Name: isolation, culture, and genetic engineering of mammalian primary pigment epithelial cells for non-viral gene therapy
Uploaded: 2021-02-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture, and Genetic Engineering of Mammalian Primary Pigment Epithelial Cells for Non-Viral Gene Therapy at JoVE.com

A thank deserves to Gregg Sealy and Alain Conti for their excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by the European Commission in the context of the Seventh Framework Programme, the Swiss National Sciences Foundation, and the Schmieder-Bohrisch Foundation. Z.I. received funding from the European Research Council, ERC Advanced [ERC-2011-ADG 294742] and B.M.W. from a Fulbright Research Grant and Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship.

The protocols in which animals were involved were carried out by certified personnel and after authorization by the cantonal D&#233;partement de la s&#233;curit&#233;, de l&#39;emploi et de la sant&#233; (DSES), Domaine de l&#39;exp&#233;rimentation animale of Geneva, Switzerland, and according to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research (approval no. GE/94/17). Adult healthy Brown Norway rats, C57BL/6 mice, and New Zealand white rabbits were euthanized by an overdose of Pentobarbital (...

Having standardized methods to isolate and culture PE cells is fundamental in developing new therapy approaches for retinal degenerative diseases. With the protocols presented here, PE cells can be successfully isolated from different species and cultured for long periods (up to now, the longest culture was maintained for 2 years1,38); typical PE cell morphology, pigmentation and function was observed (Figure 1, ...

