이 연구는 유니스 케네디 슈라이버 국립보건원(National Institutes of Health) 산하 국립아동보건인간발달연구소(National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)의 자금 지원을 받아 R15HD093024 및 R01HD104910A 및 NSF CAREER Award 1752513의 지원을 받았습니다.

DLT 보정 스테레오 이미징을 사용한 말초 신경의 생체 역학적 분석

<ol>
	<li>Bueno, F. R., Shah, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+tensile+loading+for+the+tissue+engineering+of+nerves.">Implications of tensile loading for the tissue engineering of nerves.</a> Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews. 14 (3), 219-233 (2008).</li><li>Grewal, R., Xu, J., Sotereanos, D. G., Woo, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+properties+of+peripheral+nerves.">Biomechanical properties of peripheral nerves.</a> Hand Clinics. 12 (2), 195-204 (1996).</li><li>Papagiannis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+behavior+and+viscoelastic+properties+of+peripheral+nerves+subjected+to+tensile+stress:+common+injuries+and+current+repair+techniques.">Biomechanical behavior and viscoelastic properties of peripheral nerves subjected to tensile stress: common injuries and current repair techniques.</a> Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 32 (3), 155-168 (2020).</li><li>Castaldo, J., Ochoa, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+injury+of+peripheral+nerves.+Fine+structure+and+dysfunction.">Mechanical injury of peripheral nerves. Fine structure and dysfunction.</a> Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 11 (1), 9-16 (1984).</li><li>Singh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extent+of+impaired+axoplasmic+transport+and+neurofilament+compaction+in+traumatically+injured+axon+at+various+strains+and+strain+rates.">Extent of impaired axoplasmic transport and neurofilament compaction in traumatically injured axon at various strains and strain rates.</a> Brain Injury. 31 (10), 1387-1395 (2017).</li><li>Singh, A., Kallakuri, S., Chen, C., Cavanaugh, J. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+spinal+nerve+roots+subjected+to+tension+at+different+strain+rates.">Mechanical properties of spinal nerve roots subjected to tension at different strain rates.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 39 (9), 1669-1676 (2006).</li><li>Singh, A., Shaji, S., Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., Balasubramanian, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+responses+of+neonatal+brachial+plexus+to+mechanical+stretch.">Biomechanical responses of neonatal brachial plexus to mechanical stretch.</a> Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury. 13 (01), e8-e14 (2018).</li><li>Zapa&#322;owicz, K., Radek, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+the+human+brachial+plexus.">Mechanical properties of the human brachial plexus.</a> Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska. 34, 89-93 (2000).</li><li>Zapa&#322;owicz, K., Radek, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 51 (2), 11-14 (2005).</li><li>Zapa&#322;owicz, K., Radek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+distribution+of+brachial+plexus+lesions+after+experimental+traction:+a+cadaveric+study.">The distribution of brachial plexus lesions after experimental traction: a cadaveric study.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 29 (6), 704-710 (2018).</li><li>Kawai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretching+of+the+brachial+plexus+in+rabbits.">Stretching of the brachial plexus in rabbits.</a> Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 60 (6), 635-638 (1989).</li><li>Marani, E., Van Leeuwen, J., Spoor, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tensile+testing+machine+applied+in+the+study+of+human+nerve+rupture:+a+preliminary+study.">The tensile testing machine applied in the study of human nerve rupture: a preliminary study.</a> Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 95, 33-35 (1993).</li><li>Lee, S. K., Wolfe, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+nerve+injury+and+repair.">Peripheral nerve injury and repair.</a> JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 8 (4), 243-252 (2000).</li><li>Rickett, T., Connell, S., Bastijanic, J., Hegde, S., Shi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+mechanical+evaluation+of+nerve+stretch+injury.">Functional and mechanical evaluation of nerve stretch injury.</a> Journal of Medical Systems. 35, 787-793 (2011).</li><li>Topp, K. S., Boyd, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+biomechanics+of+peripheral+nerves:+nerve+responses+to+physical+stresses+and+implications+for+physical+therapist+practice.">Structure and biomechanics of peripheral nerves: nerve responses to physical stresses and implications for physical therapist practice.</a> Physical Therapy. 86 (1), 92-109 (2006).</li><li>Lu, Y., Chen, C., Kallakuri, S., Patwardhan, A., Cavanaugh, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+in+vivo+method+to+investigate+biomechanical+and+neurophysiological+properties+of+spine+facet+joint+capsules.">Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules.</a> European Spine Journal. 14 (6), 565-572 (2005).</li><li>Kallakuri, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tensile+stretching+of+cervical+facet+joint+capsule+and+related+axonal+changes.">Tensile stretching of cervical facet joint capsule and related axonal changes.</a> European Spine Journal. 17 (4), 556-563 (2008).</li><li>Abdel-Aziz, Y. I., Karara, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+linear+transformation+from+comparator+coordinates+into+object+space+coordinates+in+close-range+photogrammetry.">Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry.</a> Photogrammetric Engineering &amp; Remote Sensing. 81 (2), 103-107 (2015).</li><li>Pourcelot, P., Audigi&#233;, F., Degueurce, C., Geiger, D., Denoix, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+to+synchronise+cameras+using+the+direct+linear+transformation+technique.">A method to synchronise cameras using the direct linear transformation technique.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 33 (12), 1751-1754 (2000).</li><li>Hedrick, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Software+techniques+for+two-+and+three-dimensional+kinematic+measurements+of+biological+and+biomimetic+systems.">Software techniques for two- and three-dimensional kinematic measurements of biological and biomimetic systems.</a> Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics. 3 (3), 034001 (2008).</li><li>Chen, L., Armstrong, C. W., Raftopoulos, D. 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저자는 공개할 이해 상충이 없습니다.

