Name: escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis: protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology
Uploaded: 2019-02-25T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology at JoVE.com

Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Jennifer VanderKelen, Andrea Laubscher, and Tony Turretto for technical support, Wesley Kao, Layne Williams, and Christopher Hight for helpful discussions. Authors also acknowledge funding support from the Bill and Linda Frost Fund, Center for Applications in Biotechnology&#39;s Chevron Biotechnology Applied Research Endowment Grant, Cal Poly Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activities Grant Program (RSCA 2017), and the National Science Foundation (NSF-1708919). MZL acknowledges the California State University Graduate Grant. MCJ acknowledges the Army Research Office W911NF-16-1-0372, National Science Foundation grants MCB-1413563 and MCB-1716766, the Air Force Research Laboratory Center of Excellence Grant FA8650-15-2-5518, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Grant HDTRA1-15-10052/P00001, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Program, the Department of Energy BER Grant DE-SC0018249, the Human Frontiers Science Program (RGP0015/2017), the DOE Joint Genome Institute ETOP Grant, and the Chicago Biomedical Consortium with support from the Searle Funds at the Chicago Community Trust for support.

1. Media Preparation and Cell Growth
<ol>
	<li>Day 1
	<ol>
		<li>Streak E. coli BL21*(DE3) cells from a glycerol stock onto an LB agar plate and incubate for at least 18 h at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Prepare 50 mL of LB media and autoclave the solution on a liquid cycle for 30 min at 121 &#176;C. Store at room temperature.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 2
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 750 mL of 2x YTP media and 250 mL of 0.4 M D-Glucose solution as described in the supplemental information.<...

Cell-free protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful and enabling technology for a variety of applications ranging from biomanufacturing to rapid prototyping of biochemical systems. The breadth of applications is supported by the capacity to monitor, manipulate, and augment cellular machinery in real-time. In spite of the expanding impact of this platform technology, broad adaptation has remained slow due to technical nuances in the implementation of the methods. Through this effort, we aim to provide simplicity and cla...