Our group is focusing on the development of regenerative approaches to treat neuroretinal degeneration, i.e., AMD, by RPE- and IPE-based non-viral gene therapy. The pre-clinical establishment of such therapies necessitates in vitro models transferable to human beings. Thus, the goal of the study presented here is to deliver protocols for the isolation, culture, and genetic engineering of primary RPE and IPE cells. The rationale to establish the isolation of PE cells from multiple species is to robustly confirm safety and efficiency of the approach and increase its reproducibility and transferability. The available human RPE cell line ARPE-19 differs from primary cells (e.g., they are less pigmented) and is, therefore, only of limited value for pre-clinical analyses1. Additionally, non-human mammalian cells can be purchased for less cost and in bigger quantities; human donor tissue can be obtained from various Eye Banks, but the availability is limited and expensive. Finally, new Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP, i.e., cell, tissue, or Gene Therapy Medicinal&#160;Product) need to be applied in at least two different species before being tested in patients and these in vivo studies request the preparation of allogenic cell transplants.
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases are the leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries, comprising common diseases like AMD, as well as rare diseases like retinitis pigmentosa, in which the retinal cell death eventually leads to blindness. RPE cells, photoreceptor, and retinal ganglion cells (RGC) damage can in some cases be slowed, but there are currently no curative therapies available. ATMPs offer the potential to correct gene defects, integrate therapeutic genes or replace degenerated cells, thereby enabling the development of regenerative and curative therapies for diseases such as AMD; 13 gene therapies already got marketing approval including a therapy to treat RPE65 mutation-associated retinal degeneration2,3. Among older adults (&#62;60 years), ~30 million people worldwide are affected by either neovascular (nvAMD) or avascular (aAMD) AMD4. Both forms are induced by age-associated triggers including oxidative damage, function impairment and loss of RPE cells followed by photoreceptor degradation, among others (e.g. genetic risk alleles, smoking, hypertension)5,6. In nvAMD, pathogenesis is aggravated by an imbalance of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in favor of the angiogenic Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) that induces choroidal neovascularization (CNV). To date, only nvAMD is treatable by monthly intravitreal injections of inhibitors of the VEGF protein to suppress the CNV; no effective treatment is yet available for aAMD6,7.
Several studies evaluated cell-based therapies to replace the anti-VEGF therapy: studies made by Binder et al., in which freshly-harvested autologous RPE cells were transplanted into patients with nAMD8,9,10, showed moderate visual improvement, but only a small group of patients reached a final visual acuity high enough to enable reading. Recently, a phase I clinical study used an embryonic stem cell-derived RPE patch to treat AMD with promising results; i.e., efficacy, stability, and safety of the RPE patch for up to 12 months in 2 of the 10 patients treated11. In addition, several groups have published studies in which autologous RPE-Bruch&#39;s membrane-choroid patches were harvested from the peripheral retina and transplanted to the macula12,13,14; and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived RPE patches were generated for transplantation15. For aAMD, antibodies targeting the complement pathway have been tested in clinical trials6,16 and a phase I study using a single intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector coding the gene for the factor CD59 (AAVCAGsCD59) in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) was completed17; the phase II study recently started and aims to recruit 132 patients with advanced aAMD and to evaluate the outcome at 2 years post-intervention18. Finally, the FocuS study group has started a phase I/II multicenter clinical trial evaluating the safety, dose response and efficacy of a recombinant non-replicating AAV vector encoding a human complement factor19.
Primarily, the goal of a regenerative AMD therapy is the transplantation of functional RPE cells, which were damaged or lost. However, IPE and RPE cells share many functional and genetic similarities (e.g., phagocytosis and retinol metabolism), and because IPE cells are more feasibly harvested, they have been proposed as an RPE substitute20. Even though it has been previously demonstrated that the IPE cell transplantation delays photoreceptor degeneration in animal models21,22 and stabilizes visual function in patients with end-stage nvAMD, no significant improvement was observed in these patients23. The lack of efficacy may be due to the low number of transplanted cells, and/or the imbalance of neuroprotective retinal factors. An alternative approach would be to transplant transfected pigment epithelial cells that overexpress neuroprotective factors to restore retinal homeostasis, maintain remaining RPE cells, and protect photoreceptors and RGCs from degeneration. Consequently, we propose a new therapy that comprises the transplantation of functional RPE or IPE cells that have undergone genetic engineering to secrete neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic proteins, such as PEDF, GM-CSF or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). The advantage of developing and analyzing this approach in several species instead of using a cell line, only one species, or human tissue is: 1) increased reproducibility and transferability of the results as shown by numerous studies realized in independent laboratories and different species1,24,25; 2) pig or bovine cells are feasibly disposable without the sacrifice of additional animals; 3) the availability of especially pig and bovine cells allows large test series to produce robust results; 4) the knowledge to isolate, culture and genetically&#160;modify&#160;cells from the mostly used models enables in vivo analyses in multiple species24,25,26 and thus offers an improved risk-benefit ratio for the first treated patients; 5) the flexibility of the protocol presented allows its use in various models and experimental set ups and for all ocular cell based therapies with and without genetic engineering. In contrast, alternative techniques as cell lines or human tissue are only of limited transferability and/or limited disposability. Cell lines such as the ARPE-19&#160;are ideal for preliminary experiments; however, low pigmentation and high proliferation differ significantly from primary cells1. RPE and IPE cells, which are isolated from human donor tissue offer a precious source for transferable in vitro experiments; however, we obtain human tissue from an US-American Eye Bank meaning that the tissue is at least two days old (after enucleation) and requires a long and expensive transport, but local donor tissue is not available in sufficient amounts for a productive research. The advantage of the use of primary cells is confirmed by multiple studies from other groups27,28.
