이 작품은 자연 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구 협의회 (RGPIN 238382-2011) 및 건강 연구 (MOP115076)의 캐나다 연구소에서 보조금을 통해 지원되었다. 헤더 폴은 자연 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구 협의회 대학원 장학금 및 앨버타 Innovates가 건강 솔루션 장학금에 의해 지원되었다. 메간 할람은 자연 과학 및 공학 연구위원회 대학원 장학금, 프레 더릭 밴팅과 찰스 베스트 캐나다 대학원 장학금 및 알버타 아동 병원 연구소 교육 유전학의 상, 아동 발달, 건강에 의해 지원되었다.

이 프로토콜은 캘거리 동물 관리위원회의 대학 승인 및 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용에 대한 가이드를 본했다. 자손 1. 별도의 댐 <ol><li> 이전 12 착유 5 분의 최소 그녀의 자손에서 댐을 분리합니다. 참고 : 댐은 그러나 더 이상 4 시간 이상 분리의 기간은 우유 성분 (14)을 변경할 수 있으며, 분리 1,6,13 후 5 ~ 6 시간까지 착유 할 수 있습니다. 분리 시간 우유 컬렉션 볼륨 (12)에 영향을 나타나지 않지만, 그것은 일관된 분리 시간이 연구에 걸쳐 유지하는 것이 권장된다. 수유 15 걸쳐 변경 될 우유 조성물은, 따라서 시도가 일관된 우유 컬렉션의 일을 유지해야한다. 최대 우유 생산은 수유의 날 (14) (12)에서 발생하는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> 온난화 챔버를 사용하면, 새끼 적절한 신체 temperatu을 유지 할 수 있도록착유 절차의 기간 동안 자신의 어머니의 존재없이 다시. 참고 : 아래 제시 한 연구에서, 착유 따라서 더 온난화 챔버는 사용하지 않은, 댐이 22 주 이전했고, 자손 이십일일 된 경우, 이유에서 수행되었다. </li></ol> 2. 설정 및 준비 <ol><li> 착유 절차에 필요한 모든 자료를 수집합니다. 참고 : 모든 재료는 재료 및 장비 테이블에서 찾을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 착유가 일어날 이하 패드 흡수 벤치 패드를 다룰 것입니다 벤치에 가열 패드를 놓습니다. </li><li> 마취 시스템을 설정합니다. 시스템에 충분한 산소와 시작하기 전에 이소 플루 란이 있는지 확인하십시오. 기계 초기 마취 유도에 사용되는 마취 마스크를 연결합니다. 인근 초기 마취 마스크와 다른 경우 마취 유지 보수에 사용되는 마스크를 놓습니다. </li><li> 옥시토신에 대한 1 ML의 주사기에 25 G 바늘을 부착무균 기술을 사용하여 사출. </li><li> 산모의 체온은 착유 과정에서 유지되도록 가열 패드의 전원을 켭니다. 참고 : 너무 뜨거워 화상을 입을하지 않는 패드를 보장하기 위해 가열 패드의 온도를 모니터링합니다. 대안 적으로, 특정 온도로 설정 될 수 수술대 가열로, 열원을 사용한다. </li></ol> 3. 댐 사용 아이소 플루 란 마취 <ol><li> 산소 탱크를 열고 분당 1 리터 (1,000 CC)에 흐름을 켭니다. 이소 플루 란의 흐름을 켜고 5 %로 설정합니다. 주의 : 마취제를 직접 흡입을 피하고 마취 증기의 축적을 방지. </li><li> 댐을 마취. </li><li> 필요한 경우 흡수 벤치 패드 댐 부정사 배치, 유지 마스크로 전환. 페달 반사의 부족으로 마취를 확인합니다. </li><li> 마취의 유지 보수 2-3 %의 이소 플루 란의 흐름을 줄일 수 있습니다. 계속 드 있도록 절차 내내 모니터링 댐호흡의 Pression의가 발생하지 않습니다. 