This work was supported by the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ, Brazil), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil), and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil). We thank Bioedtech for providing the stamp-like devices used in this study and Professor Bartira Bergmann from the Immunopharmacology Laboratory for the use of their cell culture facilities.

The L929 cell line, mouse fibroblasts, was used for the present study. The stamp-like 3D printed biodevice was obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials). Good cell culture practice and sterile techniques were followed throughout the protocol. The fabricated device was sterilized by wiping it with 70% alcohol and exposing it to UV light for 15 min. The cell culture media and solutions were warmed to 37 &#176;C before contacting with the cells or tissue spheroids. A schematic representatio...

<ol>
	<li>Laschke, M., Menger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+is+3D:+Boosting+spheroid+function+for+tissue+engineering.">Life is 3D: Boosting spheroid function for tissue engineering.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 35 (2), 133-144 (2017).</li><li>Mekhileri, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+3D+bioassembly+of+micro-tissues+for+biofabrication+of+hybrid+tissue+engineered+constructs.">Automated 3D bioassembly of micro-tissues for biofabrication of hybrid tissue engineered constructs.</a> Biofabrication. 10 (2), 024103 (2018).</li><li>Itoh, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaffold-free+tubular+tissues+created+by+a+bio-3D+printer+undergo+remodeling+and+endothelialization+when+implanted+in+rat+aortae.">Scaffold-free tubular tissues created by a bio-3D printer undergo remodeling and endothelialization when implanted in rat aortae.</a> PLoS One. 10 (12), 0145971 (2015).</li><li>Kronemberger, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hypertrophic+cartilage+induction+influences+the+building-block+capacity+of+human+adipose+stem/stromal+cell+spheroids+for+biofabrication.">The hypertrophic cartilage induction influences the building-block capacity of human adipose stem/stromal cell spheroids for biofabrication.</a> Artificial Organs. 45 (10), 1208-1218 (2021).</li><li>Mironov, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+printing:+Tissue+spheroids+as+building+blocks.">Organ printing: Tissue spheroids as building blocks.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (12), 2164-2174 (2009).</li><li>Skardal, A., Shupe, T., Atala, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoid-on-a-chip+and+body-on-a-chip+systems+for+drug+screening+and+disease+modeling.">Organoid-on-a-chip and body-on-a-chip systems for drug screening and disease modeling.</a> Drug Discovery Today. 21 (9), 1399-1411 (2016).</li><li>Garcez, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+impairs+growth+in+human+neurospheres+and+brain+organoids.">Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids.</a> Science. 352 (6287), 816-818 (2016).</li><li>Charelli, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologically+produced+silver+chloride+nanoparticles+from+B.+megaterium+modulate+interleukin+secretion+by+human+adipose+stem+cell+spheroids.">Biologically produced silver chloride nanoparticles from B. megaterium modulate interleukin secretion by human adipose stem cell spheroids.</a> Cytotechnology. 70 (6), 1655-1669 (2018).</li><li>Cui, X., Hartanto, Y., Zhang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+multicellular+spheroids+formation.">Advances in multicellular spheroids formation.</a> Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 14 (127), 20160877 (2017).</li><li>Achilli, T., Meyer, J., Morgan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+formation,+use+and+understanding+of+multi-cellular+spheroids.">Advances in the formation, use and understanding of multi-cellular spheroids.</a> Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 12 (10), 1347-1360 (2012).</li><li>Rolver, M., Elingaard-Larsen, L., Pedersen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+cell+viability+and+death+in+3D+spheroid+cultures+of+cancer+cells.">Assessing cell viability and death in 3D spheroid cultures of cancer cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (148), e59714 (2019).</li><li>Quan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photo-curing+3D+printing+technique+and+its+challenges.">Photo-curing 3D printing technique and its challenges.</a> Bioactive Materials. 5 (1), 110-115 (2020).</li><li>Rodriguez-Salvador, M., Perez-Benitez, B., Padilla-Aguirre, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovering+the+latest+scientific+pathways+on+tissue+spheroids:+Opportunities+to+innovate.">Discovering the latest scientific pathways on tissue spheroids: Opportunities to innovate.</a> International Journal of Bioprinting. 7 (1), 331 (2021).</li><li>Baptista, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+stem+cells+spheroids+to+optimize+cell+colonization+in+scaffolds+for+cartilage+and+bone+tissue+engineering.">Adult stem cells spheroids to optimize cell colonization in scaffolds for cartilage and bone tissue engineering.