For the development of a cell-based non-viral gene therapy using the SB100X transposon system for transfecting primary RPE and IPE cells with the genes coding for PEDF and/or GM-CSF to treat nvAMD and aAMD, respectively29,30,31,32, we first established the transfection of ARPE-19 cells1. Next, the isolation and transfection protocols were established in readily accessible bovine and porcine primary cells. Now, the isolation and transfection of primary RPE and IPE cells from five different species has been established, from small (as mouse) to large mammals (as cattle). It was confirmed in primary RPE and IPE cells derived from human donor eyes30. The Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-compliant production of the ATMP was validated using human donor tissue as well33. Finally, both safety and efficiency of the approach were assessed in vivo in three different species for which the protocol has been adapted: mouse, rat, and rabbit. In the clinical set-up, an iris biopsy will be harvested from the patient and IPE cells will be isolated and transfected in the clean room, before the cells will be transplanted subretinally back into the same patient. The entire process will take place during a single surgical session that lasts approximately 60 minutes. The development of the treatment approach and the evaluation of its efficiency requested excellent in vitro and ex vivo models to implement robust and efficient gene delivery methods, to analyze efficiency of gene delivery, therapeutic protein production and neuroprotective effects, and to produce cell transplants to test the approach in vivo1,24,25,29,30. It is worth mentioning that the therapy has the ethical approval for a clinical phase Ib/IIa trial from the ethical commission for research of the Canton of Geneva (no. 2019-00250) and currently last pre-clinical data requested for authorization by Swiss regulatory authorities are collected using the presented protocol. In this regard, pre-clinical in vivo data demonstrated a significant reduction in CNV and excellent safety24,25,31.
Here, the isolation and culture of RPE/IPE cells from bovine, pig, rabbit, rat and mouse, and the use of the integrative SB100X transposon system combined with electroporation as an efficient gene-delivery method is described. Particularly, primary PE cells were transfected to overexpress PEDF and GM-CSF. The collection of these protocols enables the in vitro and in vivo studies to be performed in all pre-clinical phases of ATMP development. Moreover, the set-up has the potential to be adapted to other genes of interest and diseases.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>48-well plates</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>150687</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>7657160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn micro forceps flat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colibri forceps (sterile)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTox-Glo Cytotoxicity Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G9291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/Ham`s F12</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drape (sterile)</td>
			<td>M&#246;lnlycke Health Care</td>
			<td>800530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation buffer 3P.14</td>
			<td>3P Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Brunschwig</td>
			<td>P40-37500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (different size) (sterile)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze compress</td>
			<td>PROMEDICAL AG</td>
			<td>25403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl (0.9%)</td>
			<td>Laboratorium Dr. Bichsel AG</td>
			<td>1000090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle (18G)&#160;</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>TER-NN1838R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Transfection kit 10 &#181;L</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MPK1096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Transfection System</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MPK5000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td>Marienfeld-superior</td>
			<td>640010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette (fire-polish)</td>
			<td>Witeg</td>
			<td>4100150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0781-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital (Thiopental Inresa)</td>
			<td>Ospedalia AG</td>
			<td>31408025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>150288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFAR4-PEDF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFAR4-SB100X</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFAR4-Venus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pastor et al., 2018. Kindly provided by Prof. Scherman and Prof. Marie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pSB100X (250 ng/&#181;L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>M&#225;t&#233;s et al., 2009. Provide by Prof. Izsvak</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pT2-CAGGS-Venus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Johnen et al., 2012</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pT2-CMV-GMCSF-His plasmid DNA (250 ng/&#181;L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cloned in our lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pT2-CMV-PEDF-His plasmid DNA (250 ng/&#181;L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pastor et al., 2018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scarpel no. 10</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton</td>
			<td>501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scarpel no. 11</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton</td>
			<td>503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp-sharp tip curved Extra Fine Bonn Scissors (sterile)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp-sharp tip straight Extra Fine Bonn Scissors (sterile)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tali Image-Based Cytometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T10796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25%&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25050014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 5%/EDTA 2%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T4174</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring scissors curved (sterile)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, culture, and genetic engineering of mammalian primary pigment epithelial cells for non-viral gene therapy

