Name: conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the embryonic mouse brain
Uploaded: 2014-12-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain at JoVE.com

We thank Michael Candlish for critical comments on the manuscript. This project was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants BO1743/6 and SFB/TRR 152 P11 and Z02 to Ulrich Boehm.

NOTE: Ethics Statement: Procedures involving animal subjects were approved by the animal welfare committee of the University of Hamburg and the University of Saarland.
1. Preparation and Fixation of Embryonic Tissue
<ol>
	<li>Arrange all the equipment needed to dissect out the embryos and prepare solutions for subsequent fixation of the tissue before sacrificing the animals. 
	NOTE: Always prepare a fresh 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution (4% PFA in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS...

<ol>
	<li>Vercelli, A., Repici, M., Garbossa, D., Grimaldi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+techniques+for+tracing+pathways+in+the+central+nervous+system+of+developing+and+adult+mammals.">Recent techniques for tracing pathways in the central nervous system of developing and adult mammals.</a> Brain. Res. Bull. 51, 11-28 (2000).</li><li>Huang, Z. J., Zeng, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+approaches+to+neural+circuits+in+the+mouse.">Genetic approaches to neural circuits in the mouse.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 36, 183-215 (2013).</li><li>Lanciego, J. L., Wouterlood, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+half+century+of+experimental+neuroanatomical+tracing.">A half century of experimental neuroanatomical tracing.</a> J. Chem. Neuroanat. 42, 157-183 (2011).</li><li>DeFalco, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus-assisted+mapping+of+neural+inputs+to+a+feeding+center+in+the+hypothalamus.">Virus-assisted mapping of neural inputs to a feeding center in the hypothalamus.</a> Science. 291, 2608-2613 (2001).</li><li>Kumar, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+arcuate+nucleus+kisspeptin+neurons+communicate+with+GnRH+neurons+in+utero.">Murine arcuate nucleus kisspeptin neurons communicate with GnRH neurons in utero.</a> J. Neurosci. 34, 3756-3766 (2014).</li><li>Horowitz, L. F., Montmayeur, J. P., Echelard, Y., Buck, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+approach+to+trace+neural+circuits.">A genetic approach to trace neural circuits.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 3194-3199 (1999).</li><li>Maskos, U., Kissa, K., ST Cloment, C., Brulet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrograde+trans-synaptic+transfer+of+green+fluorescent+protein+allows+the+genetic+mapping+of+neuronal+circuits+in+transgenic+mice.">Retrograde trans-synaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein allows the genetic mapping of neuronal circuits in transgenic mice.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 10120-10125 (2002).</li><li>De Roux, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypogonadotropic+hypogonadism+due+to+loss+of+function+of+the+KiSS1-derived+peptide+receptor+GPR54.">Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 10972-10976 (2003).</li><li>Seminara, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+GPR54+gene+as+a+regulator+of+puberty.">The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1614-1627 (2003).</li><li>Mayer, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timing+and+completion+of+puberty+in+female+mice+depend+on+estrogen+receptor+alpha-signaling+in+kisspeptin+neurons.">Timing and completion of puberty in female mice depend on estrogen receptor alpha-signaling in kisspeptin neurons.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 22693-22698 (2010).</li><li>Soriano, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generalized+lacZ+expression+with+the+ROSA26+Cre+reporter+strain.">Generalized lacZ expression with the ROSA26 Cre reporter strain.</a> Nat. Genet. 21, 70-71 (1999).</li><li>Seibler, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+copy+shRNA+configuration+for+ubiquitous+gene+knockdown+in+mice.">Single copy shRNA configuration for ubiquitous gene knockdown in mice.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e67 (2005).</li><li>Semaan, S. J., Kauffman, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+concepts+on+the+epigenetic+and+transcriptional+regulation+of+the+Kiss1+gene.">Emerging concepts on the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of the Kiss1 gene.</a> Int. J. Dev. 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Expressing transsynaptic tracers as transgenes to trace the neural circuits of genetically defined neuronal populations has several advantages compared to the stereotaxic injection of tracers or neurotopic viruses. First, the tracer is produced as an endogenous protein and therefore does not elicit any immune response and a selective neural pathway can be analyzed in different animals with high reproducibility. Second, because this is a non-invasive method it can be utilized to trace the circuits from neurons not easily ...