Cell-free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a technology that has unlocked a number of new opportunities for protein production, functional genomics, metabolic engineering, and more within the last 50 years1,2. Compared to standard in vivo protein expression platforms, CFPS provides three key advantages: 1) the cell-free nature of the platform enables the production of proteins that would be potentially toxic or foreign to the cell3,4,5,6; 2) inactivation of genomic DNA and the introduction of a template DNA encoding the gene(s) of interest channel all of the systemic energy within the reaction to the production of the protein(s) of interest; and 3) the open nature of the platform enables the user to modify and monitor the reaction conditions and composition in real time7,8. This direct access to the reaction supports the augmentation of biological systems with expanded chemistries and redox conditions for the production of novel proteins and the tuning of metabolic processes2,9,10. Direct access also allows the user to combine the CFPS reaction with activity assays in a single-pot system for more rapid design-build-test cycles11. The capacity to perform the CFPS reaction in small volume droplets or on paper-based devices further supports high-throughput discovery efforts and rapid prototyping12,13,14,15,16. As a result of these advantages and the plug and play nature of the system, CFPS has uniquely enabled a variety of biotechnology applications such as the production of proteins that are difficult to solubly express in vivo17,18,19,20, detection of disease21,22,23, on demand biomanufacturing18,24,25,26,27, and education28,29, all of which show the flexibility and utility of the cell-free platform.
CFPS systems can be generated from a variety of crude lysates from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell lines. This allows for diverse options in the system of choice, each of which have advantages and disadvantages depending on the application of interest. CFPS systems also vary greatly in preparation time, cost, and productivity. The most commonly utilized cell extracts are produced from wheat germ, rabbit reticulocyte, insect cells, and Escherichia coli cells, with the latter being the most cost-effective to date while producing the highest volumetric yields of protein30. While other CFPS systems can be advantageous for their innate post-translational modification machinery, emerging applications using the E. coli-based machinery are able to bridge the gap by generating site-specifically phosphorylated and glycosylated proteins on demand31,32,33,34,35.
CFPS reactions can be run in either batch, continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) or continuous-flow cell-free (CFCF) formats. The batch format is a closed system whose reaction lifetime is limited due to diminishing quantities of reactants and the accumulation of inhibitory byproducts of the reaction. CECF and CFCF methods increase the lifetime of the reaction, and thereby result in increased volumetric protein yields compared to the batch reaction. This is accomplished by allowing the byproducts of protein synthesis to be removed from the reaction vessel while new reactants are supplied throughout the course of the reaction2. In the case of CFCF, the protein of interest can also be removed from the reaction chamber, while in CECF, the protein of interest remains in the reaction chamber comprised of a semi-permeable membrane36,37. These methods are especially valuable in overcoming poor volumetric yields of difficult-to-express proteins of interest38,39,40,41,42,43. The challenges in implementing the CECF and CFCF approaches are that 1) while they result in more efficient use of the bio machinery responsible for transcription and translation, they require notably larger quantities of reagents that increases overall cost and 2) they require more complex reaction setups and specialized equipment compared to the batch format44. In order to ensure accessibility for new users, the protocols described herein focus on the batch format at reaction volumes of 15 &#181;L with specific recommendations for increasing the reaction volume to the milliliter scale.
The methods presented herein enable non-experts with basic laboratory skills (such as undergraduate students) to implement cell growth, extract preparation, and batch format reaction setup for an E. coli-based CFPS system. This approach is cost-effective compared to commercially available kits without sacrificing the ease of kit-based reaction setup. Furthermore, this approach enables applications in the laboratory and in the field. When deciding to implement CFPS, new users should thoroughly evaluate the efficacy of conventional protein expression systems for startup investment, as CFPS may not be superior in every case. The CFPS methods described here enable the user to directly implement a variety of applications, including functional genomics, high-throughput testing, the production of proteins that are intractable for in vivo expression, as well as field applications including biosensors and educational kits for synthetic biology. Additional applications such as metabolic engineering, tuning of protein expression conditions, disease detection, and scale-up using CECF or CFCF methods are still possible but may require experience with the CFPS platform for further modification of reaction conditions. Our methods combine growth in enriched media and baffled flasks, with relatively rapid and reproducible methods of cell lysis through sonication, followed by a simplified CFPS reaction setup that utilizes optimized premixes45. While the cellular growth methods have become somewhat standardized within this field, methods for cell lysis vary widely. In addition to sonication, common lysis methods include utilization of a French press, a homogenizer, bead beaters, or lysozyme and other biochemical and physical disruption methods46,47,48,49. Using our methods, approximately 2 mL of crude cell extract are obtained per 1 L of cells. This quantity of cell extract can support four hundred 15 &#181;L CFPS reactions, each producing ~900 &#181;g/mL of reporter sfGFP protein from the template plasmid pJL1-sfGFP. This method costs $0.021/&#181;g of sfGFP produced ($.019/&#181;L of reaction), excluding the cost of labor and equipment (Supplemental Figure 1). Starting from the scratch, this method can be implemented in 4 days by a single person and repeat CFPS reactions can be completed within hours (Figure 1). Additionally, the protocol can be scaled up in volume for larger batches of reagent preparation to suit the user&#39;s needs.Importantly, the protocol presented here can be implemented by laboratory trained non-experts such as undergraduate students, as it only requires basic laboratory skills. The procedures described below, and the accompanying video have been specifically developed to improve accessibility of the E. coli CFPS platform for broad usage.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:817px;" width="817">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Luria Broth</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12795027</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">73049-73-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1/2/8013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S3014-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Potassium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">60353-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Potassium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P9791-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">G8270-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">KOH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P5958-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">IPTG</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">I6758-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Mg(OAc)2</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">M5661-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">K(OAc)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P1190-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Tris(OAc)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T6066-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15508013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">tRNA</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10109541001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Folinic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">F7878-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">NTPs</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">R0481</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Oxalic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P0963-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">NAD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N8535-15VL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">CoA</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C3144-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">PEP</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">860077-250MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">K(Glu)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">G1501-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">NH4(Glu)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">02180595.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Mg(Glu)2</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">49605-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Spermidine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S0266-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Putrescine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D13208-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11344041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Molecular Grade Water</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7732-18-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Aspartic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A7219-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Valine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">V0500-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Tryptophan</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T0254-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Phenylalanine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P2126-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Isoleucine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">I2752-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Leucine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">L8000-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C7352-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Methionine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">M9625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Alanine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A7627-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Arginine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A8094-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Asparagine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A0884-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">G7126-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">G3126-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Histadine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H8000-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Lysine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">L5501-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Proline</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P0380-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Serine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S4500-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Threonine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T8625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">L-Tyrosine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T3754-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 2.0 mL</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">05-408-138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 0.6 mL</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">05-408-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">PureLink HiPure Plasmid Prep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">K210007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Ultrasonic Processor</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">QSonica</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Q125-230V/50Hz</td>
			<td>3.175 mm diameter probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Avanti J-E Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">369001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">JLA-8.1000 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">366754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">1L Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A99028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Tunair 2.5L Baffeled Shake Flask</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Z710822</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Microfuge 20</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">B30134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">New Brunswick Innova 42/42R Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">M1335-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Cytation 5</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BioTek</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Strep-Tactin XT Starter Kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">IBA</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">2-4998-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">pJL1-sfGFP</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">69496</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:367px;">BL21(DE3)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">New England BioLabs</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis: protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

