This work was funded by NIH grants HD043680, MH106392, DA013137, and NS100624.

All animal protocols were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of South Carolina (federal assurance number: D16-00028). Six adult male F344/N rat was pair housed in a controlled environment under a 12/12 light: dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. All animals were cared for using guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Virus packaging in 293 FT cells
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In this protocol, we established an EcoHIV-induced HIV infection model in rats. Specifically, we described a bilateral stereotaxic injection of EcoHIV into the cortex which successfully induced active HIV infection in the rat brain 7 days post-injection. Futhermore, we demonstrate that EcoHIV infection in rats could be a good biological system to study key aspects of HAND. Eight weeks post- EcoHIV infection, rats exhibited significant neurocognitive impairments, which included the alterations in temporal processing and s...

Biological systems have enhanced our understanding of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and their underlying neural mechanisms2. Determining which biological system is most appropriate for any given study is often dependent upon the question of interest2. The limitation of the range of host animal models challenges studies of HIV-1 disease development. To investigate HIV-1 viral replication and pathogenesis, Potash et al.3 created a mouse model of active HIV-1 infection, replacing the coding region of HIV surface envelope glycoprotein, gp120, with ecotropic MLV gp80, which led to successful viral replication in mice4. After tail vein injections in chimeric HIV (EcoHIV) mice, many characteristics were observed resembling those of HIV-1 seropositive individuals (e.g., infected lymphocytes and macrophages, targeted for antiviral immune responses, and inflammation3,5,6).
Although mice and rats are both members of the Muridae, fundamental species differences may influence their suitability for specific experimental questions7. Therefore, the extension of the EcoHIV infection model to rats (commonly used in studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders) would be advantageous in the study of neuroHIV. For example, their larger size makes jugular catheter implantation for drug self-administration procedures more practical8. Drug self-administration techniques in rats have been utilized to evaluate motivation in HIV-19. Furthermore, many neurocognitive/behavioral tasks were initially designed for rats10. Here, we report the utilization of stereotaxic injections of EcoHIV in rats to extend the EcoHIV infection model and afford a key opportunity to address novel questions related to neuroHIV and HAND.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>293FT cells</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R70007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>30004CI</td>
			<td>100X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning BioCoatGelatin 75cm&#178; Rectangular Canted Neck Cell Culture Flask with Vented Cap</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>354488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning DMEM with L-Glutamine, 4.5 g/L Glucose and Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10013CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>637-137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drill</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #7 Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Snap-Cap Microcentrifuge Biopur Safe-Lock Tubes</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>22600028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethicon Vicryl Plus Antibacterial, 4-0 Polyglactin 910 Suture, 27in. FS-2</td>
			<td>Med Vet International</td>
			<td>VCP422H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>1701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L3000015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>15914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lentivirus-Associated p24 ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs, inc.</td>
			<td>VPK-107-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenti-X Concentrator</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>PT4421-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11058021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sevoflurane</td>
			<td>Merritt Veterinary Supply</td>
			<td>347075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperFrost Plus Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-154%</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rat model of ecohiv brain infection

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. Establishment of the EcoHIV infected rat model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders, would be beneficial in the study of neuroHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In the present study, we demonstrate the successful creation of a rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). First, the lentiviral construct of EcoHIV was packaged in cultured 293 FT cells for 48 hours. Then, the conditional medium was concentrated and titered. Next, we performed bilateral stereotaxic injections of the EcoHIV-EGFP into F344/N rat brain tissue. One week after infection, EGFP fluorescence signals were detected in the infected brain tissue, indicating that EcoHIV successfully induces an active HIV infection in rats. In addition, immunostaining for the microglial cell marker, Iba1, was performed. The results indicated that microglia were the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV. Furthermore, EcoHIV rats exhibited alterations in temporal processing, a potential underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of HAND as well as synaptic dysfunction eight weeks after infection. Collectively, the present study extends the EcoHIV model of HIV-1 infection to the rat offering a valuable biological system to study HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain as well as HAND and associated comorbidities such as drug abuse.

The conditioned medium was collected from lentivirus of EcoHIV-EGFP infected 293FT cells. Next, it was concentrated and titered, then stereotaxically injected into the brain (cortical region) of F344/N rats. Seven days post-injection, rats were sacrificed and images were taken from coronal brain slices ranging from bregma 5.64 mm to bregma -4.68 mm. In Figure 1A, there are significant EcoHIV-EGFP signals throughout the brain, especially in the cortex and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Furthe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection at JoVE.com

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Here, we present a protocol to establish a new rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), which is critical for enhancing our understanding of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain and offering a system to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated comorbidities (i.e., drug abuse).

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...