참고 : 마취, 댐의 눈이 건조하거나 상처가되는 것을 눈을 방지하기 위해 멸균 눈 윤활제를 사용하여 보호해야하면. </li></ol> 4. 옥시토신 주입 <ol><li> 옥시토신을 확인합니다 (20 USP 단위 / ml)을 그 유효 기간을 통과하지 않았습니다. / 알코올 클렌징 패드를 닦아 멸균 알코올 옥시토신의 유리 병을 소독. </li><li> 무균 기술을 사용하여, 주사기에 옥시토신 2 IU (0.1 ml)에 그려. 착유 할 각 댐에 대한 새 바늘과 주사기를 사용합니다. 참고 : 옥시토신 투여 량은 일반적으로 1의 단일 주사에서 5 IU 1,6,12,16에 이르기까지 다양합니다. 대안 적으로, 4 IU / kg 체중의 투여 량은 12을 사용할 수있다. 난이도 착유가 발생하면 2 IU의 단일 용량은 한 번 반복 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 복강 옥시토신을 주입한다. 각도, 머리쪽으로 바늘 가리키는 복부의 우측 사분면에 바늘을 삽입15-30 °의 약 0.5 cm 깊이. </li><li> 이전에 주입 음압을 보장하기 위해 플런저를 다시 잡아 당깁니다. 유체 (혈액, 소변, 장내 내용 등)가 주사기 내로 흡인되면, 바늘을 제거하고 새로운 바늘 및 주사기로 주입을 시도한다. 더 유체는 옥시토신을 주입하고, 생물 학적 용기에 즉시 바늘과 주사기를 폐기 흡입하지 않으면. </li><li> 우유 내림을 자극하는 옥시토신을 위해 약 5 ~ 15 분을 기다립니다. </li></ol> 착유 사이트 5. 준비 <ol><li> 우유가 수집됩니다있는 사이트 / 유두를 선택합니다. 우유 (12)는 임의의 유두로부터 수집 될 수있다. </li><li> 모피는 시료 채취에 어려움을 초래할 수 있으므로 조심스럽게 인해 우유의 심지에, 트리머로 착유 할 수있는 유두 주위의 털을 제거합니다. 온화 - 유두 주변의 피부가 매우 민감하고 건조 할 수 있으며, 같은 상처와 눈물에 영향을 받기 쉽다. </li><li> 유두 I의 살균필요한 아니다, 그러나 모피가 제거 된 후 선택적으로, 미지근한 물과 젖꼭지를 청소하십시오. 두 개 이상의 사이트가 우유 수집을 위해 요구 될 수있는 두 개 이상의 사이트를 준비합니다. 참고 : 우유 분석은 미생물 프로파일이 포함되어있는 경우, 유두 영역은 요오드 5 살균이 필요할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 6. 우유 컬렉션 <ol><li> 부드럽게 수동으로 수집을 위해 우유를 추방, 유두의 기반을 짠다. 참고 : 우유 분석은 미생물 프로파일이 포함되어있는 경우, 우유의 처음 몇 방울을 폐기해야합니다. </li><li> 모세관 충전, 모세관에 우유 방울을 수집한다. 큰 양 (예를 들면, 50 μL) 과정을 쉽게 수용 모세관. 주 : 우유를 수집하는데 어려움이 발생하면, 옥시토신 제 투여 량으로 투여 될 수있다. 이 용량은 4 IU 총을 초과하지 않는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> 무균 마이크로 원심 튜브에 의해 모세관으로부터 우유를 분배microcentrifuge 관의 측면에 유두에서 우유 묘화에 사용 된 상기 튜브의 단부를 터치 - 우유는 모세관 작용을 통하여 모세관 인출되는 관찰. 주 : 1 ML의 주사기에 부착 된 18 G 바늘을 사용하여 튜브로 유입되지 않은 우유를 &#39;밖으로 불어&#39;. </li><li> 지속적으로 통증이나 호흡 억제의 징후 댐을 모니터링하고 그에 따라 이소 플루 란의 흐름을 조정합니다. </li><li> 충분한 우유가 선택한 우유 분석을 위해 수집 된 때까지이 절에 설명 된대로 우유를 수집하기 위해 계속합니다. creamatocrit 단백질 농도 결정에 대하여 설명을 위해, 0.25 ㎖의 우유를 수집한다. 