Over the last 50 years, Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology to harness the transcriptional and translational capacity of cells within a test tube. By obviating the need to maintain the viability of the cell, and by eliminating the cellular barrier, CFPS has been foundational to emerging applications in biomanufacturing of traditionally challenging proteins, as well as applications in rapid prototyping for metabolic engineering, and functional genomics. Our methods for implementing an E. coli-based CFPS platform allow new users to access many of these applications. Here, we describe methods to prepare extract through the use of enriched media, baffled flasks, and a reproducible method of tunable sonication-based cell lysis. This extract can then be used for protein expression capable of producing 900 &#181;g/mL or more of super folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) in just 5 h from experimental setup to data analysis, given that appropriate reagent stocks have been prepared beforehand. The estimated startup cost of obtaining reagents is $4,500 which will sustain thousands of reactions at an estimated cost of $0.021 per &#181;g of protein produced or $0.019 per &#181;L of reaction. Additionally, the protein expression methods mirror the ease of the reaction setup seen in commercially available systems due to optimization of reagent pre-mixes, at a fraction of the cost. In order to enable the user to leverage the flexible nature of the CFPS platform for broad applications, we have identified a variety of aspects of the platform that can be tuned and optimized depending on the resources available and the protein expression outcomes desired.

We have presented a sonication-based E. coli extract preparation protocol that can be completed over a four-day span, with Figure 1 demonstrating the procedural breakdown over each day. There is malleability to the steps that can be completed in each day with various pausing points, but we have found this workflow to be the most effective to execute. Additionally, both the cell pellets (step 1.3.18) and fully prepared extract (step 2.10) are stable a...

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Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

This protocol details the steps, costs, and equipment necessary to generate E. coli-based cell extracts and implement in vitro protein synthesis reactions within 4 days or less. To leverage the flexible nature of this platform for broad applications, we discuss reaction conditions that can be adapted and optimized.

Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

Over the last 50 years, Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology to harness the transcriptional and translational capacity ...