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (5), 1285 (2018).</li><li>Shakeri, A., Khan, S., Didar, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conventional+and+emerging+strategies+for+the+fabrication+and+functionalization+of+PDMS-based+microfluidic+devices.">Conventional and emerging strategies for the fabrication and functionalization of PDMS-based microfluidic devices.</a> Lab on a Chip. 21 (16), 3053-3075 (2021).</li><li>vander Valk, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+bovine+serum+(FBS):+Past+-+present+-+future.">Fetal bovine serum (FBS): Past - present - future.</a> ALTEX. 35 (1), 99-118 (2018).</li><li>vander Valk, J., Brunner, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+chemically+defined+cell+culture+media+-+Replacing+fetal+bovine+serum+in+mammalian+in+vitro+methods.">Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media - Replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methods.</a> Toxicology in Vitro. 24 (4), 1053-1063 (2010).</li><li>Smyrek, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=microtubules+and+FAK+dominate+different+spheroid+formation+phases+and+important+elements+of+tissue+integrity.">microtubules and FAK dominate different spheroid formation phases and important elements of tissue integrity.</a> Biology Open. 8 (1), 037051 (2018).</li><li>McMillen, P., Holley, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+cell-cell+and+cell-ECM+adhesion+in+vertebrate+morphogenesis.">Integration of cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion in vertebrate morphogenesis.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 36, 48-53 (2015).</li><li>Tung, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+3D+spheroid+culture+and+drug+testing+using+a+384+hanging+drop+array.">High-throughput 3D spheroid culture and drug testing using a 384 hanging drop array.</a> The Analyst. 136 (3), 473-478 (2011).</li><li>Guo, X., Li, S., Ji, Q., Lian, R., Chen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+viability+and+neural+differential+potential+in+poor+post-thaw+hADSCs+by+agarose+multi-well+dishes+and+spheroid+culture.">Enhanced viability and neural differential potential in poor post-thaw hADSCs by agarose multi-well dishes and spheroid culture.</a> Human Cell. 28 (4), 175-189 (2015).</li><li>Andr&#233;a Dernowsek, J., Rezende, R., Lopes daSilva, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+information+technology+in+the+future+of+3D+biofabrication.">The role of information technology in the future of 3D biofabrication.</a> Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine. 1 (1), 63-74 (2017).</li><li>Garcez, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+impairs+growth+in+human+neurospheres+and+brain+organoids.">Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids.</a> Science. 352 (6287), 816-818 (2016).</li><li>Skardal, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-tissue+interactions+in+an+integrated+three-tissue+organ-on-a-chip+platform.">Multi-tissue interactions in an integrated three-tissue organ-on-a-chip platform.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 8837 (2017).</li><li>Armoiry, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+chondrocyte+implantation+with+chondrosphere+for+treating+articular+cartilage+defects+in+the+knee:+An+evidence+review+group+perspective+of+a+NICE+single+technology+appraisal.">Autologous chondrocyte implantation with chondrosphere for treating articular cartilage defects in the knee: An evidence review group perspective of a NICE single technology appraisal.</a> PharmacoEconomics. 37 (7), 879-886 (2018).</li><li>Nakamura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-3D+printing+iPSC-derived+human+chondrocytes+for+articular+cartilage+regeneration.">Bio-3D printing iPSC-derived human chondrocytes for articular cartilage regeneration.</a> Biofabrication. 13 (4), 044103 (2021).</li><li>Mesquita, C., Charelli, L., Baptista, L., Naveira-Cotta, C., Balbino, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous-mode+encapsulation+of+human+stem+cell+spheroids+using+droplet-based+glass-capillary+microfluidic+device+for+3D+bioprinting+technology.">Continuous-mode encapsulation of human stem cell spheroids using droplet-based glass-capillary microfluidic device for 3D bioprinting technology.</a> Biochemical Engineering Journal. 174, 108122 (2021).</li></ol>

The 3D printed stamp-like devices were offered by the startup Bioedtech, in which Jana&#237;na Dernovsek is the cofounder and innovation director. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

The present protocol describes a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for the large-scale production of tissue spheroids. A stamp-like 3D printed device was used as a master mold, which generated up to 4,716 spheroids per 6-well plate. It has been shown that cells cultivated as spheroids have more realistic biological responses that closely resemble the in vivo environment1. Due to their advantages, tissue spheroids represent an emerging trend toward superior, more reliable, and more pred...

