This work was supported by IHV clinical division internal funds to JCZ.

In this work, all animal care and procedures were performed according to protocols reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (protocol numbers 1018017, 1018018, and 0318009).
1. Human CD34+ HSC engraftment of newborn mice
<ol>
	<li>Always use disposable personal protection equipment (PPE), including sterile scrubs, gloves, dedicated shoes, shoe covers, mask, goggles, hair/beard bonnet, and ster...

<ol>
	<li>Shultz, L. D., Ishikawa, F., Greiner, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+mice+in+translational+biomedical+research.">Humanized mice in translational biomedical research.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 7, 118-130 (2007).</li><li>Koboziev, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+humanized+mice+to+study+the+pathogenesis+of+autoimmune+and+inflammatory+diseases.">Use of humanized mice to study the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 21 (7), 1652-1673 (2015).</li><li>Ito, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NOD/SCID/&#947;cnull+mouse:+An+excellent+recipient+mouse+model+for+engraftment+of+human+cells.">NOD/SCID/&#947;cnull mouse: An excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells.</a> Blood. 100 (9), 3175-3182 (2002).</li><li>Ishikawa, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+functional+human+blood+and+immune+systems+in+NOD/SCID/IL2+receptor+{gamma}+chain(null)+mice.">Development of functional human blood and immune systems in NOD/SCID/IL2 receptor {gamma} chain(null) mice.</a> Blood. 106 (5), 1565-1573 (2005).</li><li>Kim, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Mouse+Model+for+the+Study+of+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus.">A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus.</a> AIDS research and human retroviruses. 32 (2), 194-202 (2016).</li><li>Wunderlich, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AML+xenograft+efficiency+is+significantly+improved+in+NOD/SCID-IL2RG+mice+constitutively+expressing+human+SCF,+GM-CSF+and+IL-3.">AML xenograft efficiency is significantly improved in NOD/SCID-IL2RG mice constitutively expressing human SCF, GM-CSF and IL-3.</a> Leukemia. 24 (10), 1785-1788 (2010).</li><li>Billerbeck, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+human+CD4+FoxP3++regulatory+T+cells+in+human+stem+cell+factor-,+granulocyte-macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor-,+and+interleukin-3-expressing+NOD-SCID+IL2R&#947;null+humanized+mice.">Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, and interleukin-3-expressing NOD-SCID IL2R&#947;null humanized mice.</a> Blood. 117 (11), 3076-3086 (2011).</li><li>Coughlan, A. 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Y., Gorantla, S., Gendelman, H. 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+sustain+HIV+replication+in+vivo+independently+of+T+cells.">Macrophages sustain HIV replication in vivo independently of T cells.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (4), 1353-1366 (2016).</li><li>Perdomo-Celis, F., Medina-Moreno, S., Davis, H., Bryant, J., Zapata, J. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+peripheral+blood+leucocyte+non-obese+diabetic-severe+combined+immunodeficiency+interleukin-2+receptor+gamma+chain+gene+mouse+model+of+xenogeneic+graft-versus-host-like+disease+and+the+role+of+host+major+histocompatibility+complex.">Human peripheral blood leucocyte non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene mouse model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host-like disease and the role of host major histocompatibility complex.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 157 (1), 104-118 (2009).</li><li>Covassin, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+peripheral+blood+CD4+T+cell-engrafted+non-obese+diabetic-scid+IL2rgamma(null)+H2-Ab1+(tm1Gru)+Tg+(human+leucocyte+antigen+D-related+4)+mice:+a+mouse+model+of+human+allogeneic+graft-versus-host+disease.">Human peripheral blood CD4 T cell-engrafted non-obese diabetic-scid IL2rgamma(null) H2-Ab1 (tm1Gru) Tg (human leucocyte antigen D-related 4) mice: a mouse model of human allogeneic graft-versus-host disease.</a> Clinical and experimental immunology. 166 (2), 269-280 (2011).</li><li>Heredia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+of+mTOR+catalytic+site+inhibits+multiple+steps+of+the+HIV-1+lifecycle+and+suppresses+HIV-1+viremia+in+humanized+mice.">Targeting of mTOR catalytic site inhibits multiple steps of the HIV-1 lifecycle and suppresses HIV-1 viremia in humanized mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (30), 9412-9417 (2015).</li><li>Nair, A., Jacob, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+practice+guide+for+dose+conversion+between+animals+and+human.">A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human.</a> Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy. 7 (2), 27-31 (2016).</li><li>Miller, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+parameters+that+affect+human+hematopoietic+cell+outputs+in+mutant+c-kit-immunodeficient+mice.">Analysis of parameters that affect human hematopoietic cell outputs in mutant c-kit-immunodeficient mice.</a> Experimental Hematology. 48, 41-49 (2017).</li><li>Murphy, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+T+cell+differentiation+and+lymphomagenesis+in+the+thymus+of+mice+with+severe+combined+immune+deficiency+(SCID).">Induction of T cell differentiation and lymphomagenesis in the thymus of mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).</a> Journal of Immunology. 153 (3), 1004-1014 (1994).</li><li>Poluektova, L. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+Mice+as+Models+for+Human+Disease.">Humanized Mice as Models for Human Disease.</a> Humanized Mice for HIV Research. , 15-24 (2015).</li><li>Nakata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+anti-R5+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+effects+of+a+CCR5+antagonist,+AK602/ONO4128/GW873140,+in+a+novel+human+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cell+nonobese+diabetic-SCID,+interleukin-2+receptor+gamma-chain-knocked-out+AIDS+mouse+model.">Potent anti-R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 effects of a CCR5 antagonist, AK602/ONO4128/GW873140, in a novel human peripheral blood mononuclear cell nonobese diabetic-SCID, interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain-knocked-out AIDS mouse model.</a> Journal of Virology. 79 (4), 2087-2096 (2005).</li><li>Terahara, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+Reporter+Signals,+EGFP,+and+DsRed,+Encoded+in+HIV-1+Facilitate+the+Detection+of+Productively+Infected+Cells+and+Cell-Associated+Viral+Replication+Levels.">Fluorescent Reporter Signals, EGFP, and DsRed, Encoded in HIV-1 Facilitate the Detection of Productively Infected Cells and Cell-Associated Viral Replication Levels.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 2, 280 (2012).</li><li>Nicolini, F. 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Important advances have been achieved in the development of immunodeficient mouse strains for humanization, with a number of different options that can be used according to the research interest1. Provided here is a general protocol for the humanization of NS &#947;-chainnull mice and genetically similar strains to be employed in three different models for studying HIV infection. In the first experimental approach, irradiated newborn mice are injected with human CD34+ HSCs, w...

