Methods for Tattooing Xenopus laevis with a Rotary Tattoo Machine

Podsumowanie

Here, we describe methods for tattooing adult Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) with a rotary tattoo machine. Proper tattooing results in dark, easily legible numerals that last for several months and make animals easily distinguishable for research and recordkeeping purposes.

Streszczenie

Animal models expand the scope of biomedical research, furthering our understanding of developmental, molecular, and cellular biology and enabling researchers to model human disease. Recording and tracking individual animals allows researchers to reduce the number of animals required for study and refine practices to improve animal wellbeing. Several well-documented methods exist for marking and tracking mammals, including ear punching and ear tags. However, methods for marking aquatic amphibian species are limited, with the existing resources being outdated, ineffective, or prohibitively costly. In this manuscript, we outline methods and best practices for marking Xenopus laevis with a rotary tattoo machine. Proper tattooing results in high-quality tattoos, making individuals easily distinguishable for researchers and posing minimal risk to animals' health. We also highlight the causes of poor-quality tattoos, which can result in tattoos that fade quickly and cause unnecessary harm to animals. This approach allows researchers and veterinarians to mark amphibians, enabling them to track biological replicates and transgenic lines and to keep accurate records of animal health.

Wprowadzenie

Animal models are useful tools for investigating questions pertaining to human health. In practice, biomedical research using animal models requires careful organization and maintenance of a healthy animal colony. Best practices for ethical animal handling and husbandry aim to reduce the number of animals needed for experimentation and refine practices to ensure animal welfare¹. The clawed frog genus, including Xenopus laevis (X. laevis; African clawed frog) and Xenopus tropicalis (X. tropicalis; Western clawed frog), have been used in biomedical research since the 1930s when X. laevis were used by S....

Protokół

All animal procedures described were approved by Dartmouth College's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

1. Equipment setup

NOTE: A workflow for the procedure and an example bench setup are included (Figure 1).

1. Connect the tattoo gun and foot pedal to the power supply. Position the foot pedal underneath the working surface.
2. Assembling the tattoo gun
   1. Using an Allen wrench or hex screwdriver, loosen the screws in the grip (Figure 2A, encircled in red).
   2. Insert the plastic tip all the....

Dyskusje

Tattooing humans is an art form dating back thousands of years, and for as long as humans have tattooed themselves, they have also tattooed or branded animals²³. The equipment and techniques for marking animals, particularly mammals, are well-established, well-documented, and widely accessible. While marking animals was originally for distinguishing livestock and theft deterrents²³, its role in biomedical research has become just as important.

A .......

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3 needle round liners	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	1203RLB	Packaged sterile
5 Needle Round Disposable ULTRA	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	HTIPRS5-U	Packaged sterile
5 needle round liners	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	1205RLB	Packaged sterile
7 needle round liners	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	1207RLB	Packaged sterile
Clip Cord	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Foot pedal	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Inkpots	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Kimwipes, delicate task wipes	Fisher Scientific	06-666A
RCA Connection	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Scream Ink Pitch Black, 1oz	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	SI101
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)	Sigma-Aldrich	S5761
Stainless steel grips	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Stealth 2.0 Rotary Tattoo Machine	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Stealth 2.0 Rotary Tattoo Machine Box Set	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	STEALTH2-SET
Styrofoam island	N/A	N/A	This is the lid of a styrofoam cold shipping container
Tricaine (ethyl 3-aminobenzonate methanesulfate)	Sigma-Aldrich	E10521	CAUTION: IRRITANT
Unbleached paper towels	Grainger	2U229	Paper towels MUST be unbleached, bleach is toxic to amphibians
Voltage Supply	Worldwide Tattoo Supply	N/A
Wash bottle (with frog-safe water)	Fisher Scientific	FB0340923T	Frog safe water is dechlorinated, pH 7.0-8.5, conductivity 1200-1800 uS
X. laevis adult female	Xenopus1	N/A
Zip-top plastic bag	N/A	N/A	This bag should be large enough to hold the styrofoam island