Name: labeling and imaging of amyloid plaques in brain tissue using the natural polyphenol curcumin
Uploaded: 2019-11-01T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling and Imaging of Amyloid Plaques in Brain Tissue Using the Natural Polyphenol Curcumin at JoVE.com

Support for this study came from the Field Neurosciences Institute at Ascension of St. Mary&#39;s.

All methods described here have been approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC) of Saginaw Valley State University. The human tissue was obtained from an established brain bank at the Banner Sun Health Institute in Arizona15,16.
1. Perfusion of the animals
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the fixative and perfusion buffers.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer by adding 80 g of sodium chloride (NaCl), 2 g of potassium chlorid...

<ol>
	<li>Cummings, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alzheimer's+disease.">Alzheimer's disease.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (1), 56-67 (2004).</li><li>Jack, C. R., Holtzman, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarker+modeling+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Biomarker modeling of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Neuron. 80 (6), 1347-1358 (2013).</li><li>Tarawneh, R., Holtzman, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+problem+of+symptomatic+Alzheimer+disease+and+mild+cognitive+impairment.">The clinical problem of symptomatic Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2 (5), (2012).</li><li>Selkoe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+biology+of+protein+misfolding:+the+examples+of+Alzheimer's+and+Parkinson's+diseases.">Cell biology of protein misfolding: the examples of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 6 (11), 1054-1061 (2004).</li><li>Hardy, J., Allsop, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+deposition+as+the+central+event+in+the+aetiology+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 12 (10), 383-388 (1991).</li><li>Chen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+curcumin+in+diagnosis,+prevention,+and+treatment+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Neural Regeneration Research. 13 (4), 742-752 (2018).</li><li>Maiti, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+of+dietary+curcumin,+nanocurcumin,+and+other+classical+amyloid-binding+dyes+for+labeling+and+imaging+of+amyloid+plaques+in+brain+tissue+of+5x-familial+Alzheimer's+disease+mice.">A comparative study of dietary curcumin, nanocurcumin, and other classical amyloid-binding dyes for labeling and imaging of amyloid plaques in brain tissue of 5x-familial Alzheimer's disease mice.</a> Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 146 (5), 609-625 (2016).</li><li>Maiti, P., Dunbar, G. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+curcumin+forms+selectively+bind+fibrillar+amyloid+beta+in+post+mortem+Alzheimer's+disease+brains:+Implications+for+in-vivo+diagnostics.">Different curcumin forms selectively bind fibrillar amyloid beta in post mortem Alzheimer's disease brains: Implications for in-vivo diagnostics.</a> Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 6 (1), 75 (2018).</li><li>Koronyo, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+amyloid+pathology+and+proof-of-concept+imaging+trial+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">Retinal amyloid pathology and proof-of-concept imaging trial in Alzheimer's disease.</a> JCI Insight. 2 (16), (2017).</li><li>Koronyo, Y., Salumbides, B. C., Black, K. L., Koronyo-Hamaoui, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alzheimer's+disease+in+the+retina:+imaging+retinal+abeta+plaques+for+early+diagnosis+and+therapy+assessment.">Alzheimer's disease in the retina: imaging retinal abeta plaques for early diagnosis and therapy assessment.</a> Neurodegenerative Diseases. 10 (1-4), 285-293 (2012).</li><li>Koronyo-Hamaoui, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+amyloid+plaques+in+retinas+from+Alzheimer's+patients+and+noninvasive+in+vivo+optical+imaging+of+retinal+plaques+in+a+mouse+model.">Identification of amyloid plaques in retinas from Alzheimer's patients and noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of retinal plaques in a mouse model.</a> NeuroImage. 54 (Suppl 1), S204-S217 (2011).</li><li>Ran, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design,+synthesis,+and+testing+of+difluoroboron-derivatized+curcumins+as+near-infrared+probes+for+in+vivo+detection+of+amyloid-beta+deposits.">Design, synthesis, and testing of difluoroboron-derivatized curcumins as near-infrared probes for in vivo detection of amyloid-beta deposits.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (42), 15257-15261 (2009).</li><li>Beach, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sun+Health+Research+Institute+Brain+Donation+Program:+Description+and+Experience,+1987-2007.">The Sun Health Research Institute Brain Donation Program: Description and Experience, 1987-2007.</a> Cell Tissue Bank. 9 (3), 229-245 (2008).</li><li>Green, S. J., Killiany, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subregions+of+the+inferior+parietal+lobule+are+affected+in+the+progression+to+AD.">Subregions of the inferior parietal lobule are affected in the progression to AD.</a> Neurobiology of Aging. 31 (8), 1304-1311 (2010).</li><li>Ono, K., Hasegawa, K., Naiki, H., Yamada, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curcumin+has+potent+anti-amyloidogenic+effects+for+Alzheimer's+beta-amyloid+fibrils+in+vitro.">Curcumin has potent anti-amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 75 (6), 742-750 (2004).</li><li>Garcia-Alloza, M., Borrelli, L. A., Rozkalne, A., Hyman, B. T., Bacskai, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curcumin+labels+amyloid+pathology+in+vivo,+disrupts+existing+plaques,+and+partially+restores+distorted+neurites+in+an+Alzheimer+mouse+model.">Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 102 (4), 1095-1104 (2007).</li><li>Mutsuga, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+curcumin+to+senile+plaques+and+cerebral+amyloid+angiopathy+in+the+aged+brain+of+various+animals+and+to+neurofibrillary+tangles+in+Alzheimer's+brain.">Binding of curcumin to senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the aged brain of various animals and to neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's brain.</a> Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 74 (1), 51-57 (2012).</li><li>Tei, M., Uchida, K., Mutsuga, M., Chambers, J. K., Nakayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+binding+of+curcumin+to+various+types+of+canine+amyloid+proteins.">The binding of curcumin to various types of canine amyloid proteins.</a> Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 74 (4), 481-483 (2012).</li><li>Liu, L., Komatsu, H., Murray, I. V., Axelsen, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promotion+of+amyloid+beta+protein+misfolding+and+fibrillogenesis+by+a+lipid+oxidation+product.">Promotion of amyloid beta protein misfolding and fibrillogenesis by a lipid oxidation product.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 377 (4), 1236-1250 (2008).</li><li>Wu, C., Scott, J., Shea, J. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+Method+to+Detect+Neuronal+Degeneration+and+Amyloid+beta+Accumulation+in+Free-Floating+Brain+Sections+With+Fluoro-Jade.">Alternative Method to Detect Neuronal Degeneration and Amyloid beta Accumulation in Free-Floating Brain Sections With Fluoro-Jade.</a> ASN Neuro Methods. 10, 1-7 (2018).</li><li>Yang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curcumin+inhibits+formation+of+amyloid+beta+oligomers+and+fibrils,+binds+plaques,+and+reduces+amyloid+in+vivo.">Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (7), 5892-5901 (2005).</li></ol>

