Name: generation and expansion of human cardiomyocytes from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Uploaded: 2021-02-12T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Expansion of Human Cardiomyocytes from Patient Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the American Heart Association (AHA) Career Development Award 18CDA34110293 (M-T.Z.), Additional Ventures AVIF and SVRF awards (M-T.Z.), National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) grants 1R01HL124245, 1R01HL132520 and R01HL096962 (I.D.). Dr. Ming-Tao Zhao was also supported by startup funds from the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children&#39;s Hospital.

The experimental protocols and informed consent for human subjects were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Nationwide Children&#39;s Hospital.
1. Preparation of cell culture media, solutions, and reagents
<ol>
	<li>Prepare PBMC media
	<ol>
		<li>Mix 20 mL of basal PBMC culture media (1x) and 0.52 mL of supplement. Add 20 &#956;L of SCF and FLT3 each (stock concentration: 100 &#956;g/mL), 4 &#956;L of IL3, IL6 and EPO each (stock concentration: 100 &#956;g/mL) and 200 &#956;L...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translation+of+Human-Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells:+From+Clinical+Trial+in+a+Dish+to+Precision+Medicine.">Translation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Clinical Trial in a Dish to Precision Medicine.</a> Journal of American College of Cardiology. 67 (18), 2161-2176 (2016).</li><li>Itzhaki, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+the+long+QT+syndrome+with+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Modelling the long QT syndrome with induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 471 (7337), 225-229 (2011).</li><li>Hinson, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titin+mutations+in+iPS+cells+define+sarcomere+insufficiency+as+a+cause+of+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Titin mutations in iPS cells define sarcomere insufficiency as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Science. 349 (6251), 982-986 (2015).</li><li>Deacon, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+interactions+of+genetic+variants+in+human+cardiomyopathy.">Combinatorial interactions of genetic variants in human cardiomyopathy.</a> Nature Biomedical Engineering. 3 (2), 147-157 (2019).</li><li>Gifford, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligogenic+inheritance+of+a+human+heart+disease+involving+a+genetic+modifier.">Oligogenic inheritance of a human heart disease involving a genetic modifier.</a> Science. 364 (6443), 865-870 (2019).</li><li>Lo Sardo, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unveiling+the+role+of+the+most+impactful+cardiovascular+risk+locus+through+haplotype+editing.">Unveiling the role of the most impactful cardiovascular risk locus through haplotype editing.</a> Cell. 175 (7), 1796-1810 (2018).</li><li>Liu, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes+restore+function+in+infarcted+hearts+of+non-human+primates.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes restore function in infarcted hearts of non-human primates.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 36 (7), 597-605 (2018).</li><li>Zhao, M. T., Shao, N. Y., Garg, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subtype-specific+cardiomyocytes+for+precision+medicine:+where+are+we+now.">Subtype-specific cardiomyocytes for precision medicine: where are we now.</a> Stem Cells. 38, 822-833 (2020).</li><li>Burridge, P. W., Keller, G., Gold, J. D., Wu, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+de+novo+cardiomyocytes:+human+pluripotent+stem+cell+differentiation+and+direct+reprogramming.">Production of de novo cardiomyocytes: human pluripotent stem cell differentiation and direct reprogramming.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 10 (1), 16-28 (2012).</li><li>Protze, S. I., Lee, J. H., Keller, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+cardiovascular+cells:+from+developmental+biology+to+therapeutic+applications.">Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells: from developmental biology to therapeutic applications.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 25 (3), 311-327 (2019).