참고 : 우유 내림 둔화 또는 선택된 사이트가 충분히 우유를 추방하지 않는 경우 다른 착유 사이트를 사용합니다. 동물의 우유 당 약 2.5 ml를 최대 17 수집 또는 유두 당 0.5 ml의 최대 수. 저자는 O, 마취에서 총 시간은 약 45 ~ 60 분으로 제한하는 것이 좋습니다R 착유 45 분. </li><li> 신선한 우유 샘플들로부터 측정 creamatocrit microhematocrit 튜브로 우유를 수집하고, 점토 실란트와 튜브의 단부를 밀봉. 댐 ID로 microhematocrit 튜브 레이블과 수직 우유 샘플을 저장합니다. </li><li> 착유가 완료되면, 이소 플루 란과 산소의 흐름을 해제. 댐에서 마스크를 제거하고 깨어 때까지 댐을 모니터링하는 것을 계속한다. 그것은 완전히 의식하지 않을 경우, 댐이 아니라 직접 케이지 침구보다는, 회복 기간 동안 흡수 벤치 패드에 배치해야 흡입 또는 복구 중에 댐의 눈을 긁적되는 침대를 방지하는 것이 좋습니다. 참고 :이 흉골 recumbancy을 유지하기 위해 충분한 의식을 회복 할 때까지 무인 댐을 두지 마십시오. </li><li> 더 분​​석이 필요하지 않은 경우, -80 ° C에서 우유를 동결. 다른 사람들은 우유가 -20 ° C (18)에서 3 시간까지 4 ° C에서 5 개월 동안 저장 될 수 있음을 제안했다. </li></ol> 7. Creamatocrit 측정 <ol><li> 우유 creamatocrit (우유 샘플 크림의 비율) (19)를 계산하여 우유의 지방 함량을 추정한다. 주 : 모유와 측정은 신선 또는 냉동 중 우유 그러나 신선한 우유가 더 높은 상관 관계, creamatocrit 측정에 사용될 수 있음을 보여 주었다 (R R = 0.90 대 = 0.92) 지질 농도 11. 해동 우유 creamatocrit에서 작은 감소와 연관된로 creamatocrit 측정 용 신선하거나 냉동 우유의 사용은 11 값, 연구 일관된 유지되어야한다. </li><li> 신선한 우유를 들어, microhematocrit 튜브에 유두에서 우유의 샘플을 수집; 적어도 작성 ¾ 전체 (약 15 ~ 20 μl를). 또한, 잘 혼합 한 후 모세관 튜브에 수집 된 샘플에서 신선한 우유를 그립니다. 점토 실란트와 끝을 밀봉합니다. </li><li> 으로 헤마토크릿 스피너로 모세관 배치밀봉 단부 원심을 보장 바깥쪽으로 향하고 것은 균형이다. </li><li> 적혈구 용적률 스핀 (13,700 XG에 120 초)을 시작합니다. 참고 : 회전 시간이나 속도가 사용 원심 분리기의 모델에 따라 변경 될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 스핀 완료 후 원심 분리기에서 튜브를 제거하고 creamatocrit을 계산하기위한 측정을 수행한다. 크림 층과 클리어 층에 샘플의 분리를 관찰한다. </li><li> 측정 관 내의 유체의 총 길이 및 지방 (크림)의 길이 또는 캘리퍼자를 사용 층을 기록한다. 주 : creamatocrit과 같이 계산 우유 샘플 (19) 내의 크림 층의 백분율로 표현된다 (크림 층의 길이 / 우유 컬럼의 총 길이) (100) (도 1a)을 X. 다음과 같이 creamatocrit 측정에서 지방 농도와 에너지 값을 계산한다 지방 농도 (G / L) = (creamatocrit (%) - 0.59) /0.146 (그림 1B)를 19; 에너지 값 (KC알 / L) = 290 + (66.8 * creamatocrit (%) (그림 1C) 19. </li></ol> 8. 단백질 농도 결정 <ol><li> 단백질 표준으로 소 혈청 알부민을 사용하여, 이러한 로우리 단백질 검정 6으로 표준 단백질 분석법을 사용하여 총 우유 단백질 농도를 결정한다. 주 : 우유 단백질 측정 분석의 표준 곡선 내에 있도록 우유의 희석이 필요할 수있다. </li></ol>