Using rats, this protocol can be used to establish a new model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV. with rats, the establishment of the EcoHIV infection model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders could be beneficial to the study of neuro HIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Demonstrating procedure will be Hailong Li, a research associate from my laboratory.For packaging of the virus into 293 T-cells, seed five times 10 to the fifth 293 T-cells per milliliter of DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS into each of the two gelatin-coated 75 square centimeter flasks and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius until the cultures reach 50%confluency. On the day of the transfection, dilute 22.5 microliters of transfection reagent in 750 microliters of medium per flask in a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube and vortex the solution for three seconds. Dilute 20 micrograms of the chimeric EcoHIV plasmid DNA in 750 microliters of medium in a second 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube per flask with thorough mixing.Combine the diluted DNA with the diluted transfection reagent with gentle mixing and incubate the resulting solution for 15 minutes at room temperature. At the end of the incubation, add each virus suspension to 10 milliliters of prewarm DMEM medium and add each virus supplemented solution to one flask of 293 T-cells. After two days of cell culture, pool the supernatant from the flasks in a single 50 milliliter conical tube for centrifugation and transfer the clarified supernatant to a new 50 milliliter tube.Add eight milliliters of Lenti-X Concentrator to the clarified supernatant and mix with gentle inversion. After a two-day incubation at four degrees Celsius, centrifuge the mixture and carefully remove the supernatant, then gently resuspend the pellet with 100 microliters of 100 millimolar PBS and use a P24 ELISA kit to titer the virus concentration. For EcoHIV-EGFP injection, after confirming a lack of response to pedal reflex, shave the hair from the brain region and sterilize the exposed skin two times with 70%ethanol and a chlorhexidine-based scrub.Secure the rat in a prone position in a stereotaxic apparatus and make a five to six centimeter incision through the skin along the scalp midline. Mark one drilling position at 0.8 millimeters lateral and one 1.2 millimeters rostral to bregma and drill a 0.4 millimeter diameter hole at each skull position. Load 1.04 times 10 to the sixth transduction units per milliliter of titered EcoHIV Lentivirus solution into a 10 microliter injection syringe and secure the syringe to the stereotaxic apparatus.Move the needle close to the surface of one drilling hole and insert the needle 2.5 milliliters into the hole. Infuse one microliter of virus solution at a rate of 0.2 microliters of virus per minute. When all of the virus has been injected, leave the needle inside the injection area for five minutes before slowly retracting the needle until it is outside of the rat skull.Close the skin incision with a 4-0 silk thread suture and sterilize the solution with 70%ethanol, then place the rat in a recovery chamber with a heating pad with monitoring until recumbency. One to eight weeks after viral infusion, after confirming a lack of response to pedal reflex, fix the rat in a supine position inside a fume hood and incise the skin along the thoracic midline. Cut the diaphragm to open the thoracic cavity and insert a 20 gauge by 25 millimeter needle into the left ventricle.Immediately open the right atrium with scissors and perfuse 50 milliliters of pre-chilled 100 millimolar PBS at a five milliliters per minute flow rate. When all of the PBS has been delivered, perfuse with 100 milliliters of cold 4%paraformaldehyde. When all of the fixative has been delivered, remove the brain from the skull and fix the tissue overnight in fresh 4%paraformaldehyde.The next morning, place the sample in 40 milliliters of 30%sucrose in 100 millimolar PBS in a 50 milliliter tube for about three days until the brain settles to the bottom of the tube before snap freezing the brain tissue in methyl butanol for two minutes at minus 80 degrees Celsius. After freezing, use a minus 20 degree Celsius cryostat and a fine paintbrush to acquire 50 micron thick coronal sections. When all of the sections have been obtained, cover the samples with 300 microliters of anti-fade medium and mount them with 22 50-milliliter coverslips.When the medium has dried, image the sections by confocal microscopy. Seven days after Lentivirus injection, rat coronal brain slice images reveal a significant presence of EcoHIV-EGFP signals throughout the brain tissue, especially within the cortex and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Dual labeling with and Iba1 and EcoHIV-EGFP probes provide strong evidence that microglia are the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV expression in the brain.Eight weeks post-infection, EcoHIV injected animals exhibit a relative insensitivity to the manipulation of interstimulus interval as evidenced by a relatively flatter interval function compared to saline controls. In addition, EcoHIV injected rats display profound alterations in their dendritic spine morphology as evidenced by an increased relative frequency of shorter dendritic spines with increased head and neck diameters relative to control animals. The concentration and titrating of the condition medium before stereotaxic injection is critical to ensuring the consistent and the replicable results across experiments.This specific regional stereotaxic injection of EcoHIV provides an efficient HIV infection within the brain and produces temporal processing deficits in rats. The utilization of stereotaxic HIV injections in rats to extend the EcoHIV infection model affords a key opportunity for addressing novel questions related to neuro HIV at hand.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.0K 조회수.  University of South Carolina. 쥐를 사용하여, 이 프로토콜은 키메라 HIV를 사용하여 활성 HIV 감염의 새로운 모형을 확립하기 위하여 이용될 수 있습니다. 쥐와 함께, 약물 남용 및 신경 인지 장애의 연구에 대 한 EcoHIV 감염 모델의 설립 신경 HIV와 HIV-1 관련 된 신경 인지 장애의 연구에 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 절차를 시연하는 것은 내 실험실에서 연구 동료 인 하이롱 리 (Hailong Li)가 될 것입니다.293 T 세...