Anatomical path tracing is one of the most commonly utilized tools to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior1. Advancement in neural circuit tracing technologies has bestowed neuroscientists with the ability to trace neural circuits from genetically identified neuron populations in mice2. In spite of these technical advancements it remains challenging to unravel the formation of neural circuits especially during embryonic maturation. This is because most of the tracing methods developed to date are based upon stereotaxic injection of transsynaptic tracers or genetically modified neurotropic viruses (Figure 1)2,3. While these techniques achieve spatial and temporal resolution of connectivity, several inherent limitations such as technically challenging tracer injections into the developing brain, the reproducibility of the site of injection, potential inflammation at the injection site and most importantly cytotoxicity caused by neurotropic viruses limit their use4.
An alternative method is to express the transsynaptic tracers as transgenes in genetically altered mice. We have recently modified this technique and developed a binary genetic transsynaptic tracing system to map the neural circuits of any genetically identified neuronal population5. Our experimental strategy is based on two new knock-in mouse strains, which express either the bidirectional tracer barley lectin (BL)6 or the retrograde tracer Tetanus Toxin fragment C fused to GFP (GTT)7 from the ROSA26 locus after Cre-mediated recombination. Here we used these mouse strains to selectively express BL and GTT in neurons that produce kisspeptin, a neuropeptide that is implicated in regulating the maturation of the reproductive axis8,9. We demonstrate that this technique is suitable to visualize the development and maturation of kisspeptin neural circuitry during embryonic development of the female mouse brain5.
Breeding strategy
The R26-BL-IRES-&#964;lacZ (BIZ) and the R26-GFP-TTC (GTT) tracer lines are knock-in strains5 that carry recombinant ROSA26 alleles. The R26-BIZ and the R26-GTT alleles are transcriptionally silent due to the presence of a strong transcriptional stop signal, which is flanked by two loxP sites5. Expression of the BIZ and GTT transgene is activated by Cre-mediated removal of the transcriptional stop signal. The R26-BIZ and R26-GTT alleles can be used independently by simply crossing with a Cre driver line. For analysis animals heterozygous for the respective Cre and R26 alleles can be used. Littermates carrying one Cre or one R26 allele, respectively, should be used as controls. Alternatively, it is also possible to generate triple knock-in animals carrying the Cre, R26-BIZ and R26-GTT alleles, however this will require one additional cross.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Company</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33258 dye)</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">18646A-1</td>
			<td>22mm x 22mm x 20mm</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418-100ML</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl Formamide (DMF)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23470,293</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isopentane (Methyl 2-butane)</td>
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			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">494437-1L</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>M2670-100G</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
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			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">298-83-9</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nonidet P40 substitute</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">743.85</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">OCT</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14020108926</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PAP pen</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2002</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Parafarmaldehyde</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">D6750-25G</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7903-1KG</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Superfrost slides</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FT4981GLPLUS</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TSA kit</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PerkinElmer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEL700</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TSA plus kit</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PerkinElmer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEL749A001KT</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AE15.2</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton-X 100</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3051.2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9127.1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">X-gal</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2315.1</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Light microscope equipped with DIC imaging&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Axioskop2 equipped with Axio Vision software</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fluroscence microscope</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Axioskop2 equipped with Axio Vision software</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Photoshop</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Adobe</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PS6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Goat anti-WGA (recognizes BL)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Vector Laboatories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AS-2024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Biotinylayted horse anti-goat IgG</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Vector Laboatories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BA-9500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Vector Laboatories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BA-1000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rabbit anti-GFP (recognizes GTT)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A11122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rabbit anti-GnRH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Affinity Bio Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PA1-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dylight488-donkey anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SA5-10038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SA-Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>S-11225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primers</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BL Fwd (for BIZ genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">&#160;ATGAAGATGATGAGCACCAG 
			GGC&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BL Rev&#160; (for BIZ genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">&#160;AGCCCTCGCCGCAGAACTC&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cre Fwd&#160; (for Cre genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">GTCGATGCAACGAGTGATGAG 
			GTTCG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cre Rev&#160; (for Cre genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">CCAGGCTAAGTGCCTTCTCTAC 
			ACCTGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TTC Fwd&#160; (for GTT genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">AGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TTC Rev&#160; (for GTT genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">GTCTTGTAGTTGCCGTCGTCCT 
			TGAA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XY Fwd (for gender genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">TGAAGCTTTTGGCTTTGA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XY Rev&#160; (for gender genotyping)</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">CCGCTGCCAAATTCTTTG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROSA26 Fwd</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2">CGAAGTCGCTCTGAGTTGTTATC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">ROSA26 Rev</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:285px;">GCAGATGGAGCGGGAGAAAT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">SA Rev</td>
			<td>Eurofins MWG Operon</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:285px;">CGAAGTCGCTCTGAGTTGTTATC</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the embryonic mouse brain

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits during embryonic maturation of the brain however is technically challenging because most transsynaptic tracing methods developed to date depend on stereotaxic tracer injection. To overcome this problem, we developed a binary genetic strategy for conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the mouse brain. Towards this end we generated two complementary knock-in mouse strains to selectively express the bidirectional transsynaptic tracer barley lectin (BL) and the retrograde transsynaptic tracer Tetanus Toxin fragment C from the ROSA26 locus after Cre-mediated recombination. Cell-specific tracer production in these mice is genetically encoded and does not depend on mechanical tracer injection. Therefore our experimental approach is suitable to study neural circuit formation in the embryonic murine brain. Furthermore, because tracer transfer across synapses depends on synaptic activity, these mouse strains can be used to analyze the communication between genetically defined neuronal populations during brain development at a single cell resolution. Here we provide a detailed protocol for transsynaptic tracing in mouse embryos using the novel recombinant ROSA26 alleles. We have utilized this experimental technique in order to delineate the neural circuitry underlying maturation of the reproductive axis in the developing female mouse brain.

This section shows representative results that can be obtained working with the R26-BIZ (BL-IRES-&#964;lacZ) and the R26-GTT (GFP-TTC) alleles. Here we use the R26-BIZ and the R26-GTT alleles to analyze the maturation of the neural circuits regulating the reproductive axis. Reproduction in vertebrates is centrally controlled by a small subset of neurons in the hypothala...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain at JoVE.com

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

Capitalizing on a binary genetic strategy we provide a detailed protocol for neural circuit tracing in mice that express complementary transsynaptic tracers after Cre-mediated recombination. Because cell-specific tracer production is genetically encoded, our experimental approach is suitable to study the formation and maturation of neural circuitry during murine embryonic brain development at a single cell resolution.

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid  (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is  present during early vertebrate embryonic development and ...

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The embryonic chick is a widely used model for the study of peripheral and central ganglion cell projections. In the auditory system, selective labeling ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Angiogenesis  is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting  of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. ...

Transsynaptic Tracing from Peripheral Targets with Pseudorabies Virus Followed by Cholera Toxin and Biotinylated Dextran Amines Double Labeling

Transsynaptic tracing has become a powerful tool used to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets through multi-synaptic circuits. This ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Laser-guided Neuronal Tracing In Brain Explants

We present a technique which combines an in vitro tracer injection protocol, which uses a series of electrical and pressure pulses to increase dye uptake ...