This protocol simplifies and clarifies the methods for implementing self re-protein synthesis by non-experts. Improved access to these methods will help demarketize the platform and the broad set of applications that it enables. The main advantages of this technique are the speed, cost-effectiveness, and the ease of reaction set up compared to other self re-protein synthesis platforms.Our platform can enable a number of applications including functional genomics, hythopertesting, biosensors, educational kits, and with minor modifications, metabolic engineering and genetic code expansion. While this technique only requires basic laboratory training, new users should plan to familiarize themselves with techniques like sonication for successful execution of the protocol. To begin this procedure prepare all media and culture E.coli cells as outlined in the text protocol.Place a one liter centrifuge bottle into an ice water bath. Once the cultures OD600 reaches 3.0, pour the cell culture into the chilled bottle. Using a double beam balance, add water to a second one liter centrifuge bottle until it weighs the same as the first to create a balance for the centrifuge.After pre-cooling the centrifuge to four degrees Celsius, centrifuge the bottles at 5, 000 g and at 10 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes to pellet the cells. After this, slowly pour off and dispose of the supernatant. Place the cell pellet on ice.Using a sterile spatula scrape the cell pellet out of the centrifuge bottle and transfer it to a cold, 50 milliliter conical tube. Add 30 milliliters of cold S30 buffer supplemented with two millimolar DTT and resuspend the pellet by vortexing in short bursts with rest periods on ice until the pellet is fully resuspended with no chunks. After this, use another 50 millimeter conical tube filled with water as a balance to centrifuge the sample at 5, 000 g and 10 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.Pour off and dispose of the supernatant. Resuspend the pellet with 20 to 25 milliliters of cold S30 buffer. Centrifuge at 5, 000 g and at 10 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.Pour out and dispose of the supernatant. Then, add 30 milliliters of S30 buffer and resuspend the pellet using a vortex as previously described. Set out three pre-weighed, cold, 50 milliliter conical tubes.Using a serological pipette filler with a sterile pipette, aliquot ten 10 milliliters of pellet suspension into each tube. Centrifuge all of the tubes using appropriate balances as needed at 5, 000 g and 10 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. After this, pour out and dispose of the supernatants.Carefully wipe the inside of each tube and cap with a clean tissue to remove the access buffer, while making sure to avoid touching the pellet. Using an analytical balance, reweigh the tubes and report the final pellet weight for each tube. To begin, add one milliliter of cold S30 buffer with 2 millimolar DTT per one gram of cell mass to each pellet.Use a vortex to resuspend the pellets as previously described. Then transfer 1.4 milliliters of each resuspended pellet into separate 1.5 milliliter Microcentrifuge tubes. Place one tube into an ice water bath in a beaker and position the sonicator probe such that it does not touch the bottoms or sides of the tube.Sonicate the tube with the amplitude set at 50%for 45 seconds, followed by 59 seconds of rest. Making sure to close and invert the tubes during the off periods. Immediately after sonication is complete, add 4.5 microliters of one molar DTT into the lysate.Invert the tube several times to mix and then place it on ice. Repeat this process, sonicating and adding DTT for each tube of resuspended cells. Centrifuge the samples at 18, 000 g and four degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.After this, pipette each supernatant into a new 1.5 milliliter Microcentrifuge tube, leaving some supernatant behind to ensure the pellet is not disturbed. Take the tubes of supernatant to the shaking platform of an incubator and incubate them at 37 degrees Celsius with shaking at 250 RPM for 60 minutes. This is the run-off reaction.Then, centrifuge the samples at 10, 000 g and at four degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Remove each supernatant without disturbing the pellet transferring them to new tubes. Create many 100 microliter aliquots of the extract for storage.First, thaw solution A, solution B, the DNA template, the BL21DE3 extract, T7 RNA Polymerase, and an aliquot of molecular grade water on ice. Next, label the necessary amount of Microcentrifuge tubes needed for the CFPS reaction. Mix each reagent by pipetting or vortexing, then add the solution to the labeled reaction tube, making sure to not vortex the cell extract but instead invert the tube to mix.Ensure that the final reaction is well mixed and combine into a single 15 microliter bead at the bottom of each tube. Incubate each reaction without shaking at 37 degrees Celsius for four hours, or at 30 degrees Celsius overnight. To begin, obtain a 96 well plate and load 48 microliters of 0.05 molar HEPES at pH 8 into each well needed for quantification.Next, remove the reaction tubes from the incubator. Mix each reaction by pipetting up and down and transfer two microliters of each reaction into the wells containing HEPES. Mix each well by pipetting up and down.After all reactions are loaded and mixed, load the plate into a fluorometer and measure the SFGFP end point fluorescents using an excitation wave length of 485 nanometers and an emission wavelength of 510 nanometers. Use a previously generated standard curve to determine the concentration of superfoldered GFP from the obtained fluorescents reading. In this study, a sonication based E.coli extract preparation is investigated.Cell pellets and cell extract are stable at negative 80 degrees Celsius for at least a year. Additionally, the cell extract can undergo at least five freeze-thaw cycles without a significant loss of productivity. Some steps within this protocol can be varied without detriment to the overall productivity of the system.Most notably, cells can be harvested within the range of 2.7 to 4.0 optical density at 600 nanometers without a significant effect on the cell extract productivity. However, template DNA quality is a source of batch-to-batch variability that impacts volumetric yields of the CFPS reaction. This is resolved by purifying the DNA via a Midi or Maxiprep followed by an additional DNA cleanup step.The reaction vessel also impacts volumetric yields of the CFPS reaction. An increase in surface area to volume ratio, results in higher volumetric yields. To optimize volumetric yields of the CFPS reaction and to reduce cell extract batch-to-batch variability, a magnesium titration should be performed for each new extract preparation.For cell extracts comprised of 30 milligrams per milliliter total protein, the optimal magnesium concentration and extract volume to minimize reagent usage and maximize volumetric yield is 10 millimolar and five microliters respectively. By varying the reaction scale, users can pursue methods ranging from high throughput screening to larger scale expressions of a target protein. This technique provides two key advantages, first it screens protein products more rapidly, and second, it synthesizes difficult to express proteins.Examples include proteins that are cytotoxic or require oxidizing conditions for their function. As with any laboratory procedure, all reagents should be treated with caution. Additionally, centrifuges should always be balanced and ear protection should be used during sonication.

