofilm formation through solid-phase adherence assays as well as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix detection and visualization. Furthermore, biofilm dispersion assessment is presented to mimic the analysis of events triggering release of bacteria during the infection process. Crystal violet staining is used to detect adherent bacteria in a high-throughput 96-well plate adherence assay. EPS production assessment is determined by two assays, namely microscopy staining of the EPS matrix and semi-quantitative analysis with a fluorescently-conjugated polysaccharide binding lectin. Finally, biofilm dispersion is measured through colony counts and plating. Positive data from multiple assays support the characterization of biofilms and can be utilized to identify bile salt-induced biofilm formation in other bacterial strains.

This protocol enables the reader to analyze bile salt-induced biofilm formation in enteric pathogens using a multifaceted approach to capture the dynamic nature of bacterial biofilms by assessing adherence, extracellular polymeric substance matrix formation, and dispersion.

담 즙 소금 유도 Biofilm 형성 장 병원 체에서: 식별 및 정량화 기술

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, ...

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this bacterium causes a wide disease spectrum in humans ranging from a sterilized infection to an actively progressing deadly disease. The most common form is the latent tuberculosis, which is asymptomatic, but has the potential to reactivate into a fulminant disease. Adult zebrafish and its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum have recently proven to be an applicable model to study the wide disease spectrum of tuberculosis. Importantly, spontaneous latency and reactivation as well as adaptive immune responses in the context of mycobacterial infection can be studied in this model. In this article, we describe methods for the experimental infection of adult zebrafish, the collection of internal organs for the extraction of nucleic acids for the measurement of mycobacterial loads and host immune responses by quantitative PCR. The in-house-developed, M. marinum-specific qPCR assay is more sensitive than the traditional plating methods as it also detects DNA from non-dividing, dormant or recently dead mycobacteria. As both DNA and RNA are extracted from the same individual, it is possible to study the relationships between the diseased state, and the host and pathogen gene-expression. The adult zebrafish model for tuberculosis thus presents itself as a highly applicable, non-mammalian in vivo system to study host-pathogen interactions.

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Here, we present a protocol to model human tuberculosis in an adult zebrafish using its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Extracted DNA and RNA from the internal organs of infected zebrafish can be used to reveal the total mycobacterial loads in the fish and the host&#39;s immune responses with qPCR.

진 균 marinum 감염 성인 Zebrafish에 모델링 결핵

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this ...

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, Candida can overgrow their natural niches resulting in debilitating mucosal infections as well as life-threatening systemic infections, which are a major focus of investigation due to their associated high mortality rates. Animal models of disseminated infection exist for studying disease progression and dissecting the characteristics of Candida pathogenicity. Of these, the Galleria mellonella waxworm infection model provides a cost-effective experimental tool for high-throughput investigations of systemic virulence. Many other bacterial and eukaryotic infectious agents have been effectively studied in G. mellonella to understand pathogenicity, making it a widely accepted model system. Yet, variation in the method used to infect G. mellonella can alter phenotypic outcomes and complicate interpretation of the results. Here, we outline the benefits and drawbacks of the waxworm model to study systemic Candida pathogenesis and detail an approach to improve reproducibility. Our results highlight the range of mortality kinetics in G. mellonella and describe the variables which can modulate these kinetics. Ultimately, this method stands as an ethical, rapid, and cost-effective approach to study virulence in a model of disseminated candidiasis.

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Galleria mellonella serves as an invertebrate model for disseminated candidiasis. Here, we detail the infection protocol and provide supporting data for the model&#39;s effectiveness.

갤러리아 mellonella Waxworm 감염 모델 전파 칸디 다에 대 한

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, ...