스트레치 손상으로 인한 말초 신경(PN)의 생체역학적 특성을 보고하는 연구는 다양하며, 이러한 차이는 테스트 장비 및 신장 분석과 같은 테스트 방법에 기인할 수 있습니다 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,24 </s...

말초 신경(PN)은 발달, 성장, 정상적인 관절 운동, 부상 및 수술 중에 스트레칭을 거칩니다1. PN은 규칙적인 운동 중에 신경을 보호하고 2,3 신경 섬유의 구조적 건강을 유지하기 위해 점탄성 특성을 나타냅니다2. 기계적 스트레칭에 대한 PN 반응은 신경섬유 손상의 유형4, 인접 결합 조직의 손상 2,4 및 테스트 접근 방식(즉, 부하 속도 또는 방향)에 따라 달라지는 것으로 나타났기 때문입니다.5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 , 정상 운동 범위와 비생리적 범위 동안 느린 속도와 빠른 스트레치 속도 모두에서 PN의 생체 역학적 반응을 구별하는 것이 중요합니다. 이는 스트레칭에 대한 반응으로 PN 손상 메커니즘에 대한 이해를 심화시키고 시기적절하고 최적화된 중재를 도울 수 있다 1,4,15,16. 물리치료에서는 신경생리학과 생체역학의 관계에 기초하여 평가하고 개입하는 경향이 증가하고 있다17. 다양한 적용 하중에서 PN 생체 역학의 차이점을 이해함으로써 물리 치료사는 현재 중재를 수정할 수 있도록 더 잘 준비할 수 있습니다17.
스트레치에 대한 PN의 사용 가능한 생체 역학 데이터는 가변적이며 테스트 장비 및 절차 및 신장 데이터 분석의 차이에 기인할 수 있습니다 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16. 더욱이, 3차원(3D) in-situ 신경 변위를 측정하는 것은 현재 이용 가능한 문헌에 제대로 설명되어 있지 않습니다. 이전 연구에서는 후관절 캡슐의 조직 변위의 3D 재구성의 정확도를 극대화하기 위해 입체 이미징 기술을 사용했습니다18,19. DLT(Direct Linear Transformation) 기술을 사용하면 두 개 이상의 2차원(2D) 보기를 3D 실제 좌표(즉, mm)로 변환할 수 있습니다20,21,22. DLT는 렌즈 왜곡, 카메라 파라미터 및 이미지 좌표를 고려하여 3D 위치를 정밀하게 재구성할 수 있게 하고, 스테레오 이미징 카메라 셋업(20,21,22)에 유연성을 허용하기 때문에 스테레오-이미징 카메라 시스템에 대한 고정밀 캘리브레이션 방법을 제공한다. DLT-캘리브레이션된 스테레오-이미징 카메라 시스템을 사용한 연구는 일반적으로 운동 및 보행 분석을 연구하는 데 사용된다22,23. 이 프로토콜은 DLT-캘리브레이션된 스테레오-이미징 카메라 시스템 및 오픈 소스 추적 소프트웨어(22)를 사용하여 다양한 스트레치 정도에서 PN의 현장 변형률을 결정하기 위한 상세한 방법론을 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Square Sheet</td>
			<td>W W Grainger Inc</td>
			<td>BULKPSACR9</td>
			<td>Construct three-dimensional control volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo-imaging camera system - ZED Mini Stereo Camera</td>
			<td>StereoLabs Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging Software - ZED SDK</td>
			<td>StereoLabs Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maintence Software - CUDA 12</td>