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Research

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Chemistry

Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions

Convenient methods for the rapid, parallel synthesis of diversely functionalized nanoparticles will enable discovery of novel formulations for drug delivery, biological imaging, and supported catalysis. In this report, we demonstrate parallel synthesis of brush-arm star polymer (BASP) nanoparticles by the &#34;brush-first&#34; method. In this method, a norbornene-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomer (PEG-MM) is first polymerized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to generate a living brush macroinitiator. Aliquots of this initiator stock solution are added to vials that contain varied amounts of a photodegradable bis-norbornene crosslinker. Exposure to crosslinker initiates a series of kinetically-controlled brush+brush and star+star coupling reactions that ultimately yields BASPs with cores comprised of the crosslinker and coronas comprised of PEG. The final BASP size depends on the amount of crosslinker added. We carry out the synthesis of three BASPs on the benchtop with no special precautions to remove air and moisture. The samples are characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); results agreed closely with our previous report that utilized inert (glovebox) conditions. Key practical features, advantages, and potential disadvantages of the brush-first method are discussed.

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush-arm star polymers (BASPs) with narrow mass distributions and tunable nanoscopic sizes are synthesized in via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a PEG-norbornene macromonomer followed by transfer of portions of the resulting living brush initiator to vials containing varied amounts of a rigid, photo-cleavable bis-norbornene crosslinker.