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in patients &#62;60 years, affecting ~30 million people worldwide. AMD is a multifactorial disease influenced by environmental and genetic factors, which lead to functional impairment of the retina due to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration followed by photoreceptor degradation. An ideal treatment would include the transplantation of healthy RPE cells secreting neuroprotective factors to prevent RPE cell death and photoreceptor degeneration. Due to the functional and genetic similarities and the possibility of a less invasive biopsy, the transplantation of iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cells was proposed as a substitute for the degenerated RPE. Secretion of neuroprotective factors by a low number of subretinally-transplanted cells can be achieved by Sleeping Beauty (SB100X) transposon-mediated transfection with genes coding for the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and/or the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We established the isolation, culture, and SB100X-mediated transfection of RPE and IPE cells from various species including rodents, pigs, and cattle. Globes are explanted and the cornea and lens are removed to access the iris and the retina. Using a custom-made spatula, IPE cells are removed from the isolated iris. To harvest RPE cells, a trypsin incubation may be required, depending on the species. Then, using RPE-customized spatula, cells are suspended in medium. After seeding, cells are monitored twice per week and, after reaching confluence, transfected by electroporation. Gene integration, expression, protein secretion, and function were confirmed by qPCR, WB, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and functional assays. Depending on the species, 30,000-5 million (RPE) and 10,000-1.5 million (IPE) cells can be isolated per eye. Genetically modified cells show significant PEDF/GM-CSF overexpression with the capacity to reduce oxidative stress and offers a flexible system for ex vivo&#160;analyses and in vivo studies transferable to humans to develop ocular gene therapy approaches.