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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+Profiling+of+microRNA+by+Next-Gen+Deep+Sequencing+Reveals+Known+and+Novel+miRNA+Species+in+the+Lipid+Fraction+of+Human+Breast+Milk.">Transcriptome Profiling of microRNA by Next-Gen Deep Sequencing Reveals Known and Novel miRNA Species in the Lipid Fraction of Human Breast Milk.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (2), e50564 (2013).</li><li>Li, M., Sloboda, D. M., Vickers, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+obesity+and+developmental+programming+of+metabolic+disorders+in+offspring:+Evidence+from+animal+models.">Maternal obesity and developmental programming of metabolic disorders in offspring: Evidence from animal models.</a> Exp Diabetes Res. 2011, (2011).</li><li>Ellis, P. J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrifty+metabolic+programming+in+rats+is+induced+by+both+maternal+undernutrition+and+postnatal+leptin+treatment,+but+masked+in+the+presence+of+both:+implications+for+models+of+developmental+programming.">Thrifty metabolic programming in rats is induced by both maternal undernutrition and postnatal leptin treatment, but masked in the presence of both: implications for models of developmental programming.</a> BMC Genomics. 15, 49 (2014).</li><li>Gomez-Gallago, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+to+collect+high+volumes+of+milk+from+mice+(Mus+musculus).">A method to collect high volumes of milk from mice (Mus musculus).</a> An. Vet. Murcia. 29, 55-61 (2013).</li><li>Wang, C. D., Chu, P. S., Mellen, B. G., Shenai, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creamatocrit+and+the+nutrient+composition+of+human+milk.">Creamatocrit and the nutrient composition of human milk.</a> J. Perinatol. 19 (5), 343-346 (1999).</li><li>Rodgers, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+aspects+of+milk+collection+in+the+rat.">Practical aspects of milk collection in the rat.</a> Lab. Anim. 29 (4), 450-455 (1995).</li><li>Godbole, V. Y., Grundleger, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composition+of+rat+milk+from+day+5+to+20+of+lactation+and+milk+intake+of+lean+and+preobese+zucker+pups.">Composition of rat milk from day 5 to 20 of lactation and milk intake of lean and preobese zucker pups.</a> J. Nutr. 111 (3), 480-487 (1981).</li><li>Del Prado, M., Delgado, G., Villalpando, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+lipid+intake+during+pregnancy+and+lactation+alters+milk+composition+and+production+and+litter+growth+in+rats.">Maternal lipid intake during pregnancy and lactation alters milk composition and production and litter growth in rats.</a> J. Nutr. 127 (3), 458-462 (1997).</li><li>Nicholas, K. R., Hartmann, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Milk+secretion+in+the+rat:+progressive+changes+in+milk+composition+during+lactation+and+weaning+and+the+effect+of+diet.">Milk secretion in the rat: progressive changes in milk composition during lactation and weaning and the effect of diet.</a> Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 98 (3-4), 533-542 (1991).</li><li>Azara, C. R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol+intake+during+lactation+alters+milk+nutrient+composition+and+growth+and+mineral+status+of+rat+pups.">Ethanol intake during lactation alters milk nutrient composition and growth and mineral status of rat pups.</a> Biol. Res. 41 (3), 317-330 (2008).</li><li>Keen, C. L., L&#246;nnerdal, B., Sloan, M. V., Hurley, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+milking+procedure+on+rat+milk+composition.">Effects of milking procedure on rat milk composition.</a> Physiol. Behav. 24 (3), 613-615 (1980).</li><li>Romeu-Nadal, M., Castellote, A. I., L&#242;pez-Sabater, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+cold+storage+on+vitamins+C+and+E+and+fatty+acids+in+human+milk.">Effect of cold storage on vitamins C and E and fatty acids in human milk.</a> Food Chem. 106 (1), 65-70 (2008).</li><li>Lucas, A., Gibbs, J. A., Lyster, R. L., Baum, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creamatocrit:+simple+clinical+technique+for+estimating+fat+concentration+and+energy+value+of+human+milk.">Creamatocrit: simple clinical technique for estimating fat concentration and energy value of human milk.</a> Br. Med. J. 1 (6119), 1018-1020 (1978).</li><li>Furtado, K., Andrade, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+beneficial+and+adverse+effects+of+inhalable+and+injectable+anaesthetics+in+animal+models:+a+mini-review.">Comparison of the beneficial and adverse effects of inhalable and injectable anaesthetics in animal models: a mini-review.</a> OA Anaesthetics. 1 (2), 20 (2013).</li><li>Hausman Kedem, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+advanced+maternal+age+upon+human+milk+fat+content.">The effect of advanced maternal age upon human milk fat content.</a> Breastfeed. Med. 8 (1), 116-119 (2013).</li><li>Mandel, D., Lubetzky, R., Dollberg, S., Barak, S., Mimouni, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fat+and+energy+contents+of+expressed+human+breast+milk+in+prolonged+lactation.">Fat and energy contents of expressed human breast milk in prolonged lactation.</a> Pediatrics. 116 (3), e432-e435 (2005).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 관심의 충돌이 없습니다. 모든 동물 실험은 CCAC 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 수행 하였다.