			<td>StereoLabs Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Download to run ZED SDK&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera stand - Cast Iron Triangular Support Stand with Rod</td>
			<td>Telrose VWR Choice</td>
			<td>76293-346</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroSribe G2 Digitizer with Immersion Foot Pedal</td>
			<td>SUMMIT Technology Group</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proramming Software - MATLAB&#160;</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>version 2019A or newer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DLTcal5.m</td>
			<td>Hedrick lab</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Open Source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DLTdv7.m</td>
			<td>Hedrick lab</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Open Source</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct linear transformation for the measurement of in-situ peripheral nerve strain during stretching

말초 신경은 발달 과정, 정상적인 관절 운동, 부상 과정에서 생리적 및 비생리적 스트레칭을 겪으며, 최근에는 외과적 복원을 받는 동안에도 스트레칭을 겪습니다. 말초 신경의 신장에 대한 생체역학적 반응을 이해하는 것은 다양한 부하 조건에 대한 말초 신경의 반응을 이해하는 데 매우 중요하며, 따라서 치료 전략 및 외과적 개입을 최적화하는 데 중요합니다. 이 프로토콜은 직접 선형 변환을 통한 스테레오 이미징 카메라 시스템의 캘리브레이션 프로세스와 보정된 스테레오 이미징 카메라 시스템에 의해 캡처된 비디오 파일의 3차원 좌표에서 얻은 스트레치 중 말초 신경의 3차원 현장 조직 변위 추적에 대해 자세히 설명합니다.
얻어진 3차원 좌표로부터, 신경 길이, 신경 길이의 변화, 시간에 대한 긴장률 등을 늘어난 말초 신경에 대해 계산할 수 있다. 스테레오 이미징 카메라 시스템을 사용하면 스트레칭 시 말초 신경의 3차원 변위를 캡처할 수 있는 비침습적 방법을 제공합니다. Direct linear transformation은 스트레칭 중 말초 신경 길이를 3차원으로 재구성하여 변형을 측정할 수 있습니다. 현재로서는 직접 선형 변환을 통해 보정된 스테레오 이미징 카메라 시스템을 사용하여 늘어난 말초 신경의 현장 변형을 연구할 수 있는 방법론이 없습니다. 스트레칭 시 말초 신경의 현장 긴장을 포착하면 임상의가 과도하게 스트레칭될 때 신경 손상의 기저 손상 메커니즘을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 뿐만 아니라 스트레칭 유도 중재에 의존하는 치료 전략을 최적화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 논문에 설명된 방법론은 신경 손상 관리 및 재활 분야에서 환자 결과를 개선하기 위해 스트레칭에 대응하여 말초 신경 생체 역학에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다.

