Отдельное спасибо Крис Нгай и Джейсон Del Rio за их поддержку и помощь в этом проекте. Эта работа была поддержана грантом RO1 GM070676 на СПГ.

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	<li>Ashburner, M., Thompson, J. N., Ashburner, M., Wright, T. R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+laboratory+culture+of+Drosophila+2A.">The laboratory culture of Drosophila 2A.</a> The genetics and biology of Drosophila. , 1-81 (1978).</li><li>Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: A Practical Approach. , (1998).</li><li>Kunert, N., Brehm, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+production+of+Drosophila+Embryosand+Chromatographic+Purification+of+Native+Protein+Complexes.">Mass production of Drosophila Embryosand Chromatographic Purification of Native Protein Complexes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 420, 359 (2008).</li><li>Goldstein, L. S. B., Fyrberg, E. A., Wilson, L., Matsudaira, P. T., Eds, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster:+Practical+Uses+in+Cell+and+Molecular+Biology.">Drosophila melanogaster: Practical Uses in Cell and Molecular Biology.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 44, (1994).</li><li>Saxton, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+kinesin:+Characterization+of+microtubule+motility+and+ATPase.">Drosophila kinesin: Characterization of microtubule motility and ATPase.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 85, 1109 (1988).</li><li>Shubeita, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consequences+of+motor+copy+number+on+the+intracellular+transport+of+kinesin-1-driven+lipid+droplets.">Consequences of motor copy number on the intracellular transport of kinesin-1-driven lipid droplets.</a> Cell. 135, 1098-1098 (2008).</li><li>Svoboda, K., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+and+Velocity+Measured+for+Single+Kinesin+Molecules.">Force and Velocity Measured for Single Kinesin Molecules.</a> Cell. 77, 773 (1994).</li><li>Cole, D. G., Saxton, W. M., Sheehan, K. B., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+"Slow"+Homotetrameric+Kinesin-related+Motor+Protein+Purified+from+Drosophila+embryos.">A "Slow" Homotetrameric Kinesin-related Motor Protein Purified from Drosophila embryos.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22917-22917 (1994).</li><li>Saxton, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Analysis+of+Microtuble+Motor+Proteins.">Isolation and Analysis of Microtuble Motor Proteins.</a> Drosophila Melanogaster. Bloomington: Academic. 44, 279 (1994).</li><li>Scholey, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motility+Assay+for+Motor+Proteins.">Motility Assay for Motor Proteins.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 39, 138 (1993).</li><li>Wagner, M. C., Pfister, K., Brody, S., Bloom, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+kinesin+from+bovine+brain+and+assay+of+microtubule-stimulated+ATPase+activity.">Purification of kinesin from bovine brain and assay of microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 196, 157 (1991).</li><li>Aizawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinesin+Family+in+Murine+Nerwous+System.">Kinesin Family in Murine Nerwous System.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 119, 1287-1287 (1992).</li><li>Ori-McKenney, K. M., Xu, J., Gross, S. P., Vallee, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cytoplasmic+dynein+tail+mutation+impairs+motor+processivity.">A cytoplasmic dynein tail mutation impairs motor processivity.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 12, 1228-1228 (2010).</li></ol>

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Говядина мозга является наиболее широко используется исходный материал очищают от 11 до полнометражных кинезин, хотя мышиного мозга была использована, а 12. Большой недостаток использования бычьего мозга в качестве источника кинезин является наличие свежего исходного мате...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Название реагентов или материалов </td><td> Компания </td><td> Номер по каталогу </td><td> Комментарии </td></tr><tr><td> Агар (гранулированный) </td><td> Рыбак </td><td> 1423-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Декстроза (D-глюкозы), безводный </td><td> Рыбак </td><td> Д16-3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Чашки Петри </td><td> Becton </td><td> 35 1007 </td><td> 60x15mm стиль (Полиэстер) 20/bag </td></tr><tr><td> Drosophila культуры Флаконы </td><td> UCI </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tricorn стакан </td><td> Econo Вольный </td><td> B700-100 </td><td> Объем: 100 мл, Размер: 58x72mm </td></tr><tr><td> Дрожжи </td><td> Красная звезда </td><td> 2751 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Нейлоновая сетка </td><td> Genesse Научные </td><td> 57-102 </td><td> 120 мIcron размер пор </td></tr><tr><td> Нейлоновая сетка </td><td> Мелкие детали </td><td> 06-350/35 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Трубы </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 108321-27-3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Трубы </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 108321-27-3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Глицерин </td><td> Рыбак </td><td> 56-81-5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EGTA </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 67-42-5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MgS0 4 (безводный) </td><td> Рыбак </td><td> 7487-88-9 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PMSF </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 329-98-6 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Leupeptin </td><td> Сигма </td><td> <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Lookup.do?N5=CAS+No.&amp;N3=mode+matchpartialmax&amp;N4=103476-89-7&amp;D7=0&amp;D10=&amp;N25=0&amp;N1=S_ID&amp;ST=RS&amp;F=PR">103476-89-7</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AprotОнин </td><td> Сигма </td><td> <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Lookup.do?N5=CAS+No.&amp;N3=mode+matchpartialmax&amp;N4=9087-70-1&amp;D7=0&amp;D10=&amp;N25=0&amp;N1=S_ID&amp;ST=RS&amp;F=PR">9087-70-1</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TAME </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 178403-8 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ИППП </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 65635 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GTP </td><td> Сигма </td><td> <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Lookup.do?N5=CAS+No.&amp;N3=mode+matchpartialmax&amp;N4=36051-31-7&amp;D7=0&amp;D10=&amp;N25=0&amp;N1=S_ID&amp;ST=RS&amp;F=PR">36051-31-7</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Таксол </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 33069-62-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ATP аналоговых 5&#39;-аденилил imidodiphosphate </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 3605-31-7 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaCl </td><td> Mallinckrodt </td><td> 7647-14-5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ATP </td><td> Сигма </td><td> 74804-12-9 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Amicon Ультрацентробежная Фильтры: 0,5 мл, 100kD отрезать, 8 упаковке </td><td> Millipore </td><td> UFC510008 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and purification of kinesin from drosophila embryos