</li><li>Lian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+cardiomyocyte+differentiation+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+via+temporal+modulation+of+canonical+Wnt+signaling.">Robust cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signaling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (27), 1848-1857 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+functional+resemblance+of+differentiated+cells+derived+from+isogenic+human+iPSCs+and+SCNT-derived+ESCs.">Molecular and functional resemblance of differentiated cells derived from isogenic human iPSCs and SCNT-derived ESCs.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (52), 11111-11120 (2017).</li><li>Burridge, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+defined+generation+of+human+cardiomyocytes.">Chemically defined generation of human cardiomyocytes.</a> Nature Methods. 11 (8), 855-860 (2014).</li><li>Lian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+defined,+albumin-free+human+cardiomyocyte+generation.">Chemically defined, albumin-free human cardiomyocyte generation.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (7), 595-596 (2015).</li><li>Buikema, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wnt+activation+and+reduced+cell-cell+contact+synergistically+induce+massive+expansion+of+functional+human+ipsc-derived+cardiomyocytes.">Wnt activation and reduced cell-cell contact synergistically induce massive expansion of functional human ipsc-derived cardiomyocytes.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 27 (1), 50-63 (2020).</li><li>Lee, J. H., Protze, S. I., Laksman, Z., Backx, P. H., Keller, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+atrial+and+ventricular+cardiomyocytes+develop+from+distinct+mesoderm+populations.">Human pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes develop from distinct mesoderm populations.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 21 (2), 179-194 (2017).</li><li>Liang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canonical+Wnt+signaling+promotes+pacemaker+cell+specification+of+cardiac+mesodermal+cells+derived+from+mouse+and+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Canonical Wnt signaling promotes pacemaker cell specification of cardiac mesodermal cells derived from mouse and human embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 38 (3), 352-368 (2020).</li><li>Protze, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sinoatrial+node+cardiomyocytes+derived+from+human+pluripotent+cells+function+as+a+biological+pacemaker.">Sinoatrial node cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent cells function as a biological pacemaker.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 35 (1), 56-68 (2017).</li><li>Ren, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canonical+Wnt5b+signaling+directs+outlying+Nkx2.5++mesoderm+into+pacemaker+cardiomyocytes.">Canonical Wnt5b signaling directs outlying Nkx2.5+ mesoderm into pacemaker cardiomyocytes.</a> Developmental Cell. 50 (6), 729-743 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+differentiation+of+atrial+and+ventricular+myocytes+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells+by+alternating+retinoid+signals.">Direct differentiation of atrial and ventricular myocytes from human embryonic stem cells by alternating retinoid signals.</a> Cell Research. 21 (4), 579-587 (2011).</li><li>Fusaki, N., Ban, H., Nishiyama, A., Saeki, K., Hasegawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+induction+of+transgene-free+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+using+a+vector+based+on+Sendai+virus,+an+RNA+virus+that+does+not+integrate+into+the+host+genome.">Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome.</a> Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Seriers B, Physical and Biological Sciences. 85 (8), 348-362 (2009).</li><li>Stacey, G. 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During iPSC reprogramming, it is critical to culture PBMCs for 1 week until they are enlarged with clear nuclei and cytoplasm. Because PBMCs do not proliferate, an appropriate cell number for viral transduction is important for successful iPSC reprogramming. Cell number of PBMCs, multiplicity of infection (MOI) and titer of virus should be considered and adjusted to reach the optimal transduction outcomes. For cardiac differentiation, initial seeding density is critical for iPSCs to reach over 90% confluent on the day wh...