PE isolation from different mammal species 
Using the aforementioned protocols, IPE and RPE cells were successfully isolated and cultured from five different species. The number of cells obtained from each procedure depends on the species and size of the eye (Table 1). As shown in Figure 1, cells show typical PE cell morphology and pigmentation (except for rabbit cells shown, derived from albino New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits). At 21 days post-isolatio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture, and Genetic Engineering of Mammalian Primary Pigment Epithelial Cells for Non-Viral Gene Therapy at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture, and Genetic Engineering of Mammalian Primary Pigment Epithelial Cells for Non-Viral Gene Therapy

Here, a protocol to isolate and transfect primary iris and retinal pigment epithelial cells from various mammals (mice, rat, rabbit, pig, and bovine) is presented. The method is ideally suited to study ocular gene therapy approaches in various set-ups for ex vivo&#160;analyses and&#160;in vivo studies transferable to humans.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in patients &#62;60 years, affecting ~30 million people worldwide. AMD is a ...

The protocol is significant since it shows the isolation and transfection of pigment epithelial cells from five mammals as an optimal system to study ocular gene therapy in various setups. The main advantage of this method is its flexibility, transferability, high cell yield, viability and transfection rate due to the five species and the non-viral SB100X transposon system used. These techniques have been developed to study gene therapy approaches targeting retinal and iris pigment epithelial cells, which are isolated and transfected in the present protocol, but are usable for any ocular research.Demonstrating the procedure will be Gregg Sealy, a technician from the laboratory. After euthanizing the animal, use curved scissors and Colibri forceps to enucleate the eyes, then clean the remaining muscle tissue and skin from the eyes. Collect the eyes in a 50 milliliter tube filled with non-sterile PBS and transfer the tube to the laminar flow hood.Disinfect them by submerging in iodine-based solution for two minutes, then transfer the eyes to a 50 milliliter tube filled with sterile PBS. Put one eye on a sterile gauze compress and firmly hold the eye close to the optic nerve. Then cut near the limit of the iris with a number 11 scalpel.Using scissors, cut around the iris and remove the anterior segment and put it in a Petri dish, leaving the bulb with the vitreous until the retinal pigment epithelial, or RPE cells, are isolated. To isolate iris pigment epithelial, or IPE cells, remove the lens with fine forceps and delicately pull out the iris containing the IPE cells. Place the iris in a Petri dish and wash it with sterile PBS.Add 500 microliters of 0.25%trypsin and incubate for 10 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Remove the trypsin, add 500 microliters of complete medium, and scrape the IPE delicately with a flat, fire-polished Pasteur pipette. Collect the cell suspension and put it in a 1.5 milliliter tube.Count the cells using the Neubauer chamber, and seed 0.2 million cells per well in a 24 well plate with one milliliter of complete medium. Place the plate in an incubator and culture it at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. To isolate RPE cells, remove the vitreous humor and retina from the posterior segment with thin forceps.Put the bulbs in the 24 well plate and add 500 microliters of 0.25%trypsin per eye and incubate for 10 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Remove trypsin, add 500 microliters of complete medium per globe and scrape the RPE cells delicately with a curved, fire-polished Pasteur pipette. Collect the cell suspension and put it in a 1.5 milliliter tube.Count the cells using the Neubauer chamber and seed the cells as described previously. Place the plate in the incubator. Clean remaining muscle tissue and skin from the eyes and disinfect the eyes in iodine-based solution and rinse them with PBS.To isolate IPE cells, remove the lens and pull out the iris as described previously. After preparing two irises, add one milliliter of complete medium and isolate the cells by scratching with a flat, fire-polished Pasteur pipette, then count and seed the cells. Place the plate in the incubator.To isolate RPE cells, remove the vitreous and retina from the posterior segment and place the bulb in a Petri dish. Fill the bulb with one milliliter complete medium. Using a curved, fire-polished Pasteur pipette, remove the RPE cells.Collect the cell suspension within the bulb using a 1, 000 microliter pipette, and transfer it into a 1.5 milliliter tube for resuspension. Then count and seed the cells and incubate the plate as previously demonstrated. After cleaning, open the eye and cut around the iris to remove the anterior segment, then put in a Petri dish.Leave the bulb with the vitreous until RPE cells are isolated. To isolate IPE cells, if the lens come with the anterior segment, remove the lens and use fine forceps to delicately pull out the iris containing the IPE cells. Place the iris in a Petri dish and wash it with sterile PBS.Cut the ciliary body with a scalpel number 10. After preparing the irises, incubate them with two milliliters of 0.25%trypsin at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Remove the trypsin and add two milliliters of complete medium, then isolate the cells by scratching with a flat, fire-polished Pasteur pipette.Transfer the cell suspension into a two milliliter tube and centrifuge the cells for 10 minutes at 120 times G.Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in two milliliters of complete medium. Seed 0.32 million cells per well in a six well plate in three milliliters of complete medium. Place the plate in an incubator and culture it at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.To isolate RPE cells, remove the vitreous humor and retina from the posterior segment with forceps. Avoid damaging the retinal pigment epithelium. Wash the bulb with PBS.After preparing both eyes, fill the bulb about about three-fourths full with trypsin, and incubate for 25 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius with the Petri dish lid on top of the bulb eye. Remove the trypsin and add one milliliter of complete medium. Using a curved, fire-polished Pasteur pipette, remove the RPE cells.Collect the cell suspension within the bulb and transfer it into a 1.5 milliliter tube for resuspension. Centrifuge the cells for 10 minutes at 120 times G.Seed 0.32 million cells per well in a six well plate in three milliliters of complete medium. Place the plate in an incubator and culture it at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.Culture the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in a humidified incubator. After three to four days, pipette up and down to collect nonadherent cells and put half of the volume in another well. Fill the well to one milliliter with complete medium.After another three to four days, repeat the cell collection, this time pooling the nonadherent cells from two wells into one. Add medium to all wells. Observe the cells and change the medium two times per week.When cells reach confluence, switch to complete medium with 1%FBS. Using the aforementioned protocols, IPE and RPE cells were successfully isolated and cultured from five different species. The RPE expression pattern was confirmed in primary bovine IPE cells by immunofluorescence for RPE65.Cell viability was studied to exclude a potential toxicity of the electroporation buffer using a commercially available cytotoxicity assay kit and a knot electroporated control. No impact on cell viability was observed. Precultured pigment epithelial cells from different species were transfected with the yellow fluorescent Venus protein.Transfected RPE19 cells were used as a positive control. The quantification of the transfection efficiency in precultured pig RPE is shown here. Freshly isolated rabbit pigment epithelial cells were transfected with the yellow fluorescent protein Venus and were monitored by microscopy.Pigment epithelial cells were transfected with pigment epithelium derived factor and protein secretion was monitored by Western blot. The signal for transfected cells was higher compared with non-transfected cells for all species and days studied, and no decrease in protein secretion was observed within this time. It is crucial to avoid scraping the cells with sharp tools.Here, fire-polished Pasteur pipettes are used, except in small mouse eyes, where a round scalpel must be used. Pigment epithelial cells can be used to develop gene therapy approaches and to simulate pathological conditions, for example, oxidative stress damage. These models can also be used to test therapeutic drugs.