The humanized NOD/SCID/interleukin (IL)-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull (hereafter referred to as huNS &#947;-chainnull) mouse model has been widely used for studying the pathogenesis of infections, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as for pre-clinical studies of drugs and human cell-based therapies1,2. These mice are based on a non-obese diabetic (NOD) background, with the scid mutation and targeted mutation at the IL-2 receptor &#947;-chain locus (common &#947;-chain for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21), which induce a severe impairment in the development of mouse T-, B-, and natural killer (NK) cells1. Thus, they support the engraftment of human tissue, human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)3,4,5. In addition, transgenic expression of human hematopoietic factors, such as stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-3 promotes the engraftment of human myeloid populations6,7,8.
For HIV studies, several huNS &#947;-chainnull mouse models have been described, which differ in the mouse strain, type of human cells used, type of tissues for the engraftment, and origin of cells (i.e., healthy vs. HIV-infected donor)9,10. The original strain, however, is widely used due to the high levels of human cells engraftment and viral replication following infection with a reference HIV strain11,12,13. Similar immunodeficient mouse strains with transgenic expression of human hematopoietic factors (e.g., NOG-EXL or NSG-SGM3) or with implants of human liver and thymus tissues (bone marrow-liver-thymus [BLT] mice) are useful for evaluating the role of myeloid populations in the anti-HIV immune response, effects of HIV on these tissues, and their participation as viral reservoirs14,15. Furthermore, some strains with transgenic expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, as well as BLT mice, can be used for studying the T-cell response to HIV infection16,17.
In general, in these mice, humanization depends on the cellular origin, delivery route (intraperitoneal, intrahepatic, intravenous, intracardiac) and mouse age at the time of engraftment18,19,20. Regarding the cell origin, human CD34+ HSC derived from cord blood, fetal liver, or mobilized peripheral blood can be injected in newborn or young mice3,21. In addition, adult &#947;-chainnull mice can be humanized by the injection of PBMC (here, referred to as hu-PBL-NS &#947;-chainnull mice), allowing the temporal circulation of these cells in the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and inflamed tissues22,23,24.
Described here is a detailed protocol for the establishment of huNS &#947;-chainnull mouse models for the study of HIV infection. The first is the chronic model, in which human CD34+ HSCs derived from cord blood from a healthy donor are injected in newborn mice, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain after 14 weeks of human immune system reconstitution. This model allows monitoring of mice for up to ~36 weeks after infection. The second model is an acute model, in which PBMCs derived from a healthy donor are injected in adult NS &#947;-chainnull mice, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain after 3 weeks of human T-cell expansion in the mouse. Finally, the third model is the reactivation model, in which PBMCs derived from an HIV-infected donor under suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) are injected in adult NS &#947;-chainnull mice. In this case, a drug-free environment allows for viral reactivation and increase in the viral load. The two latter models allow monitoring for up to ~9 weeks after engraftment.
Overall, these three models are useful for virological studies, pre-clinical studies of novel drugs, and evaluation of HIV infection effects on the global immune response. It is also important to consider that use of HIV-infected humanized mice requires review and approval by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) as well as by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) before any experiment. This ensures that the study follows all internal and external institutional regulations for the use of hazardous biological material and humane handling of experimental animals.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0. 5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Neptune</td>
			<td>3735.S.X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1. 5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Neptune</td>
			<td>3745.S.X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Serologial pipetes</td>
			<td>stellar sceintific</td>
			<td>VL-4090-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Stellar scientific</td>
			<td>T15-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 ml Serologial pipetes</td>
			<td>stellar sceintific</td>
			<td>VL-4090-0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml Serologial pipetes</td>
			<td>stellar sceintific</td>
			<td>VL-4090-0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Stellar scientific</td>
			<td>T50-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Quality biological</td>
			<td>118-156-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>06-669-62</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD3 clone UCHT1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>300439</td>
			<td>APC conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD4 clone OKT4</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>317420</td>
			<td>AF488 conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD45 clone 2D1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>368522</td>
			<td>BV421 conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD8 clone SK1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>344710</td>
			<td>PerCP-Cy5.5 conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafaty cabinet level 2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>If posible connected to an exauste chimeny when handling Isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonnet</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>17-100-900</td>
			<td>Single use cap for basic protection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cavicide</td>
			<td>Metrex</td>
			<td>13-1000</td>
			<td>Surface desinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34+ cells</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>2C-101</td>
			<td>As many vials available from a single donor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>65-6KR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear jar</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>77977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton gauze pad</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>22-415-468</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable lab coats</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>19-472-422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA micro tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>450480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Face Mask</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>17-100-897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS lysing solution</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>340202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS premium HI</td>
			<td>Atlanta biologicals</td>
			<td>S1115OH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>GE health one</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We used FACS Aria II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td>5 ml polystyrene and round bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HIV BaL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared in our uQUANT core facility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human PBMCs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HIV positive and negative volunteers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared warming pad</td>
			<td>Venet scientific</td>
			<td>DCT-25</td>
			<td>Temporary therapeutic warming pad for small animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isentress (Raltegravir)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>NSC 0006-0227061</td>
			<td>Antiretroviral medication to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Integrase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>NDC 11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mark I irradiator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment belonging to university of Maryland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse ear tags</td>
			<td>National Band &#38; Tag company</td>
			<td>1005-1L1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natelson blood collection tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>02-668-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOG-EXL</td>
			<td>Taconic</td>
			<td>HSCFTL-13395-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG mice</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>5557</td>
			<td>Time pregnant females for CD34 engraftment and Juveniles for PBMCs engraftment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG-SGM3</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>13062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde 16%</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>100-10-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>08-757-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantistudio qPCR machine</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>QS3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent reservoirs</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>4870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI media 1640 1X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shoe covers</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>17-100-911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile disposable Gloves</td>
			<td>Microflex</td>
			<td>SUF-524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript II First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10080-400</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 28-G x 1/2</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>329-461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 29-G x 1/2</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>324-702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Truvada (Emtricitabine and Tenofovir</td>
			<td>Gilead</td>
			<td>NDC 61958-0701-1</td>
			<td>Antiretroviral medication to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Nicleoside analog-transcriptase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td>Cell count and viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vick Vaporub</td>
			<td>School health</td>
			<td>43214</td>
			<td>Ointment based on menthol and eucalyptus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water molecular biology grade</td>
			<td>Quality biological</td>
			<td>351-029-131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic, acute, and reactivated hiv infection in humanized immunodeficient mouse models