Investigations into maternal milk components have increased as interest in early life development research rises. As the sole source of nutrition during the neonatal period, the bioactive compounds in milk are essential for ideal growth and development, especially in the context of intestinal and immune health3. The method presented here is a simple, non-invasive method of collecting milk from the lactating rat in amounts sufficient for downstream analysis, such as oligosaccharide profiling6. The me...

우유는 신생아 포유 동물, 유아의 성장과 발전의 1, 2에 대한 에너지와 영양분을 제공하는 영양의 유일한 원천입니다. 우유는 주로 세포, 지질, 및 단백질을 1로 구성되지만, 또한 효소, 탄수화물, 호르몬, 항체, 성장 인자, 사이토 카인, 엑소 좀, 마이크로 소포, 소형의 RNA 등을 포함 자손 초기 생명 현상을 조절하는 생리 활성 물질의 과다를 포함 마이크로 RNA 1, 2 등. 유아 질병 2에 덜 민감하다 모유 증거와 결합 면역 자손과 장 건강 (3)의 설립에 산모 우유의 기본적인 역할은, 생애 초기에 질병 과정과 관련된 우유 성분과 관련된 분자 메커니즘을 식별의 중요성을 강조 자신의 행동에. 개발 쥐 다양한 영양, 생리 학적 효과를 조사하는 인기 모델이며, 초기에 화학 개입- 생활 개발 4. 쥐 우유의 분석은 따라서 산모와 자손의 건강에 대한 새로운 통찰력을 제공 할 수있다. 현재 과학적 진보는 이제 건강과 질병에 대한 구체적인 우유 성분의 효과에 대한 심층적 인 연구 기회를 증가 제공합니다. 예를 들어, 우유 박테리아 프로필의 순서는 유아의 창자 5의 초기 장 식민지에서 자신의 역할을 규명 한, 우유 올리고당의 질량 분석 분석은 산모 다이어트 6, 분비 마이크로 RNA의 깊은 시퀀싱을 통해 우유 올리고당 프로파일의 변화에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고 있습니다 모유의 지방 구체는 유전자 전사, 신진 대사, 면역 기능 7에서 가능한 역할을 강조한다. 쥐 모델은 산모의 연구 8,9에서 사용되는 가장 인기있는 모델 생물 중 하나를 나타냅니다. 하나의 장점은 approximat 지속 그들의 짧은 임신 및 수유 기간입니다엘리 이십일일 각; 따라서 수유 임신 개시로부터 총 시간은 중요 데이터가 생성 될 수있는 짧은 시간을 나타낸다. 마우스에 비해 쥐의 큰 크기는 우유 컬렉션의 맥락에서, 우유 및 수집의 용이성의 부피에 대하여 상당한 이점을 제공 할 수있다; 마우스에서의 우유 생산은 예를 들어, 10 개 우유 생산 무거운 쥐 전체 체중에 의존하는 것으로 보인다. 여기, 수유 쥐에서 우유의 수동 수집에 대한 일반적인 설명이 제공된다. 이 프로토콜은, 최소의 장비를 필요로 저렴 비 침습적이고, 하류의 분석을위한 충분한 양의 우유를 수집하는데 사용될 수있다. 요컨대, 댐 우유 내림 옥시토신에 의해 자극되고, 이소 플루 란으로 마취하고, 우유는 우유의 매뉴얼 식 통해 모세관 튜브로 수집한다. 마지막으로, 우유의 두 가지 주요 구성 요소로 단백질, 간단한 descriptio 지방이며,creamatocrit 측정 (11) 및 표준 단백질 분석을 이용하여 총 단백질 농도의 정량을 사용하여 우유의 지방 함량을 추정 N이 제시된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="829">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Equipment - Milking</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD-Canada</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G needles</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD-Canada</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">18 G needles</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD-Canada</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 ul Microdispenser Capillary Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-169D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxytocin (20 USP Units/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bimeda-MTC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1OXY015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">PPC Vet Isoflurane Inhalation Anesthetic, 250 ml</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M60302</td>
			<td>Used on the order of a veterinarian</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Alcohol Prep Pad</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Dukal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbent Bench Underpad</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82020-845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Maxi-Therm Hyper/Hypothermia Blanket</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Cincinnati Sub-Zero</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Rodent Anesthesia Machine with Vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Benson Medical Industries Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Subject to individual laboratory needs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:353px;">Animal Masks</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Benson Medical Industries Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50100/50102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-060-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ChroMini Professional Trimmer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Wahl</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Equipment - Creamatocrit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">StatSpin SafeCrit Plastic Microhematocrit Tubes (Untreated)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22-274-914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Critoseal Capillary Tube Sealant Tray</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470161-478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">StatSpin CritSpin Microhematocrit Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X00-004999-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

milk collection in the rat using capillary tubes and estimation of milk fat content by creamatocrit