Tissue spheroids are 3D micro-tissues formed by cell suspensions that undergo self-assembly without external forces1. These spheroids have been widely used in biofabrication protocols due to their resemblance with key features of the human physiological system2,3. Tissue spheroids provide more similar metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, cell viability, and metabolic and secretion activity than traditional monolayer cell culture1. Due to their fusion capability, they can also be used as building blocks (e.g., bioprinting protocols) to form complex tissue-engineered constructs with enhanced biological relevance4,5.
Due to their biological relevance, tissue spheroids have been used as a biotechnological tool for protocols ranging across tissue engineering, drug development, disease modeling, and nanotoxicological assessment, reducing time, space costs, and animal testing3,6,7,8. Nonetheless, to fully explore and leverage the potential of tissue spheroids, reliable and reproducible methods aiming at their large-scale production are highly necessary, and these remain an ongoing challenge.
Several methodologies produce spheroids, such as hanging drop, coated u-shaped bottom wells, microfluidics, and using a polymeric matrix9,10. Although these methodologies paved the way within the spheroid production market, they are still complex, time-consuming, labor-intensive, or expensive10.
The present protocol reports the large-scale production of homogeneous tissue spheroids using a low-cost and time-effective methodology. We have developed a 3D printed stamp-like device to generate up to 4,716 spheroids per 6-well plate. Moreover, the stamp-like device can be tailored to produce more spheroids per well, suitable for different cell culture plates. It is easily sterilizable and can be reused for long periods. The efficient large-scale production of homogeneous tissue spheroids is essential to translate their use to the clinics, contributing to multiple areas of industry such as tissue engineering, drug development, disease modeling, and on-demand personalized medicine.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CLS3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V3121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biodevice&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioedtech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>51029701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugue</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>75004031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning 50 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CLS430829-500EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning cell culture flasks surface area 75 cm2</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CLS430641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Draft Resin&#160;</td>
			<td>FormLabs</td>
			<td>FLDRBL01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8242;s Modified Eagle&#8242;s Medium - low glucose</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>D6046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form 2</td>
			<td>FormLabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>51033782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L929 cell lines</td>
			<td>Stablished in the lab&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin and Streptomycin (PS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>806552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin with EDTA</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>T3924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of tissue spheroids via a 3d printed stamp-like device

Advances in 3D cell culture have developed more physiologically relevant in vitro models, such as tissue spheroids. Cells cultivated as spheroids have more realistic biological responses that resemble the in vivo environment. Due to their advantages, tissue spheroids represent an emerging trend toward superior, more reliable, and more predictive study models with a broad range of biotechnological applicability. However, reproducible platforms that can achieve large-scale production of tissue spheroids have become an unmet need in fully exploring and boosting their potential. Herein, the large-scale production of homogeneous tissue spheroids is reported using a low-cost and time-effective methodology. A 3D printed stamp-like device is developed to generate up to 4,716 spheroids per 6-well plate. The device is fabricated by the stereolithography method using a photocurable resin. The final device is composed of cylindrical micropins, with a height of 1.3 mm and a width of 650 &#181;m. This approach allows the fast generation of homogeneous spheroids and co-cultured spheroids with uniform shape and size and &gt;95% cell viability. Moreover, the stamp-like device is tunable for different sizes of well plates and Petri dishes. It is easily sterilized and can be reused for long periods. The efficient large-scale production of homogeneous tissue spheroids is essential to leverage their translation for multiple areas of industry, such as tissue engineering, drug development, disease modeling, and on-demand personalized medicine.

Generation of homogeneous micro resections using the 3D printed stamp-like device 
The 3D printed stamp-like device was successfully manufactured by the stereolithography method12 using a photocurable resin (Figure 2A). The final device was composed of cylindrical micropins with a height of 1.3 mm and a width of 650 &#181;m (Figure 2A). Its use as a master mold to produce non-adherent micro resections was achieved by...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Generation of Tissue Spheroids via a 3D Printed Stamp-Like Device at JoVE.com

Generation of Tissue Spheroids via a 3D Printed Stamp-Like Device

The present protocol describes a technique to produce tissue spheroids on a large scale cost-effectively using a 3D printed stamp-like device.

Generation of Tissue Spheroids via a 3D Printed Stamp-Like Device

Advances in 3D cell culture have developed more physiologically relevant in vitro models, such as tissue spheroids. Cells cultivated as spheroids have ...