Convenient methods for the rapid, parallel synthesis of diversely functionalized nanoparticles will enable discovery of novel formulations for drug ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential nutrients. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of encapsulated fish oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy utilizing two different NMR instruments; a 500 MHz and an 850 MHz instrument. Both proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR spectra can be used for the quantitative determination of the major constituents of fish oil supplements. Quantification of the lipids in fish oil supplements is achieved through integration of the appropriate NMR signals in the relevant 1D spectra. Results obtained by 1H and 13C NMR are in good agreement with each other, despite the difference in resolution and sensitivity between the two nuclei and the two instruments. 1H NMR offers a more rapid analysis compared to 13C NMR, as the spectrum can be recorded in less than 1 min, in contrast to 13C NMR analysis, which lasts from 10 min to one hour. The 13C NMR spectrum, however, is much more informative. It can provide quantitative data for a greater number of individual fatty acids and can be used for determining the positional distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Both nuclei can provide quantitative information in just one experiment without the need of purification or separation steps. The strength of the magnetic field mostly affects the 1H NMR spectra due to its lower resolution with respect to 13C NMR, however, even lower cost NMR instruments can be efficiently applied as a standard method by the food industry and quality control laboratories.

Here, high-resolution 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used as a rapid and reliable tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of encapsulated fish oil supplements.

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential ...

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical properties, which allow for the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light and can subsequently convert it into multiplexed emissions that span over a broad range of regions from the UV to the visible to the NIR. This article presents detailed experimental procedures for high-temperature co-precipitation synthesis of core-shell UCNs that incorporate different lanthanide ions into nanocrystals for efficiently converting deep-tissue penetrable NIR excitation (808 nm) into a strong blue emission at 480 nm. By controlling the surface modification with biocompatible polymer (polyacrylic acid, PAA), the as-prepared UCNs acquires great solubility in buffer solutions. The hydrophilic nanocrystals are further functionalized with specific ligands (dibenzyl cyclooctyne, DBCO) for localization on the cell membrane. Upon NIR light (808 nm) irradiation, the upconverted blue emission can effectively activate the light-gated channel protein on the cell membrane and specifically regulate the cation (e.g., Ca2+) influx in the cytoplasm. This protocol provides a feasible methodology for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped UCNs and subsequent biocompatible surface modification for further cellular applications.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) and their cellular applications for channel protein regulation upon near-infrared (NIR) light illumination.

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical ...

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its well-balanced ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and dielectric constant. In addition, BT does not contain any toxic elements. Therefore, it is considered to be an eco-friendly material, which has attracted considerable interest as a replacement for lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, bulk BT loses its ferroelectricity at approximately 130 &#176;C, thus, it cannot be used at high temperatures. Because of the growing demand for high-temperature ferroelectric materials, it is important to enhance the thermal stability of ferroelectricity in BT. In previous studies, strain originating from the lattice mismatch at hetero-interfaces has been used. However, the sample preparation in this approach requires complicated and expensive physical processes, which are undesirable for practical applications.
In this study, we propose a chemical synthesis of a porous material as an alternative means of introducing strain. We synthesized a porous BT thin film using a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles were used as an organic template. Through a series of studies, we clarified that the introduction of pores had a similar effect on distorting the BT crystal lattice, to that of a hetero-interface, leading to the enhancement and stabilization of ferroelectricity. Owing to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, this fabrication process has considerable advantages over conventional methods.

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of porous barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin film by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles are used as an organic template.

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its ...