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Biology

Culture of myeloid dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors

Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) are frequently used to study the interactions between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and the early response to infection. Because these are the most potent antigen presenting cells, DCs are being increasingly used as a vaccine vector to study the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for harvesting tibias and femurs from a donor mouse, processing the bone marrow and differentiating DCs in vitro. The properties of DCs change following stimulation: immature dendritic cells are potent phagocytes, whereas mature DCs are capable of antigen presentation and interaction with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This change in functional activity corresponds with the upregulation of cell surface markers and cytokine production. Many agents can be used to mature DCs, including cytokines and toll-like receptor ligands. In this video, we demonstrate flow cytometric comparisons of expression of two co-stimulatory molecules, CD86 and CD40, and the cytokine, IL-12, following overnight stimulation with CpG or mock treatment. After differentiation, DCs can be further manipulated for use as a vaccine vector or to generate antigen-specific immune responses by in vitro pulsing using peptides or proteins, or transduced using recombinant viral vectors. 

This video demonstrates the procedure for differentiating myeloid dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow. Isolation of mouse tibia and femur, and processing of bone marrow are demonstrated. Pictures demonstrating cell morphology before and after differentiation, and figures depicting cell phenotype and IL-12 production following maturation using CpG are shown.

Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) are frequently used to study the interactions between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and the early response to ...

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and to gain understanding of the origins of congenital kidney disease. More recently, the possibility of steering na&iuml;ve embryonic stem cells toward nephrogenic fates has been explored in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Genetic studies in the mouse have identified several pathways required for kidney development, and a global catalog of gene transcription in the organ has recently been generated <a href="http://www.gudmap.org/">http://www.gudmap.org/</a>, providing numerous candidate regulators of essential developmental functions. Organogenesis of the rodent kidney can be studied in organ culture, and many reports have used this approach to analyze outcomes of either applying candidate proteins or knocking down the expression of candidate genes using siRNA or morpholinos. However, the applicability of organ culture to the study of signaling that regulates stem/progenitor cell differentiation versus renewal in the developing kidney is limited as cultured organs contain a compact extracellular matrix limiting diffusion of macromolecules and virus particles. To study the cell signaling events that influence the stem/progenitor cell niche in the kidney we have developed a primary cell system that establishes the nephrogenic zone or progenitor cell niche of the developing kidney ex vivo in isolation from the epithelial inducer of differentiation. Using limited enzymatic digestion, nephrogenic zone cells can be selectively liberated from developing kidneys at E17.5. Following filtration, these cells can be cultured as an irregular monolayer using optimized conditions. Marker gene analysis demonstrates that these cultures contain a distribution of cell types characteristic of the nephrogenic zone in vivo, and that they maintain appropriate marker gene expression during the culture period. These cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which greatly facilitates the study of candidate stem/progenitor cell regulator effects. Basic cell biological parameters such as proliferation and cell death as well as changes in expression of molecular markers characteristic of nephron stem/progenitor cells in vivo can be successfully used as experimental outcomes. Ongoing work in our laboratory using this novel primary cell technique aims to uncover basic mechanisms governing the regulation of self-renewal versus differentiation in nephron stem/progenitor cells.

In this report we describe a method for the isolation and culture of the progenitor cell niche from the embryonic mouse kidney that can be used to study signaling pathways regulating stem/progenitor cells of the developing kidney. These cultured cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which allows efficient manipulation of candidate pathways.

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and  to gain ...

A System for Culturing Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells to Study Lens Regeneration in Newt

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, heart, the jaw 1. Specifically, newts are unique for its lens regeneration capability. Upon lens removal, IPE cells of the dorsal iris transdifferentiate to lens cells and eventually form a new lens in about a month 2,3. This property of regeneration is never exhibited by the ventral iris cells. The regeneration potential of the iris cells can be studied by making transplants of the in vitro cultured IPE cells. For the culture, the dorsal and ventral iris cells are first isolated from the eye and cultured separately for a time period of 2 weeks (Figure 1). These cultured cells are reaggregated and implanted back to the newt eye. Past studies have shown that the dorsal reaggregate maintains its lens forming capacity whereas the ventral aggregate does not form a lens, recapitulating, thus the in vivo process (Figure 2) 4,5. This system of determining regeneration potential of dorsal and ventral iris cells is very useful in studying the role of genes and proteins involved in lens regeneration.

In newt, the lens regenerates always from the dorsal iris by transdifferentiation of the iris pigmented epithelial cells (IPEs). Here we describe a procedure to culture dorsal and ventral newt IPE cells and their implantation to the newt eye. The implanted cells are then studied by tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry.

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and uterine carcinomas, where death rates have fallen in recent years, ovarian cancer cure rates have remained relatively unchanged over the past two decades 1. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate screening tools for detection of early stage disease where surgery and chemotherapy are most effective 2, 3. As a result, most patients present with advanced stage disease and diffuse abdominal involvement. This is further complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple histologic subtypes 4, 5. Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the most common and aggressive subtype and the form most often associated with mutations in the BRCA genes. Current experimental models in this field involve the use of cancer cell lines and mouse models to better understand the initiating genetic events and pathogenesis of disease 6, 7. Recently, the fallopian tube has emerged as a novel site for the origin of SOC, with the fallopian tube (FT) secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) as the proposed cell of origin 8, 9. There are currently no cell lines or culture systems available to study the FT epithelium or the FTSEC. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system where primary human FT epithelial cells are cultured in a manner that preserves their architecture, polarity, immunophenotype, and response to physiologic and genotoxic stressors. This ex vivo model provides a useful tool for the study of SOC, allowing a better understanding of how tumors can arise from this tissue, and the mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

The fallopian tube (FT) is emerging as an alternative site of origin for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). This protocol describes a novel method for the isolation and ex vivo culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells. This system recapitulates the in vivo epithelium and allows the study of SOC pathogenesis.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and ...