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull mice recapitulate some features of human immunity, which can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical research on infectious diseases. Described here are three models of humanized immunodeficient mice for studying the dynamics of HIV infection. The first is based on the intrahepatic injection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in newborn mice, which allows for the reconstitution of several blood and lymphoid tissue-confined cells, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain. This model allows monitoring for up to 36 weeks post-infection and is hence called the chronic model. The second and third models are referred to as the acute and reactivation models, in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells are intraperitoneally injected in adult mice. In the acute model, cells from a healthy donor are engrafted through the intraperitoneal route, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain. Finally, in the reactivation model, cells from an HIV-infected donor under antiretroviral therapy are engrafted via the intraperitoneal route. In this case, a drug-free environment in the mouse allows for virus reactivation and an increase in viral load. The protocols provided here describe the conventional experimental approach for humanized, immunodeficient mouse models of HIV infection.

As described above, at 14 weeks post-HSC injection (chronic model) or at 3 weeks post-PBMC injection (acute and reactivation models), the mice are bled for screening the level of human cells engraftment by flow cytometry. A representative gating strategy for the evaluation of 1) human CD45+ cells reconstitution and 2) percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells is shown in Figure 1A. Typically, the level of engraftment (percentage of human CD45+...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models at JoVE.com

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Described here are three experimental approaches for studying the dynamics of HIV infection in humanized mice. The first permits the study of chronic infection events, whereas the two latter allows for the study of acute events after primary infection or viral reactivation.

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull mice recapitulate some features of human immunity, which can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical ...