Our hypothesis was that Cur could be used as the quickest, easiest, and least expensive way to label and image A&#946; plaques in postmortem AD brain tissue when compared to other classical amyloid binding dyes, as well as A&#946;-specific antibodies. The aims of this study were to determine the minimum time required to label and image A&#946; plaques by Cur in postmortem AD brain tissue and determine whether Cur can be used as an alternative to A&#946; antibody for labeling A&#946; plaques. To this end, the A&#946;-labe...

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is one of the most common, age-related, progressive neurological disorders and one of the leading causes of death worldwide1,2. Learning, memory, and cognition impairment, along with neuropsychiatric disorders, are the common symptoms manifested in AD3. Although the etiology of AD has not been fully elucidated, the available genetic, biochemical, and experimental evidence indicates that gradual deposition of A&#946; is a definitive biomarker for AD4. This misfolded protein accumulates in intracellular and extracellular spaces and is thought to be involved in synaptic loss, increased neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the cortical and hippocampal regions in brain affected by AD5. Therefore, histochemical detection of A&#946; in AD tissue is a crucial first step in developing non-toxic, anti-amyloid drugs to prevent AD progression.
During the past few decades, several dyes and antibodies have been used by many research laboratories to label and image A&#946; plaques in brain tissue, but some of these methods are time consuming and the dyes or antibodies used are expensive, requiring several accessory chemicals. Therefore, the development of an inexpensive means of detection of A&#946; plaques in the AD brain would be a welcome new tool. Many laboratories started using Cur, a promising anti-amyloid natural polyphenol, for labeling and imaging A&#946;, as well as a therapeutic agent for AD6,7,8,9. Its hydrophobicity and lypophilic nature, structural similarities with classical amyloid binding dyes, strong fluorescent activity, as well as strong affinity to bind with A&#946; makes it an ideal fluorophore for labeling and imaging of A&#946; plaques in AD tissue10. Cur binds with A&#946;-plaques and oligomers and its presence is also detected in intracellular spaces7,11,12,13. In addition, it has been shown that minimal amounts (1&#8722;10 nM) of Cur can label A&#946; plaques in 5x familial Alzheimer&#39;s disease (5xFAD) brain tissue7. Although the 1 nM concentration does not provide the optimal fluorescence intensity for counting of A&#946; plaques, a 10 nM or higher concentration of Cur does. Ran and colleagues14 reported that doses as low as 0.2 nM of difluoroboron-derivatized Cur can detect in vivo A&#946; deposits nearly as well as an infrared probe. Whether this dose is sufficient to label A&#946; plaques in tissue is still not clear. Most previous studies have used 20&#8722;30 min for staining A&#946; plaques using Cur, but optimal staining may require much less time.
The present study was designed to test the minimum time required by Cur to label A&#946; plaques in AD brain tissue and to compare the sensitivity for labeling and imaging of A&#946; plaques in brain tissue from the 5xFAD mice after staining with Cur with other conventional A&#946;-binding dyes, such as Thioflavin-S (Thio-S), Congo red (CR), and Fluoro-jade C (FJC). The A&#946; labeling capability of these classical amyloid binding dyes was compared with Cur staining in paraffin-embedded and cryostat coronal brain sections from 5xFAD mice and from aged-matched human AD and control brain tissue. The findings suggest that Cur labels A&#946; plaques in a manner similar to A&#946;-specific antibodies (6E10) and moderately better than Thio-S, CR, or FJC. In addition, when intraperitoneal injections of Cur to 5xFAD mice were administered for 2&#8722;5 days, it crossed the blood-brain barrier and bound with A&#946; plaques7. Interestingly, nanomolar concentrations of Cur have been used to label and image A&#946; plaques in 5xFAD brain tissue7,14. Moreover, morphologically distinct A&#946; plaques, such as core, neuritic, diffuse, and burned-out plaques can be labeled by Cur more efficiently than with any of the other conventional amyloid binding dyes7. Overall, Cur can be applied to label and image A&#946; plaques in postmortem brain tissue from AD animal models and/or human AD tissue in an easy and inexpensive way, as a reliable alternative to A&#946;-specific antibodies.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td>IHC world, Woodstock, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aanimal model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease</td>
			<td>Jackson&#39;s laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute alcohol</td>
			<td>VWR,Radnor, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa 594</td>
			<td>Santacruz Biotech, Dallas, TX</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody 6E10</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody A11</td>
			<td>Millipore, Burlington, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound light microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus, Shinjuku, Japan</td>
			<td>Olympus BX51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Congo red</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>GMI, Ramsey, MN</td>
			<td>LeicaCM1800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curcumin</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium hydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dystyrene plasticizer xylene</td>
			<td>BDH, Dawsonville, GA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter papers</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst-33342</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL</td>
			<td>Leica DMI 6000B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus, Shinjuku, Japan</td>
			<td>Olympus 1x70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ploy-lysine coated charged glass slide</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific Inc, Mahwah, NJ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Vortex Pharmaceuticals limited, Dearborn, MI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thioflavin-S</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>VWR,Radnor, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