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also contains a vast number of bioactive compounds that greatly affect the development of the neonate. The analysis of milk components will help elucidate key factors that link maternal metabolism and health with offspring growth and development. The laboratory rat represents a popular model organism for maternal studies, and rat milk can be used to examine the effect of various maternal physiological, nutritional, and pharmacological interventions on milk components, which may then impact offspring health. Here a simple method of manually collecting milk from the lactating rat that can be performed by a single investigator, does not require specialized vacuum or suction equipment, and provides sufficient milk for subsequent downstream analysis is described. A method for estimating the fat content of milk by measuring the percentage of cream within the milk sample, known as the creamatocrit, is also presented. These methods can ultimately be used to increase insight into maternal-child health and to elucidate maternal factors that are involved in proper growth and development of offspring.

위 스타 댐으로부터 이유에서 설명한대로 우유 수집하고, 높은 단백질 제어 소비 (5 AIN-93G를, N =) 해당 (무게이 22 주령 350-400g) (40 % 카제인 중량 / 중량, N = 5) 또는 높은 프리 바이오 틱 섬유 (21.6 % 중량 / 중량, 1 : 올리고 프룩 토스 및 이눌린, N = 4의 1 비율) 임신과 수유에 걸쳐 다이어트. 옥시토신 투여 량은 IU 2했다. 우유는 모세관 튜브를 사용하여 수집하고, 하나의 튜브를 따라 지방 농도와 에너지...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit at JoVE.com

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Milk is a primary source of nutrition for the neonate. Analysis of milk components may provide insight into maternal factors that affect offspring health. This protocol describes a manual method of collecting milk samples from the lactating rat, which can then be used for further downstream analysis.

모세관 튜브 및 Creamatocrit에 의한 우유 지방 함량의 평가를 사용하여 쥐의 우유 컬렉션

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also ...

milk-collection-rat-using-capillary-tubes-estimation-milk-fat-content

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JoVE Journal

Biology

12.2K 조회수.  University of Calgary. Milk is a primary source of nutrition for the neonate. Analysis of milk components may provide insight into maternal factors that affect offspring health. This protocol describes a manual method of collecting milk samples from the lactating rat, which can then be used for further downstream analysis.

비디오: Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Implantation of Engineered Tissue in the Rat Heart

Rodent surgery is often an important component in assessing the utility of engineered tissues. A wide variety of surgical procedures can be performed in common laboratory rats or mice and these quite frequently serve as an intermediate step between bench-top experiments and large animal testing or human trials. Given that rodents provide an established, cost-effective, and physiologically-relevant model system in which to test novel combinations of scaffolding materials and cells, they are particularly well-suited for cardiovascular tissue engineering studies. Presently, we describe an open-heart surgical procedure to implant engineered tissue containing myogenic progenitor cells in the atrioventricular (AV) groove of a rat heart. These implants are intended to create an electrical conduit between the right atrium and right ventricle with the ultimate goal of providing an alternative treatment to conventional pacemaker implantation in pediatric patients with complete heart block[1]. The engineered tissue is implanted in the AV-groove by means of a thoracotomy. For our purposes, Lewis rats are anesthetized and invasively ventilated to maintain positive airway pressure during the sterile surgical procedure. The approach to the heart is performed by a right thoracotomy through an antero-lateral incision at the 5th intercostal space. The tissue construct is fixed in the AV groove using a single 7-0 Prolene suture and positioned between the right ventricle and atrium at the ventral portion of the heart. The epicardium is partially removed to allow direct contact between the recipient myocardial cells and those contained in the engineered tissue. Following implantation, the chest wall is closed in layers, any pneumothorax is evacuated, and the animal is extubated and treated with analgesic.

Here, we describe a cardiac surgical procedure to implant engineered tissue in the atrioventricular (AV)-groove of an adult Lewis rat.

랫 중심에 엔지니어링된 조직의 주입

Rodent surgery is often an important component in assessing the utility of engineered tissues. A wide variety of surgical procedures can be performed in ...