This procedure describes three models of humanized immunodeficient mice for the study of the dynamics of HIV infection. NSG humanized mice recapitulates on features of human immunity. In this case, permitting the study of chronic, acute, and reactivated HIV infection in pre-clinical settings.Demonstrating the cell preparation procedure will be Sandra Medina-Moreno, a laboratory research supervisor from our group. When performing this procedure, always use disposable personal protective equipment including sterile scrubs, gloves, dedicated shoes, shoe covers, mask, goggles, hair and beard bonnets, and a sterile lab coat. For the chronic model, resuspend one million frozen CD34+human stem cells in 10 milliliters of RPMI 1640 media with 10%FBS under a certified biosafety cabinet and maintain sterile conditions.Use 10 microliters of the suspension to count and check cell viability by Trypan Blue exclusion staining in a hemocytometer. Then centrifuge the cell suspension at 400 times g for 15 minutes at room temperature. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in cold 1X PBS at the required concentration.Keep the cells on ice until injection. Rub clean bedding between hands to mask any other foreign odors on the recipient pups. Then place pups into a sterile 100 square millimeter Petri dish along with a small amount of bedding material from the breeder cage.Put the Petri dish into a clean transport cage and then place the cage in a Carboy transport cage to protect pups from direct light and noise. Cover the transport cage with a cover pad to avoid exposure of animals to the environment while in transit to the irradiation room. Following anesthetization as described in the text protocol, prepare for engraftment via hepatic injection.To minimize the time of mouse restraint, let one investigator load the syringe with the stem cell suspension and have the second investigator hold the pup and administer the injection. Load 50 microliters of the CD34+human stem cell suspension into the syringe with an attached needle under the certified biosafety cabinet. Restrain the pups with thumb and index fingers and clean the injection site with 70%alcohol.Use a shallow needle angle to deliver 50 microliters of cells directly into the liver so as not to completely pierce the liver. Prewarm the dish using an infrared warming pad for rodents at 20 degrees Celsius to ensure the pups will not be over warmed. Place the pups on the Petri dish covered with sterile gauze for one to five minutes to allow recovery.Immediately before returning the pups to their parents, apply a small amount of menthol and eucalyptus-based ointment using the thumb and index fingers to the snout of both parents to avoid cannibalism or rejection of the pups. Check cages everyday, looking for any signs of graft versus host disease in the pups such as dry skin, no feeding, rash, or alopecia. Wean the pups at three weeks of age and house them in different cages.Verify engraftment in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry at 14 weeks of age. A representative gating strategy for the evaluation of human CD45+cell reconstruction and percentage of CD4+and CD8+T cells is shown. The success rate of engraftment is between 80%to 100%Use human peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from a healthy donor for the acute model or from an HIV infected patient who was under antiretroviral therapy for the reactivation model.Layer 15 milliliters of whole blood in five milliliters of sterile density gradient medium into a 50 milliliter conical tube. Centrifuge at 400 times g for 30 minutes at room temperature without breaks to avoid the buffy coat from becoming mixed with the density gradient medium. Carefully collect the fraction of mononuclear cells between the density gradient medium and the supernatant.Transfer the buffy coat to a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube containing 10 milliliters of 1X PBS. Centrifuge at 300 times g for 10 minutes at room temperature. Discard the supernatant and remove the remaining red blood cells by lysing with five milliliters of ACK lysis buffer added to the pelleted cells.Incubate