labeling and imaging of amyloid plaques in brain tissue using the natural polyphenol curcumin

Deposition of amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) in extra- and intracellular spaces is one of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Therefore, detection of the presence of A&#946; in AD brain tissue is a valuable tool for developing new treatments to prevent the progression of AD. Several classical amyloid binding dyes, fluorochrome, imaging probes, and A&#946;-specific antibodies have been used to detect A&#946; histochemically in AD brain tissue. Use of these compounds for A&#946; detection is costly and time consuming. However, because of its intense fluorescent activity, high-affinity, and specificity for A&#946;, as well as structural similarities with traditional amyloid binding dyes, curcumin (Cur) is a promising candidate for labeling and imaging of A&#946; plaques in postmortem brain tissue. It is a natural polyphenol from the herb Curcuma longa. In the present study, Cur was used to histochemically label A&#946; plaques from both a genetic mouse model of 5x familial Alzheimer&#39;s disease (5xFAD) and from human AD tissue within a minute. The labeling capability of Cur was compared to conventional amyloid binding dyes, such as thioflavin-S (Thio-S), Congo red (CR), and Fluoro-jade C (FJC), as well as A&#946;-specific antibodies (6E10 and A11). We observed that Cur is the most inexpensive and quickest way to label and image A&#946; plaques when compared to these conventional dyes and is comparable to A&#946;-specific antibodies. In addition, Cur binds with most A&#946; species, such as oligomers and fibrils. Therefore, Cur could be used as the most cost-effective, simple, and quick fluorochrome detection agent for A&#946; plaques.

Curcumin labels A&#946; plaques within a minute. When we stained 5xFAD tissue with Cur, we found that Cur label A&#946; plaques within 1 min. Although increased incubation time with Cur slightly increased the fluorescence intensity of A&#946; plaques, the number of observed A&#946; plaques was not significantly different between 1 min and 5 min staining time (Figure 1).
Cur can label A&#946; plaques...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling and Imaging of Amyloid Plaques in Brain Tissue Using the Natural Polyphenol Curcumin at JoVE.com

Labeling and Imaging of Amyloid Plaques in Brain Tissue Using the Natural Polyphenol Curcumin

Curcumin is an ideal fluorophore for labeling and imaging of amyloid beta protein plaques in brain tissue due to its preferential binding to amyloid beta protein as well as its structural similarities with other traditional amyloid binding dyes. It can be used to label and image amyloid beta protein plaques more efficiently and inexpensively than traditional methods.

Deposition of amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) in extra- and intracellular spaces is one of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). ...

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Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass ...

Modeling Amyloid-&#946;42 Toxicity and Neurodegeneration in Adult Zebrafish Brain

Modeling Amyloid-ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²42 Toxicity and Neurodegeneration in Adult Zebrafish Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease in which accumulation of toxic amyloid-&#946;42 (A&#946;42) peptides leads to ...

Visualization of Amyloid &#946; Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Visualization of Amyloid ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â² Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

The neuropathology of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid &#946; (A&#946;) peptides into ...

Visualizing Axonal Growth Cone Collapse and Early Amyloid &#946; Effects in Cultured Mouse Neurons

Visualizing Axonal Growth Cone Collapse and Early Amyloid ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â² Effects in Cultured Mouse Neurons

Amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) causes memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although therapeutics have been shown to reduce A&#946; levels in the ...

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK

Neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS) evokes a high demand on cellular energy provided by the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...