Мотор белков транспортировки грузов вдоль микротрубочек, и транспортировать их к конкретным субклеточном местах. Из-за измененного транспорта предлагается лежат в основе различных нейродегенеративных заболеваний, понимание основано микротрубочек автомобильного транспорта и его регулирования, вероятно, в конечном итоге приведет к улучшению терапевтических подходов. Кинезин-1 эукариотических белков двигатель, который движется в антероградная (плюс-концу) направлении вдоль микротрубочек (МТ), питание от гидролиза АТФ. Здесь мы приводим подробный протокол очистки, чтобы изолировать активных полный кинезин длиной от эмбрионов дрозофилы, что позволило сочетание генетики дрозофилы с одной молекулой биофизических исследований. Начиная с примерно 50 прокладки чашки, с примерно 1000 женщин в чашке, мы провели ночь коллекций. Это дало примерно 10 мл упакованы эмбрионов. Эмбрионы были отбеливатель dechorionated (дающим около 9 граммов эмбрионы), а затем гомогенизации. Мтер нарушения, гомогенат уточнил помощью низкой скорости вращения следует высокоскоростного центрифугирования. Уточнить супернатант обрабатывают GTP и таксола к полимеризации МТС. Кинезин был обездвижен на полимеризованный МЦ добавлением АТФ аналоговый, 5&#39;-аденилил imidodiphosphate при комнатной температуре. После кинезин обязательным, микротрубочки были осаждали с помощью высокоскоростного центрифугирования через сахарозы подушке. Микротрубочек осадок затем снова приостановлен, и этот процесс повторяется. Наконец, СПС была добавлена, чтобы освободить кинезин от МТС. Высокая скорость центрифугирования затем остановлен МТС, оставляя кинезин в супернатант. Это кинезин была подвергнута центробежной фильтрации с использованием 100 KD отсечения фильтр для дополнительной очистки, аликвоты, оснастки замораживали в жидком азоте и хранили при температуре -80 ° C. SDS гель-электрофореза и западных промокательной проводили с использованием очищенного образца. Двигательной активности очищенных образцов до и после окончательного центробежные шаг фильтрацииоценивалась в пробирке один анализ микротрубочек молекулы. Кинезин фракции до и после фильтрации центробежная показал процессивность как сообщалось ранее в литературе. Дальнейшие эксперименты ведутся для оценки взаимодействия между кинезин и других, связанных с транспортом белков.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Это протокол, чтобы изолировать активных полный кинезин длиной от<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Эмбрионов для одиночных молекул биофизических исследований. Мы показываем, как собирать эмбрионы, чтобы эмбрион лизат, а затем полимеризации микротрубочек (МТ). Кинезин очищают иммобилизации ее на МТС, летел вниз кинезин-MT комплексов, а затем выпуская кинезин от МТС через того АТФ.

Выделение и очистка от кинезин Drosophila Эмбрионы

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

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Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

12.1K Views.  University of California, Irvine. Это протокол, чтобы изолировать активных полный кинезин длиной от Drosophila Эмбрионов для одиночных молекул биофизических исследований. Мы показываем, как собирать эмбрионы, чтобы эмбрион лизат, а затем полимеризации микротрубочек (МТ). Кинезин очищают и...