Peripheral nerves (PNs) undergo stretch during development, growth, normal joint movement, injury, and surgery1. PNs display viscoelastic properties to protect the nerve during regular movements2,3 and maintain the structural health of its nerve fibers2. Because PN response to mechanical stretch has been shown to depend on the type of nerve fiber damage4, injuries to adjacent connective tissues2,4, and testing approaches (i.e., loading rate or direction)5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, it is essential to distinguish the biomechanical responses of PNs during normal range of motion versus non-physiological range at both slow- and rapid-stretch rates. This can further the understanding of the PN injury mechanism in response to stretch and aid in timely and optimized intervention1,4,15,16. There has been a growing trend in physical therapy to evaluate and intervene based on the relationship between nerve physiology and biomechanics17. By understanding the differences in PN biomechanics at various applied loads, physical therapists can be better prepared to modify current interventions17.
Available biomechanical data of PNs in response to stretch remains variable and can be attributed to testing equipment and procedures and differences in elongation data analysis5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16. Furthermore, measuring three-dimensional (3D) in-situ nerve displacement remains poorly described in the currently available literature. Previous studies have used stereo-imaging techniques to maximize the accuracy of 3D reconstruction of tissue displacement of facet joint capsules18,19. The direct linear transformation (DLT) technique enables the conversion of two or more two-dimensional (2D) views to 3D real-world coordinates (i.e., in mm)20,21,22. DLT provides a high-accuracy calibration method for stereo-imaging camera systems because it enables precise reconstruction of 3D positions, accounting for lens distortion, camera parameters, and image coordinates, and permits flexibility in stereo-imaging camera setup20,21,22. Studies using DLT-calibrated stereo-imaging camera systems are typically used to study locomotion and gait analysis22,23. This protocol aims to offer a detailed methodology to determine the in-situ strain of PNs at varying degrees of stretch using a DLT-calibrated stereo-imaging camera system and an open-source tracking software22.

늘어난 말초 신경의 3D 현장 변위를 캡처하기 위한 스테레오 이미징 시스템 DLT 보정

스트레칭 중 현장 말초 신경 긴장 측정을 위한 Direct Linear Transformation

To begin, acquire three clear acrylic plexiglass square sheets. On each sheet, create a grid and mark at least 10 points, ensuring a minimum of 30 points across the 3D control volume on the x, y, and z-coordinate planes. Stack the sheets at different heights to capture the maximum height of the intended recording.Using a digitizer equipped with a foot pedal, digitize all points on the 3D control volume. Establish the origin of the 3D control cube and define the positive x and y directions to obtain x, y, and z-coordinates. On the digitizer software interface, set the origin and positive x and y-axes respectively on the reference frame.Open a new Excel worksheet to save the x, y, and z-coordinates of the control volume. Then on the digitizer software interface, set the format strings to Excel to store the coordinates on the 3D control volume. As the x, y, and z-coordinates are digitized using the digitizer and foot pedal, they're recorded onto an open Excel sheet.To document them, open an Excel sheet and save the coordinates as a csv file.