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and porous metal-dithiolene network in the highly ordered single crystalline state. Unlike the highly reactive free-standing thiols, which tend to decompose and complicate the crystallization of metal-thiolate open frameworks, the thioester reacts in situ to provide the thiol species, serving to mitigate the reaction between the mercaptan units and the metal centers, and to improve crystallization consequently. Specifically, the thioester was synthesized in a one-pot procedure: an aromatic bromide (hexabromotriphenylene) reacted with excess sodium thiomethoxide under vigorous conditions to first form the thioether intermediate product. The thioether was then demethylated by the excess thiomethoxide to provide the thiolate anion that was acylated to form the thioester product. The thioester was conveniently purified by standard column chromatography, and then used directly in the framework synthesis, wherein NaOH and ethylenediamine serve to revert in situ the thioester to the thiol linker for assembling the single-crystalline Pb(II)-dithiolene network. Compared with other methods for thiol synthesis (e.g., by cleaving alkyl thioether using sodium metal and liquid ammonia), the thioester synthesis here uses simple conditions and economical reagents. Moreover, the thioester product is stable and can be conveniently handled and stored. More importantly, in contrast to the generic difficulty in accessing crystalline metal-thiolate open frameworks, we demonstrate that using the thioester for in situ formation of the thiol linker greatly improves the crystallinity of the solid-state product. We intend to encourage broader research efforts on the technologically important metal-sulfur frameworks by disclosing the synthetic protocol for the thioester as well as the crystalline framework solid.

Here, we present a one-pot, transition-metal-free synthesis of thiols and thioesters from aromatic halides and sodium thiomethoxide, followed by the preparation of single crystals of a metal-dithiolene network using thiol species generated in situ from the more stable and tractable thioester.

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and ...

Preparation of Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) Functionalized SiO2 Beads for Protein Purification

We demonstrate a simple method to prepare poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (poly(PFPA)) grafted silica beads for antibody immobilization and subsequent immunoprecipitation (IP) application. The poly(PFPA) grafted surface is prepared via a simple two-step process. In the first step, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) is deposited as a linker molecule onto the silica surface. In the second step, poly(PFPA) homopolymer, synthesized via the reversible addition and fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, is grafted to the linker molecule through the exchange reaction between the pentafluorophenyl (PFP) units on the polymer and the amine groups on APTMS. The deposition of APTMS and poly(PFPA) on the silica particles are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as monitored by the particle size change measured via dynamic light scattering (DLS). To improve the surface hydrophilicity of the beads, partial substitution of poly(PFPA) with amine-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (amino-PEG) is also performed. The PEG-substituted poly(PFPA) grafted silica beads are then immobilized with antibodies for IP application. For demonstration, an antibody against protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is employed, and IP efficiency is determined by Western blotting. The analysis results show that the antibody immobilized beads can indeed be used to enrich PKR while non-specific protein interactions are minimal.

Preparation of Polypentafluorophenyl acrylate Functionalized SiO2 Beads for Protein Purification

A protocol for the preparation of poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (poly(PFPA)) grafted silica beads is presented. The poly(PFPA) functionalized surface is then immobilized with antibodies and used successfully for the protein separation through immunoprecipitation.

We demonstrate a simple method to prepare poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (poly(PFPA)) grafted silica beads for antibody immobilization and subsequent ...

Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often result in fragile aerogels with poor shape control. The use of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to form a covalently bonded hydrogel allows for the reduction of metal ions such as palladium on the CNFs with control over both nanostructure and macroscopic aerogel monolith shape after supercritical drying. Crosslinking the carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers is achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in the presence of ethylenediamine. The CNF hydrogels maintain their shape throughout synthesis steps including covalent crosslinking, equilibration with precursor ions, metal reduction with high concentration reducing agent, rinsing in water, ethanol solvent exchange, and CO2 supercritical drying. Varying the precursor palladium ion concentration allows for control over the metal content in the final aerogel composite through a direct ion chemical reduction rather than relying on the relatively slow coalescence of pre-formed nanoparticles used in other sol-gel techniques. With diffusion as the basis to introduce and remove chemical species into and out of the hydrogel, this method is suitable for smaller bulk geometries and thin films. Characterization of the cellulose nanofiber-palladium composite aerogels with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, nitrogen gas adsorption, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry indicates a high surface area, metallized palladium porous structure.

A synthesis method for cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented.The resulting composite aerogel materials offer potential for catalysis, sensing, and hydrogen gas storage applications.

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often ...