The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells has revolutionized modern cardiovascular medicine1,2. Human iPSCs are capable of self-renewing and generating all cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiac fibroblasts. Patient iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) can serve as indefinite resources for modeling genetically inheritable cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and testing cardiac safety for new drugs3. In particular, patient iPSC-CMs are well poised to investigate genetic and molecular etiologies of CVDs that are derived from defects in cardiomyocytes, such as long QT syndrome4 and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)5. Combined with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, patient iPSC-CMs have opened an unprecedented avenue to understand the complex genetic basis of CVDs including congenital heart defects (CHDs)6,7,8. Human iPSC-CMs have also exhibited potentials to serve as autologous cell sources for replenishing the damaged myocardium during a heart attack9. In recent years, it has become paramount to generate high-quality human iPSC-CMs with defined subtypes (atrial, ventricular and nodal) for cardiac regeneration and drug testing10.
Cardiac differentiation from human iPSCs has been greatly advanced in the past decade. Differentiation methods have gone from embryoid body (EB)-based spontaneous differentiation to chemically defined and directed cardiac differentiation11. Key signaling molecules essential for embryonic heart development, such as Wnt, BMP, Nodal, and FGF are manipulated to enhance cardiomyocyte differentiation from human iPSCs10,12. Significant advances include sequential modulation of Wnt signaling (activation followed by inhibition) for robust generation of cardiomyocytes from human iPSCs13,14. Chemically defined cardiac differentiation recipes have been explored to facilitate large-scale production of beating cardiomyocytes15,16, which have the potential to be upgraded to industrial and clinical level production. Moreover, robust expansion of early human iPSC-CMs is achieved by exposure to constitutive Wnt activation using a small chemical (CHIR99021)17. Most recently, subtype-specific cardiomyocytes are generated through manipulation of retinoic acid (RA) and Wnt signaling pathways at specific differentiation windows during cardiomyocyte lineage commitment from human iPSCs18,19,20,21,22.
In this protocol, we detail a working procedure for robust generation and proliferation of human CMs originating from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We present protocols for 1) reprogramming human PBMCs to iPSCs, 2) robust generation of beating cardiomyocytes from human iPSCs, 3) rapid expansion of early iPSC-CMs, 4) molecular characterization of human iPSC-CMs, and 5) electrophysiological measurement of human iPSC-CMs at the single-cell level by patch clamp. This protocol covers the detailed experimental procedures on converting patient blood cells into beating cardiomyocytes.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ABI 7300 Fast Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axon Axopatch 200B Microelectrode Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microelectrode Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement minus insulin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1895601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Fixation/Permeabilization Kit</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>554714</td>
			<td>Fixation/Permeabilization solution, Perm/Wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer CPT tube</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>362753</td>
			<td>Blood cell separation tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S2924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A16517</td>
			<td>Sendai virus reprogramming kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1200B</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Acquisition board</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-zol RNA Miniprep kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>R2050</td>
			<td>RNA extraction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11330057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8 medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1517001</td>
			<td>E8 media for iPSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>L-glutamine alternative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth factor reduced Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356231</td>
			<td>Basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iScript cDNA Snythesis Kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1708891</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IWR-1-endo</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S7086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCLAMP 7.0</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Electrophysiology data acquisition &#38; analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human EPO</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHC9631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human FLT3</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHC9414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL3</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>200-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL6</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHC0065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human SCF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>300-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11875093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium, no glucose</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11879020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SlowFade Gold Antifade Mountant</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S36936</td>
			<td>Mounting media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemPro-34 SFM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10639011</td>
			<td>PBMC culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4444964</td>
			<td>qPCR master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Select Enzyme 10x, no phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1217703</td>
			<td>CM dissociation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 0.5 M EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td>iPSC dissociation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632 2HCl</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation and expansion of human cardiomyocytes from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Generating patient-specific cardiomyocytes from a single blood draw has attracted tremendous interest in precision medicine on cardiovascular disease. Cardiac differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is modulated by defined signaling pathways that are essential for embryonic heart development. Numerous cardiac differentiation methods on 2-D and 3-D platforms have been developed with various efficiencies and cardiomyocyte yield. This has puzzled investigators outside the field as the variety of these methods can be difficult to follow. Here we present a comprehensive protocol that elaborates robust generation and expansion of patient-specific cardiomyocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We first describe a high-efficiency iPSC reprogramming protocol from a patient&#39;s blood sample using non-integration Sendai virus vectors. We then detail a small molecule-mediated monolayer differentiation method that can robustly produce beating cardiomyocytes from most human iPSC lines. In addition, a scalable cardiomyocyte expansion protocol is introduced using a small molecule (CHIR99021) that could rapidly expand patient-derived cardiomyocytes for industrial- and clinical-grade applications. At the end, detailed protocols for molecular identification and electrophysiological characterization of these iPSC-CMs are depicted. We expect this protocol to be pragmatic for beginners with limited knowledge on cardiovascular development and stem cell biology.