for four minutes at room temperature. After centrifuging again as before, discard the supernatant and resuspend in 10 milliliters of 1X PBS or RPMI 1640 medium. Use 10 microliters of the cell suspension to count the cells and check viability by Trypan Blue exclusion staining in a hemocytometer.Typically, one to two million cells are obtained for each one milliliter of blood with more than 95%viability. Following centrifugation as before, discard the supernatant and adjust the cell number to the required concentration. Load 3.5 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 200 microliters of 1X PBS into a syringe with an attached needle under a certified biosafety cabinet.Remove the mouse from the cage and hold it by the tail so that it can grip the mesh applying gentle traction backward. Then place the index finger and thumb on the shoulders of the animal grabbing the loose skin of the neck and using the middle finger to stabilize its back. Slide the mouse head backward so that its back is above its head.This allows the viscera in the abdominal cavity to be displaced backwards and reduces the risk of puncturing internal organs during the injection. Clean the injection site with 70%alcohol. Penetrate the prepared syringe through the abdominal wall and aspirate before injecting the cells.If any material is aspirated, remove the syringe and discard it. Otherwise, inject the cells slowly in the intraperitoneal cavity before removing the syringe and discarding it. Return the animal to its cage and verify engraftment in peripheral blood by flow cytometry at three weeks post-injection.Identify mice by ear tagging. Observe the mice used in these experiments closely, twice per day after each procedure for clinical signs of distress. Then proceed to HIV injection as described in the text protocol.Following HIV injection, there is a rapid increase in plasma viral load usually being detectable after two to three weeks post-infection in both the chronic and acute models with similar kinetics in the reactivation model. The increase in viral load coincide with a decrease in the CD4:CD8 ratio. These changes are not observed in control mice.Of note, in the humanized PBMC NSG adult mouse model, an initial inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio is observed and reconstituted along monitoring time. When antiretroviral therapy is administered to HIV infected mice, a suppression of the viral load as well as recovery in the CD4:CD8 ratio occurred as expected reaching similar levels to those in uninfected controls. Typically, after two to three weeks of treatment, a decrease in viral load and increase in the CD4:CD8 ratio is observed in the chronic, acute, and reactivation models.Use the recommended irradiation dose to avoid lethal overdose or rejection of transplanted cells. Do not completely pierce the liver during injection and use bedding to mask odors that the dam will perceive as foreign. These three models permit testing of antiviral compounds, anti-HIV antibodies or other biological substances that affect viral replication.Additionally, they allow adaptive transfer experiments for HIV immunotherapy. NSG humanized mice can be reconstituted partially or in full with human cells to respond to pathogens or drugs, mimicking the complexity of the human immune system. All basic biological measures need to be strictly followed since NSG humanized mice can be infected with both murine and human pathogens, particularly in this case which uses HIV virus manipulation.

chronic-acute-reactivated-hiv-infection-humanized-immunodeficient

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.3K visualizações.  University of Maryland. Este procedimento descreve três modelos de camundongos imunodeficientes humanizados para o estudo da dinâmica da infecção pelo HIV. Ratos humanizados NSG recapitulam características de imunidade humana. Neste caso, permitindo o estudo da infecção crônica, aguda e reativada do HIV em ambientes pré-clínicos.Demonstrando o procedimento de preparação celular estará Sandra Medina-Moreno, supervisora de pesquisa laboratorial do nosso grupo. Ao realizar este procedimento, use sem...