설명된 방법론을 사용하여 다양한 출력 파일을 얻을 수 있습니다. DLTdv7.m *_xyzpts.csv(보충 파일 12)에는 각 시간 프레임에서 추적된 각 지점의 (x, y, z) 좌표(밀리미터)가 포함되어 있으며, 이는 추가로 늘어난 PN의 길이, 길이 변화 및 변형률을 계산하는 데 사용됩니다. 스트레치 PN의 대표적인 길이-시간, 길이-시간의 변화 및 변형-시간 플롯이 그림 10에 나와 있습니?...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching at JoVE.com

이 프로토콜은 직접 선형 변환을 사용하여 보정된 스테레오 이미징 카메라 시스템을 구현하여 늘어난 말초 신경의 3차원 현장 변위를 캡처합니다. 이러한 변위를 포착함으로써 다양한 스트레치 정도에서 유발된 스트레칭 정도에서 유발된 스트레치 손상 임계값을 측정하여 스트레치 의존성 신경 복구의 과학을 발전시킬 수 있습니다.

Peripheral nerves undergo physiological and non-physiological stretch during development, normal joint movement, injury, and more recently while ...

시작하려면 3 개의 투명 아크릴 플렉시 유리 정사각형 시트를 구입하십시오. 각 시트에서 그리드를 만들고 10개 이상의 점을 표시하여 x, y 및 z 좌표 평면의 3D 제어 볼륨에 걸쳐 최소 30개의 점을 확보합니다. 원하는 녹음의 최대 높이를 캡처하기 위해 다른 높이로 시트를 쌓습니다.풋 페달이 장착된 디지타이저를 사용하여 3D 제어 볼륨의 모든 지점을 디지타이징합니다. 3D 컨트롤 큐브의 원점을 설정하고 양의 x 및 y 방향을 정의하여 x, y 및 z 좌표를 얻습니다. 디지타이저 소프트웨어 인터페이스에서 원점과 양의 x축과 y축을 각각 참조 프레임에 설정합니다.새 Excel 워크시트를 열어 제어 볼륨의 x, y 및 z 좌표를 저장합니다. 그런 다음 디지타이저 소프트웨어 인터페이스에서 형식 문자열을 Excel로 설정하여 3D 제어 볼륨의 좌표를 저장합니다. 디지타이저와 풋 페달을 사용하여 x, y 및 z 좌표가 디지털화되면 열려 있는 Excel 시트에 기록됩니다.문서화하려면 Excel 시트를 열고 좌표를 csv 파일로 저장합니다.

direct-linear-transformation-for-measurement-situ-peripheral-nerve

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

253 조회수.  Drexel University. 시작하려면 3 개의 투명 아크릴 플렉시 유리 정사각형 시트를 구입하십시오. 각 시트에서 그리드를 만들고 10개 이상의 점을 표시하여 x, y 및 z 좌표 평면의 3D 제어 볼륨에 걸쳐 최소 30개의 점을 확보합니다. 원하는 녹음의 최대 높이를 캡처하기 위해 다른 높이로 시트를 쌓습니다.풋 페달이 장착된 디지타이저를 사용하여 3D 제어 볼륨의 모든 지점을 디지타이징합니다. 3...

비디오: 늘어난 말초 신경의 3D 현장 변위를 캡처하기 위한 스테레오 이미징 시스템 DLT 보정

Peripheral nerves undergo physiological and non-physiological stretch during development, normal joint movement, injury, and more recently while undergoing surgical repair. Understanding the biomechanical response of peripheral nerves to stretch is critical to the understanding of their response to different loading conditions and thus, to optimizing treatment strategies and surgical interventions. This protocol describes in detail the calibration process of the stereo-imaging camera system via direct linear transformation and the tracking of the three-dimensional in-situ tissue displacement of peripheral nerves during stretch, obtained from three-dimensional coordinates of the video files captured by the calibrated stereo-imaging camera system.
From the obtained three-dimensional coordinates, the nerve length, change in the nerve length, and percent strain with respect to time can be calculated for a stretched peripheral nerve. Using a stereo-imaging camera system provides a non-invasive method for capturing three-dimensional displacements of peripheral nerves when stretched. Direct linear transformation enables three-dimensional reconstructions of peripheral nerve length during stretch to measure strain. Currently, no methodology exists to study the in-situ strain of stretched peripheral nerves using a stereo-imaging camera system calibrated via direct linear transformation. Capturing the in-situ strain of peripheral nerves when stretched can not only aid clinicians in understanding underlying injury mechanisms of nerve damage when overstretched but also help optimize treatment strategies that rely on stretch-induced interventions. The methodology described in the paper has the potential to enhance our understanding of peripheral nerve biomechanics in response to stretch to improve patient outcomes in the field of nerve injury management and rehabilitation.