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생물학

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Neurotoxicity 높은 컨텐츠 분석의 연결 및 Astrocyte 공동 문화 분석

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

Imaging of Estrogen Receptor-&alpha; in Rat Pial Arterioles using a Digital Immunofluorescent Microscope

Many of estrogen's effects on vascular reactivity are mediated through interaction with estrogen receptors 1, 2, 3. Although two sub-types exist (estrogen receptor -&alpha; and &beta;),estrogen receptor-&alpha; has been identified in both the smooth muscle and in endothelial cells of pial arterial segments using fluorescent staining combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy 4. Furthermore, ER-&alpha; is located in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of rat basilar arteries 5. The receptors are abundant and fluoresce brightly, but clear visualization of discrete groups of receptors is difficult likely due to the numbers located in many cell layers of pial vessel segments. Additionally, many reports using immunohistochemical techniques paired with confocal microscopy poorly detail the requirements critical for reproduction of experiments 6. Our purpose for this article is to describe a simple technique to optimize the staining and visualization of ER-&alpha; using cross-sectional slices of pial arterioles obtain from female rat brains. We first perfuse rats with Evans blue dye to easily identify surface pial arteries which we isolate under a dissecting microscope. Use of a cryostat to slice 8 &mu;m cross sections of the arteries allows us to obtain thin vessel sections so that different vessel planes are more clearly visualized. Cutting across the vessel rather than use of a small vessel segment has the advantage of easier viewing of the endothelial and smooth muscle layers. In addition, use of a digital immunofluorescent microscope with extended depth software produces clear images of ten to twelve different vessel planes and is less costly than use of a confocal laser scanning microscope.

Imaging of Estrogen Receptor-&#945; in Rat Pial Arterioles using a Digital Immunofluorescent Microscope

The goal of this article is to demonstrate a method to optimize immunofluorescent detection of estrogen receptor-&#945; (ER&#945;) in rat pial arterial slices using a digital immunofluorescent microscope.

디지털 Immunofluorescent 현미경을 사용하여 쥐 Pial Arterioles에서 에스 트로겐 수용체 - α의 영상

Many of estrogen's effects on vascular reactivity are mediated through interaction with estrogen receptors 1, 2, 3. Although two sub-types exist (estrogen ...

Isolation of Rat Portal Fibroblasts by In situ Liver Perfusion

Liver fibrosis is defined by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix by activated myofibroblasts. There are multiple precursors of hepatic myofibroblasts, including hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts and bone marrow derived fibroblasts 1. Hepatic stellate cells have been the best studied, but portal fibroblasts are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the myofibroblast pool, particularly in biliary fibrosis 2. Portal fibroblasts undergo proliferation in response to biliary epithelial injury, potentially playing a key role in the early stages of biliary scarring 3-5. A method of isolating portal fibroblasts would allow in vitro study of this cell population and lead to greater understanding of the role portal fibroblasts play in biliary fibrosis.
Portal fibroblasts have been isolated using various techniques including outgrowth 6, 7 and liver perfusion with enzymatic digestion followed by size selection 8. The advantage of the digestion and size selection technique compared to the outgrowth technique is that cells can be studied without the necessity of passage in culture. Here, we describe a modified version of the original technique described by Kruglov and Dranoff 8 for isolation of portal fibroblasts from rat liver that results in a relatively pure population of primary cells.

Isolation of Rat Portal Fibroblasts by In situ Liver Perfusion

A technique for isolating portal fibroblasts from rat liver is described. Livers are perfused and digested in situ with collagenase, followed by ex vivo digestion of the liver slurry and size selection of cells. This method provides a pure population of portal fibroblasts without the need for passage in culture.

쥐 포탈 섬유아 세포의 분리에 의한<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 간 재관류

Liver fibrosis is defined  by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix by activated  myofibroblasts. There are multiple precursors of hepatic ...