Induction of Mouse Lung Injury by Endotracheal Injection of Bleomycin

Pulmonary fibrosis is a hallmark of several human lung diseases with a different etiology. Since current therapies are rather limited, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for developing new antifibrotic strategies. Here we provide an effective method to investigate in vivo antifibrotic activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from whole umbilical cord (hUC-MSC) in attenuating bleomycin-induced lung injury. C57BL/6 mice receive a single endotracheal injection of bleomycin (1.5 U/kg body weight) followed by a double infusion of hUC-MSC (2.5 x 105) into the tail vein, 24 h and 7 days after the bleomycin administration. Upon sacrifice at days 8, 14, or 21, inflammatory and fibrotic changes, collagen content, and hUC-MSC presence in explanted lung tissue are analyzed. The injection of bleomycin into the mouse&#160;trachea allows the direct targeting of the lungs, leading to extensive pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The systemic administration of a double dose of hUC-MSC results in the early blunting of the bleomycin-induced lung injury. Intravenously infused hUC-MSC are transiently engrafted into the mouse lungs, where they exert their anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity. In conclusion, this protocol has been successfully applied for the preclinical testing of hUC-MSC in an experimental mouse model of human pulmonary fibrosis. However, this technique can be easily extended both to study the effect of different endotracheally administered substances on the pathophysiology of the lungs and to validate new anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic systemic therapies.

Here we present an effective method to investigate the antifibrotic activity of intravenously infused human mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from the whole umbilical cord following the induction of lung injury by an endotracheal injection of bleomycin in C57BL/6 mice. This protocol can be easily extended to the preclinical testing of other therapeutics.

Bleomycin의 내시경 주입에 의한 마우스 폐 손상의 유도

Pulmonary fibrosis is a hallmark of several human lung diseases with a different etiology. Since current therapies are rather limited, mouse models ...

Targeting Drugs to Larval Zebrafish Macrophages by Injecting Drug-Loaded Liposomes

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have developed into a popular model to investigate host-pathogen interactions and the contribution of innate immune cells to inflammatory disease due to their functionally conserved innate immune system. They are also widely used to examine how innate immune cells help guide developmental processes. By taking advantage of the optical transparency and genetic tractability of larval zebrafish, these studies often focus on live imaging approaches to functionally characterize fluorescently marked macrophages and neutrophils within intact animals. Due to their diverse functional heterogeneity and ever-expanding roles in disease pathogenesis, macrophages have received significant attention. In addition to genetic manipulations, chemical interventions are now routinely used to manipulate and examine macrophage behavior in larval zebrafish. Delivery of these drugs is typically limited to passive targeting of free drug through direct immersion or microinjection. These approaches rely on the assumption that any changes to macrophage behavior are the result of a direct effect of the drug on the macrophages themselves, and not a downstream consequence of a direct effect on another cell type. Here, we present our protocols for targeting drugs specifically to larval zebrafish macrophages by microinjecting drug-loaded fluorescent liposomes. We reveal that poloxamer 188-modified drug-loaded blue fluorescent liposomes are readily taken up by macrophages, and not by neutrophils. We also provide evidence that drugs delivered in this way can impact macrophage activity in a manner consistent with the mechanism of action of the drug. This technique will be of value to researchers wanting to ensure targeting of drugs to macrophages and when drugs are too toxic to be delivered by traditional methods like immersion.

Here, we describe the synthesis of drug-loaded liposomes and their microinjection into larval zebrafish for the purpose of targeting drug delivery to macrophage-lineage cells.

약물이 탑재된 리포좀을 주입하여 애벌레 얼룩말 대식세포에 약물을 타겟팅

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have developed into a popular model to investigate host-pathogen interactions and the contribution of innate immune cells ...

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal immunity, because they can model host-pathogen interactions in the tissue. While isolated cells derived from tissues were the first cell culture model, their use has been neglected because tissue can be hard to obtain. In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMCs) from healthy human tonsils to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues. Isolation of TMCs from the tonsils is quick, because the tonsils barely have any epithelium and yield up to billions of all major immune cell types. This method allows detection of cytokine production using several techniques, including immunoassays, qPCR, microscopy, flow cytometry, etc., similar to the use of peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from blood. Furthermore, TMCs show a higher sensitivity to drug testing than PBMCs, which needs to be considered for future toxicity assays. Thus, ex vivo TMCs cultures are an easy and accessible mucosal model.

In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells from healthy humans undergoing partial surgical tonsillectomy to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues.

편도선 단핵 세포의 격리는 인간 점막 림프구 조직에서 Ex Vivo 타고난 면역 반응을 연구합니다

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal ...

Methods Article

Swimbladder 주입에 의해 애벌레 Zebrafish의 점막 칸디다증 모델링