Our protocol is significant because its enables the efficient large-scale production of homogeneous tissue spheroids, which are critical for our advanced tissue engineering, drug development, and disease modeling applications. The major advantage of this technique is its ability to produce large quantities of uniform tissue spheroid quickly and cost effectively, ensures the high cell viability, and the consist spheroid quality, which is crucial our various biomedical applications By producing patient-specific steroids, this technique offers a physiologically accurate model, enabling precise disease modeling, and the understanding of molecular and behavioral mechanisms, including cancer. This method can provide insights into cancer research, neurodegenerative disease, and tissue engineering, and can be applied to drug development and personalized medicine, enhancing our understanding of various biological systems.Our vision demonstration is critical as it clearly illustrates intricate steps, such as device insertion and cell seeding, helping prevent common errors, and ensuring proper technique is a cushion for consistent results. Begin by adding the agarose powder into one x PBS to prepare 2%agarose gel in a glass container. Homogenize the suspension with circular movements.Place the glass container in a microwave oven and set the time to 30 seconds. Stop the microwave every five seconds, remove the glass bottle, and manually homogenize the solution with circular movements. Perform the heating process, until the solution reaches a liquid limpid state.Next, add six milliliters of the agarose solution to each well of a six-well plate and wait for 15 minutes or until the agarose solidifies. Then gently insert the 3D-printed bio device above the liquid agarose and wait for 30 minutes or until the agarose solidifies. Then gently remove the device from the agarose and add two milliliters of DMEM media.Wait for 10 minutes before discarding the media and replacing it with fresh DMEM. Repeat the wash three times. Once done, add two milliliters of DMEM and place the six-well plate for cell seeding at 37 degrees Celsius in an incubator with 5%carbon dioxide and 80%humidity.Grow the mouse fibroblast cells in cell culture flasks and maintain them at 37 degrees Celsius in an incubator with 5%carbon dioxide, until 80%confluency is achieved. Then wash the cells with one x PBS and add the dissociation enzyme. Incubate the cells for two to five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide and 80%humidity.Once the cells are detached from the cell culture flask, add a growth medium to neutralize the cell dissociation enzyme. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 400 G for five minutes at room temperature and count the cells. To 50 times 10 to the power of five cells taken in a tube, add five milliliters of one x PBS.Next, centrifuge the cell suspension at 400 G for five minutes at room temperature. Remove the supernatant using a pipette before adding one milliliter of the cell culture medium and homogenizing the solution. From the six-well plate prepared earlier, remove two milliliters of medium and add one milliliter of the cell suspension to the center of the agarose mold formed by the 3D-printed bio device.Wait 20 to 30 minutes for the cells to sediment in the micro resections before adding one milliliter of cell culture medium into the well. Place the six-well plate in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for approximately 24 to 48 hours for tissue spheroid formation. The 3D-printed stamp-like device composed of cylindrical micro pins was successfully manufactured by the stereolithography method using a photo curable resin.The device was simple, easy to sterilize, reusable, and tuneable for different sizes of well plates and Petri dishes. It generated 750 homogeneous micro resections well or 4, 716 per six-well plates. The early withdrawal of the device from the plate disrupted the non-adherent mold and deformed the micro resection geometry.The cells seeded onto the non-adherent agarose molds sedimented and formed the tissue spheroids approximately after 24 hours. This methodology successfully demonstrated the large-scale production of the spheroids by maintaining their shape, size, and viability, and supported the steroid culture for months. The most important thing to remember when I think to this procedure is to carefully insert the device to prevent air bubbles and gently add culture medium to avoid disturbing the cells.Following this procedure, drug testing and gene expression analysis can be performed. Answering questions about drug efficacy, savory, and genetical response to treatments. This technique will enable new research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by allowing large-scale, high-quality spheroid production critical for 3D bio-printing, and enhance on cell quality, and quantity for pharmaceutical, and cosmetic toxicity testing.

generation-of-tissue-spheroids-via-a-3d-printed-stamp-like-device

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

1.4K visualizações.  Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Nosso protocolo é significativo porque permite a produção eficiente em larga escala de esferoides de tecidos homogêneos, que são essenciais para nossas aplicações avançadas de engenharia de tecidos, desenvolvimento de medicamentos e modelagem de doenças. A principal vantagem desta técnica é sua capacidade de produzir grandes quantidades de esferóides de tecido uniforme de forma rápida e econômica, garante a alta viabilidade celular e a qualidade...