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc&#x2026; Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7. 
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.

Here we propose simple methods to induce hypoxia in cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of the cultures.

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells.  This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Rat Hepatic Cells

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology and other related subjects. The method based on two-step collagenase perfusion for isolation of intact hepatocytes was first introduced by Berry and Friend in 1969 1 and, since then, has undergone many modifications. The most commonly used technique was described by Seglenin 1976 2. Essentially, hepatocytes are dissociated from anesthetized adult rats by a non-recirculating collagenase perfusion through the portal vein. The isolated cells are then filtered through a 100 &mu;m pore size mesh nylon filter, and cultured onto plates. After 4-hour culture, the medium is replaced with serum-containing or serum-free medium, e.g. HepatoZYME-SFM, for additional time to culture. These procedures require surgical and sterile culture steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol, which allow consistently in the generation of viable hepatocytes in large numbers.

Primary hepatocytes provide a valuable tool to evaluate biochemical, molecular, and metabolic functions in a physiologically relevant experimental system. We describe a reliable protocol for rat in situ liver perfusion, which consistently generates viable hepatocytes up to 1.0 &times; 108 cells per preparation with cell viability between 88 ~ 96%.

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Primary Pancreatic Acinar Cells

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one week. More than 20 x 106 acinar cells can be obtained from a single murine pancreas. This protocol offers the possibility to independently process as many as 10 pancreases in parallel. Because it preserves acinar architecture, this model is well suited for studying the physiology of the exocrine pancreas in vitro in contrast to cell lines established from pancreatic tumors, which display many genetic alterations resulting in partial or total loss of their acinar differentiation.

In this publication, we describe a rapid and convenient procedure for isolating and culturing primary pancreatic acinar cells from the murine pancreas. This method constitutes a valuable approach to study the physiology of fresh primary normal/untransformed exocrine pancreatic cells.

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells for Organoid Culture

Epithelial organoid models serve as valuable tools to study the basic biology of an organ system and for disease modeling. When grown as organoids, epithelial progenitor cells can self-renew and generate differentiating progeny that exhibit cellular functions similar to those of their in vivo counterparts. Herein we describe a step-by-step protocol to isolate region-specific progenitors from human lung and generate 3D organoid cultures as an experimental and validation tool. We define proximal and distal regions of the lung with the goal of isolating region-specific progenitor cells. We utilized a combination of enzymatic and mechanical dissociation to isolate total cells from the lung and trachea. Specific progenitor cells were then fractionated from the proximal or distal origin cells using fluorescence associated cell sorting (FACS) based on cell type-specific surface markers, such as NGFR&#160;for sorting basal cells and HTII-280 for sorting alveolar type II cells. Isolated basal or alveolar type II progenitors were used to generate 3D organoid cultures. Both distal and proximal progenitors formed organoids with a colony forming efficiency of 9-13% in distal region and 7-10% in proximal region when plated 5000 cell/well on day 30. Distal organoids maintained HTII-280+ alveolar type II cells in culture whereas proximal organoids differentiated into ciliated and secretory cells by day 30. These 3D organoid cultures can be used as an experimental tool for studying the cell biology of lung epithelium and epithelial mesenchymal interactions, as well as for the development and validation of therapeutic strategies targeting epithelial dysfunction in a disease.

This article provides a detailed methodology for tissue dissociation and cellular fractionation approaches allowing enrichment of viable epithelial cells from proximal and distal regions of the human lung. Herein these approaches are applied for the functional analysis of lung epithelial progenitor cells through the use of 3D organoids culture models.

Epithelial organoid models serve as valuable tools to study the basic biology of an organ system and for disease modeling. When grown as organoids, ...

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

This protocol, which was originally reported by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 20161, describes a method to efficiently isolate and culture mouse RPE cells, which form a functional and polarized RPE monolayer within one week on Transwell plates. The procedure takes approximately 3 hours.

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to ...