Human iPSC reprogramming from PBMCs 
After pre-culture with Complete Blood Media for 7 days, PBMCs become large with visible nuclei and cytoplasm (Figure 1B), indicating that they are ready for virus transfection. After transfection with the Sendai virus reprogramming factors, PBMCs will undergo an epigenetic reprogramming process for another week. Typically, we get 30-50 iPSC colonies from the transfection of 1 x 105 PBMCs an...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Expansion of Human Cardiomyocytes from Patient Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells at JoVE.com

Generation and Expansion of Human Cardiomyocytes from Patient Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Here, we present a protocol to robustly generate and expand human cardiomyocytes from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Generating patient-specific cardiomyocytes from a single blood draw has attracted tremendous interest in precision medicine on cardiovascular disease. ...

This is comprehensive protocol facilities, raw boosts generation, and use pouncing of patient specific, cultures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This tactics are reproducible and easy to follow, specially for beginners. And don't require, special expertize in stem cell ballads, or cardiovascular medicine.Our protocol can be used to generate patient specific cardiomyocytes from a single blood draw that can be used for modeling cardiovascular diseases and testing the cardiac toxicity of novel drugs. This protocol requires a long time commitment to stem cell reprogramming maintenance and directed differentiation. However, you really appreciate your endeavors.When you see beating cardiomyocytes in the dish. When the human iPSC colonies reach over 90%confluency, rinse each well with three milliliters of DPBS before treating the cells with one milliliter of 0.5 millimolar EDTA in DPBS per well at 37 degrees Celsius. After five to eight minutes, add one milliliter of iPSC passaging medium to each well and manually dislodge the cells.Transfer 600 to 900 microliters of the cells to individual Wells have a basement membrane coated six well plate for an overnight incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Then refresh the cultures with two milliliters of complete E8 medium every day for three to four days. When the culture's reached confluency, replace the medium with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium, two per well.On day two, replace the supernatants with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium one. On day three, replace the supernatants with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium three. On day five.Replace the supernatant with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium one. On day seven through 10, replace the supernatant with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium four. On days 11 and 13.When contracting cells are observed, replace the supernatant with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium five. On days 15, 17, 19 and 21. Replace the supernatant with two milliliters of cardiomyocyte differentiation medium four.After pre-culture with complete blood medium per seven days, PBMC's become large with visible nuclei and cytoplasm indicating that they are ready for transfection with Sendai Virus reprogramming factors. Upon introduction to complete E8 medium. The completely reprogrammed cells will attach and start forming colonies.After four to five passages, highly pure iPSC colonies will form from the reprogrammed cells with very few differentiated cells observed. At this stage, Most of the cells are OCT4 and NANOG positive indicative of their pluripoteny. Beating cardiomyocytes are usually observed after 12 days of differentiation.After glucose starvation, and replating iPSC cardiomyocytes exhibits, spontaneous beating, and an aligned sarcomere structure with intercalated cardiac troponin T and alpha actinin expression. The colonies retain their purity as evidenced by their Troponin T expression. Although iPSC cardiomyocytes are relatively immature compared to adult cardiomyocytes.They demonstrate ventricular and atrial like action potentials as measured by wholesale patch, clamp. Ventricular cardiomyocytes express myosin light chain two, whereas atrial iPSC cardiomyocytes are marked by NR2F2 expression. Wnt activation stimulate cell division and promotes the expression of cell cycle regulators.Interestingly, Wnt activation also induces the robust proliferation of early iPSC cardiomyocytes for two passages compared to controls, although this proliferative ability diminishes over time. Make sure that the PBMS are enlarged with the clear nuclear and cytoplasm before the iPSC reprogramming vectors are introduced as the condition of the PBMs is critical for iPSC reprogramming. Patient specific cardiomyocytes are valuable for modeling cardiovascular disease in vitro and for providing a ton of donor cells for cardiac stem cell therapy.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to primary human adult neural cultures raises unique challenges. Recent developments in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provides an alternative approach to derive neural cultures from skin fibroblasts through patient specific iPSC, but this process is labor intensive, requires special expertise and large amounts of resources, and can take several months. This prevents the wide application of this technology to the study of neurological diseases. To overcome some of these issues, we have developed a method to derive neural stem cells directly from human adult peripheral blood, bypassing the iPSC derivation process. Hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from human adult peripheral blood were cultured in vitro and transfected with Sendai virus vectors containing transcriptional factors Sox2, Oct3/4, Klf4, and c-Myc. The transfection results in morphological changes in the cells which are further selected by using human neural progenitor medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The resulting cells are characterized by the expression for neural stem cell markers, such as nestin and SOX2. These neural stem cells could be further differentiated to neurons, astroglia and oligodendrocytes in specified differentiation media. Using easily accessible human peripheral blood samples, this method could be used to derive neural stem cells for further differentiation to neural cells for in vitro modeling of neurological disorders and may advance studies related to the pathogenesis and treatment of those diseases.

A method was developed to directly derive human neural stem cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from peripheral blood cells.

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on dermal fibroblasts obtained by invasive biopsy and retroviral genomic insertion of transgenes, there have been many efforts to avoid these disadvantages. Human peripheral T cells are a unique cell source for generating iPSCs. iPSCs derived from T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and are a source of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, T cell receptor rearrangement in the genome has the potential to label individual cell lines and distinguish between transplanted and donor cells. For safe clinical application of iPSCs, it is important to minimize the risk of exposing newly generated iPSCs to harmful agents. Although fetal bovine serum and feeder cells have been essential for pluripotent stem cell culture, it is preferable to remove them from the culture system to reduce the risk of unpredictable pathogenicity. To address this, we have established a protocol for generating iPSCs from human peripheral T cells using Sendai virus to reduce the risk of exposing iPSCs to undefined pathogens. Although handling Sendai virus requires equipment with the appropriate biosafety level, Sendai virus infects activated T cells without genome insertion, yet with high efficiency. In this protocol, we demonstrate the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of activated T cell culture and Sendai virus.

This protocol describes how to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of matrigel and Sendai virus vectors containing reprogramming factors.