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich vascularization and high density of mitochondria. BAT plays a major role in energy expenditure and non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn mammals as well as the adults 1. BAT-mediated thermogenesis is highly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly via &beta; adrenergic receptor 2, 3. Recent studies have shown that BAT activities in human adults are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and other diabetic parameters 4-6. BAT has thus been proposed as a potential target for anti-obesity/anti-diabetes therapy focusing on modulation of energy balance 6-8. While several cold challenge-based positron emission tomography (PET) methods are established for detecting human BAT 9-13, there is essentially no standardized protocol for imaging and quantification of BAT in small animal models such as mice. Here we describe a robust PET/CT imaging method for functional assessment of BAT in mice. Briefly, adult C57BL/6J mice were cold treated under fasting conditions for a duration of 4 hours before they received one dose of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The mice were remained in the cold for one additional hour post FDG injection, and then scanned with a small animal-dedicated micro-PET/CT system. The acquired PET images were co-registered with the CT images for anatomical references and analyzed for FDG uptake in the interscapular BAT area to present BAT activity. This standardized cold-treatment and imaging protocol has been validated through testing BAT activities during pharmacological interventions, for example, the suppressed BAT activation by the treatment of &beta;-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol 14, 15, or the enhanced BAT activation by &beta;3 agonist BRL37344 16. The method described here can be applied to screen for drugs/compounds that modulate BAT activity, or to identify genes/pathways that are involved in BAT development and regulation in various preclinical and basic studies.

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

A method of functional imaging of mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) is described in which cold-stimulated uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in BAT is non-invasively assessed with a standardized micro-PET/CT protocol. This method is robust and sensitive to detect differences in BAT activities in mouse models.

FDG micro-PET/CT와 마우스의 브라운 지방의 기능 영상

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

마우스 및 꿰 문착 사슴 우유 수집 방법

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...

Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

The plant phloem is essential for the long-distance transport of (photo-) assimilates as well as of signals conveying biotic or abiotic stress. It contains sugars, amino acids, proteins, RNA, lipids and other metabolites. While there is a large interest in understanding the composition and function of the phloem, the role of many of these molecules and thus, their importance in plant development and stress response has yet to be determined. One barrier to phloem analysis lies in the fact that the phloem seals itself upon wounding. As a result, the number of plants from which phloem sap can be obtained is limited. One method that allows collection of phloem exudates from several plant species without added equipment is the EDTA-facilitated phloem exudate collection described here. While it is easy to use, it does lead to the wounding of cells and care has to be taken to remove contents of damaged cells. In addition, several controls to prove purity of the exudate are necessary. Because it is an exudation rather than a direct collection of the phloem sap (not possible in many species) only relative quantification of its contents can occur. The advantage of this method over others is that it can be used in many herbaceous or woody plant species (Perilla, Arabidopsis, poplar, etc.) and requires minimal equipment and training. It leads to reasonably large amounts of exudates that can be used for subsequent analysis of proteins, sugars, lipids, RNA, viruses and metabolites. It is simple enough that it can be used in both a research as well as in a teaching laboratory.

Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

Knowledge of the composition of the phloem sap as well as the mechanism of its loading and long-distance transport is essential for the understanding of long-distance signaling in plant development and stress/pathogen response and of assimilate transport. This manuscript describes the collection of phloem exudates using the EDTA-facilitated method.

의 수집과 분석<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 사부는 EDTA-촉진 방법을 사용하여 삼출물

The plant phloem is essential for the long-distance transport of (photo-) assimilates as well as of signals conveying biotic or abiotic stress. It ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

대변​​ 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Avian Semen Collection by Cloacal Massage and Isolation of DNA from Sperm

Collection of semen may be useful for a wide range of applications including studies involving sperm quality, sperm telomere dynamics, and epigenetics. Birds are widely used subjects in biological research and are ideal for studies involving repeated sperm samples. However, few resources are currently available for those wishing to learn how to collect and extract DNA from avian sperm. Here we describe cloacal massage, a gentle, non-invasive manual technique for collecting avian sperm. Although this technique is established in the literature, it can be difficult to learn from the available descriptions. We also provide information for extracting DNA from avian semen using a commercial extraction kit with modifications. Cloacal massage can be easily used on any small- to medium-sized male bird in reproductive condition. Following collection, the semen can be used immediately for motility assays, or frozen for DNA extraction following the protocol described herein. This extraction protocol was refined for avian sperm and has been successfully used on samples collected from several passerine species (Passer domesticus, Spizella passerina, Haemorhous mexicanus, and Turdus migratorius) and one columbid (Columba livia).

This protocol describes cloacal massage, a non-invasive manual technique for collecting semen from birds, and DNA extraction from avian sperm using a commercial extraction kit with modifications.

조류 정액 컬렉션 Cloacal 마사지와 정액에서 DNA의 분리

Collection of semen may be useful for a wide range of applications including studies involving sperm quality, sperm telomere dynamics, and epigenetics. ...