This protocol implements a stereo-imaging camera system calibrated using direct linear transformation to capture three-dimensional in-situ displacements of stretched peripheral nerves. By capturing these displacements, strain induced at varying degrees of stretch can be determined informing the stretch injury thresholds that can advance the science of stretch-dependent nerve repair.

연구

생체공학

Analyzing the Marker Trajectory Tracking and Strain Data of Peripheral Nerve
Stretching

To begin, run the MATLAB code to split the stretched-nerve displacement videos into left and right camera files. Click Run"to initiate the DLTdv7 M22 GUI. The DLTdv7 controls window will appear, enabling options like Project, Load project, and Quit.To start a new project, click New project"on the DLTdv7 controls window. In the dialogue box, select 2"to indicate the use of two video files. For tracking marker trajectories, choose the first video file from the left camera view, and click Open, then select and open the second video file from the right camera view.After selecting both video files, click Yes"to confirm that they were calibrated using DLT. Select the appropriate DLT coefficient's csv file from the camera system, and click Open. Upon loading video files, the DLTdv7 controls are enabled, and the New project"button changes to Recompute 3D points, while the Load project"button changes to Save.Then, in the DLTdv7 controls window, verify that the frame number is set to 1. The current point is 1, and the auto-track mode is off. Ensure that Update all videos, DLT visual feedback, and Show 2D tracks"are selected.In video one, place point one precisely at the center of the insertion marker. Use the keyboard shortcuts to adjust the point's position for accuracy. In video two, a blue epipolar line guides the placement of point one on the insertion marker.Use the keyboard shortcuts to adjust the point's position, aligning it with the center of the insertion marker. Next, use the Add a point"function in the DLTdv7 controls to track each tissue marker sequentially. Then, click Add a point, and place point two on marker one in video one.Using the blue epipolar line and keyboard shortcuts, place point two on marker one in video two. Continue adding and placing points on both videos from the insertion to the clamp. After placing all initial points in both videos, set the frame number to 1, and ensure the current point is also set to 1"in the DLTdv7 controls.Change the auto-track mode to auto-advance, and the auto-track predictor to extended Kalman"in the DLTdv7 controls. Begin tracking point one in video one. Zoom in or out as needed for precision.Click through each frame until reaching the failure point, or the video's end. After completion, reset to frame one, and switch to point two in the DLTdv7 controls. Tracked points will show distinct colors for easy identification.To track all points in video one, click through each frame until reaching the failure point, or video end. In video two, use the blue epipolar line for tracking points, referencing video one. On the DLTdv7 controls window, return the frame number to 1, set the current point to 1, and begin tracking point one's trajectory in video two.After tracking is complete in video one and video two, click Export points"on the DLTdv7 controls window to export the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the tracked points. Select the desired direct relocation to save the output files. Set the name for the output files in another dialogue box, then select the save format to _.After that, select No"in another dialogue box to decide on calculating the 95%confidence interval. Confirm the export and saving of data indicating that four output files are exported to the chosen directory. Click Save project"in the DLTdv7 controls window to save the current project in the same directory as the output files.Run a custom MATLAB code to import the tracked 3D market trajectories in X, Y, and Z dimensions. Enter specific details like the rupture time and number of tracked points. Select the XYZ-point csv file containing the 3D trajectories.Choose a directory to save the output plots and the xls file, with comprehensive data on time, length, change in length, and strain. Then, use the given equations to calculate length, change in length, and percent strain.