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation from Blood Cells Using Sendai Virus and Centrifugation

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent state. Now, reprogramming is done with various types of adult somatic cells: keratinocytes, urine cells, fibroblasts, etc. Early experiments were usually done with dermal fibroblasts. However, this required an invasive surgical procedure to obtain fibroblasts from the patients. Therefore, suspension cells, such as blood and urine cells, were considered ideal for reprogramming because of the convenience of obtaining the primary cells. Here, we report an efficient protocol for iPSC generation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). By plating the transduced PBMCs serially to a new, matrix-coated plate using centrifugation, this protocol can easily provide iPSC colonies. This method is also applicable to umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs). This study presents a simple and efficient protocol for the reprogramming of PBMCs and CBMCs.

We propose a protocol for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). By plating the transduced blood cells onto matrix-coated plates with centrifugation, iPSCs are successfully induced from floating cells. This technique suggests a simple and effective reprogramming protocol for cells such as PBMCs and CBMCs.

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the human body. The differentiation of hPSCs to human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) has been extensively studied, and efficient differentiation protocols have been established. The combination of extracellular matrix and biological stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules, have made it possible to generate HLCs that resemble primary human hepatocytes. However, the majority of procedures still employ undefined components, giving rise to batch-to-batch variation. This serves as a significant barrier to the application of the technology. To tackle this issue, we developed a defined system for hepatocyte differentiation using human recombinant laminins as extracellular matrices in combination with a serum-free differentiation process. Highly efficient hepatocyte specification was achieved, with demonstrated improvements in both HLC function and phenotype. Importantly, this system is easy to scale up using research and GMP-grade hPSC lines&#160;promising advances in cell-based modelling and therapies.

The method presented here describes a scalable and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-ready differentiation system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. It serves as a cost-effective and standardized system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human liver research.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an integration-free method. Following embryoid body (EB) formation and fibroblastic cell expansion, the iPSCs are induced for chondrogenic differentiation for 21 days under serum-free and xeno-free conditions. After chondrocyte induction, the phenotypes of the cells are evaluated by morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses, as well as by the quantitative real-time PCR examination of chondrogenic differentiation markers. The chondrogenic pellets show positive alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. The immunohistochemistry of collagen II and X staining is also positive. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and the chondrogenic differentiation markers COLLAGEN 2 (COL2), COLLAGEN 10 (COL10), SOX9, and AGGRECAN are significantly upregulated in chondrogenic pellets compared to hiPSCs and fibroblastic cells. These results suggest that PBCs can be used as seed cells to generate iPSCs for cartilage repair, which is patient-specific and cost-effective.

We present a protocol to generate a chondrogenic lineage from human peripheral blood (PB) via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using an integration-free method, which includes embryoid body (EB) formation, fibroblastic cells expansion, and chondrogenic induction.

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and colleagues1. Later, others documented the existence of similar types of EPCs originating from bone marrow2,3. More recently, Yoder and Ingram showed that EPCs derived from umbilical cord blood had a higher proliferative potential compared to ones isolated from adult peripheral blood4,5,6. Apart from being involved in postnatal vasculogenesis, EPCs have also shown promise as a cell source for creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs7,8. Various isolation protocols exist, some of which involve the cell sorting of mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from the sources mentioned earlier with the help of endothelial and hematopoietic markers, or culturing these MNCs with specialized endothelial growth medium, or a combination of these techniques9. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and culture of EPCs using specialized endothelial medium supplemented with growth factors, without the use of immunosorting, followed by the characterization of the isolated cells using Western blotting and immunostaining.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate endothelial progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood. Some of the applications include using these cells as a biomarker for identifying patients with cardiovascular risk, treating ischemic diseases, and creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs.

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and ...

Generation of First Heart Field-like Cardiac Progenitors and Ventricular-like Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is a pre-requisite for cell-based cardiac therapies and disease modeling. We have recently shown that Id genes are both necessary and sufficient to specify first heart field progenitors during vertebrate development. This differentiation protocol leverages these findings and uses Id1 overexpression in combination with Activin A as potent specifying cues to produce first heart field-like (FHF-L) progenitors. Importantly, resulting progenitors efficiently differentiate (~70&#8211;90%) into ventricular-like cardiomyocytes. Here we describe a detailed method to 1) generate Id1-overexpressing hPSCs and 2) differentiate scalable quantities of cryopreservable FHF-L progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes.

Here we describe a scalable method, using a simple combination of Activin A and lentivirus-mediated Id1-overexpression, to generate first heart field-like cardiac progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells.

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is ...