Video: Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Подготовка нейронных культур от Midgastrula этапе эмбрионы дрозофилы

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Окрашивание белков в гелях Кумасси G-250 без органических растворителей и уксусной кислоты

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite morphogenesis at the functional and molecular levels. To aid in these analyses, we have developed a strategy for the isolation of a subclass of PNS neurons called dendritic arborization (da) neurons that have been widely used for studying dendrite morphogenesis1,2. These neurons are very difficult to isolate as a pure population, due in part to their extremely low occurrence and their difficult-to-reach location below the tough chitinous larval cuticle. Our newly developed method overcomes these challenges, and is based on a fast and specific cell enrichment using antibody-coated magnetic beads. For our magnetic bead sorting studies, we have used age-matched third instar larvae expressing a mouse CD8 tagged GFP fusion protein (UAS-mCD8-GFP)3 under the control of either the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron-specific pickpocket (ppk)-GAL4 driver4 or the control of the pan-da neuron-specific GAL421-7 driver5. Although this protocol has been optimized for isolating PNS cells which are attached to the inner wall of the larval cuticle, by varying a few parameters, the same protocol could be used to isolate many different cell types attached to the cuticle at larval or pupal stages of development (e.g. epithelia, muscle, oenocytes etc.), or other cell types from larval organs depending upon the GAL4-specific driver expression pattern. The RNA isolated by this method is of high quality and can be readily used for downstream genomic analyses such as microarray gene expression profiling studies. This approach offers a powerful new tool to perform studies on isolated Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons thereby providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

In this video-article we present a method for the isolation and purification of Drosophila peripheral neurons using a fast magnetic bead assisted cell sorting strategy. RNA obtained from the isolated cells can be readily used for downstream applications including microarray analyses.

Выделение и очистка Drosophila Периферийные Нейроны магнитными бисера Сортировка

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in buoyant density. However, when cells are disrupted prior to centrifugation, proteins and organelles in this non-native environment often inappropriately stick to each other. Here we describe a method to separate organelles by density in intact, living Drosophila embryos. Early embryos before cellularization are harvested from population cages, and their outer egg shells are removed by treatment with 50% bleach. Embryos are then transferred to a small agar plate and inserted, posterior end first, into small vertical holes in the agar. The plates containing embedded embryos are centrifuged for 30 min at 3000g. The agar supports the embryos and keeps them in a defined orientation. Afterwards, the embryos are dug out of the agar with a blunt needle. Centrifugation separates major organelles into distinct layers, a stratification easily visible by bright-field microscopy. A number of fluorescent markers are available to confirm successful stratification in living embryos. Proteins associated with certain organelles will be enriched in a particular layer, demonstrating colocalization. Individual layers can be recovered for biochemical analysis or transplantation into donor eggs. This technique is applicable for organelle separation in other large cells, including the eggs and oocytes of diverse species.

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

We describe a method to separate organelles by density in living Drosophila embryos. Embryos are embedded in agar and centrifuged. This technique yields reproducible separation of major organelles along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. This method facilitates colocalization experiments and yields organelle fractions for biochemical analysis and transplantation experiments.

В естественных условиях центрифугирования эмбрионов дрозофилы

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Вертикальная съемка Drosophila Эмбрионы

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

Первичных клеточных культур из Drosophila Гаструла Эмбрионы

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

Очистка стенограммы и метаболитов из<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Главы

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

Эффективной и быстрой изоляции на ранней стадии эмбрионы из<em&gt; Arabidopsis THALIANA</em&gt; Семена

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

TRAP-rc, Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification from Rare Cell Populations of Drosophila Embryos

Measuring levels of mRNAs in the process of translation in individual cells provides information on the proteins involved in cellular functions at a given point in time. The protocol dubbed Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) is able to capture this mRNA translation process in a cell-type-specific manner. Based on the affinity purification of polysomes carrying a tagged ribosomal subunit, TRAP can be applied to translatome analyses in individual cells, making it possible to compare cell types during the course of developmental processes or to track disease development progress and the impact of potential therapies at molecular level. Here we report an optimized version of the TRAP protocol, called TRAP-rc (rare cells), dedicated to identifying engaged-in-translation RNAs from rare cell populations. TRAP-rc was validated using the Gal4/UAS targeting system in a restricted population of muscle cells in Drosophila embryos. This novel protocol allows the recovery of cell-type-specific RNA in sufficient quantities for global gene expression analytics such as microarrays or RNA-seq. The robustness of the protocol and the large collections of Gal4 drivers make TRAP-rc a highly versatile approach with potential applications in cell-specific genome-wide studies.

TRAP-rc, Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification from Rare Cell Populations of Drosophila Embryos

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) is able to capture cell-type-specific translation of mRNA. Here we report the first TRAP protocol dedicated to isolation of mRNA in rare cell populations of Drosophila embryos.

Ловушка-RC, переводя рибосом Affinity Очистка от редких клеточных популяций<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Эмбрионы

Measuring levels of mRNAs in the process of translation in individual cells provides information on the proteins involved in cellular functions at a given ...

Generating a &#34;Humanized&#34; Drosophila S2 Cell Line Sensitive to Pharmacological Inhibition of Kinesin-5

Kinetochores are large protein-based structures that assemble on centromeres during cell division and link chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Proper distribution of the genetic material requires that sister kinetochores on every chromosome become bioriented by attaching to microtubules from opposite spindle poles before progressing into anaphase. However, erroneous, non-bioriented attachment states are common and cellular pathways exist to both detect and correct such attachments during cell division. The process by which improper kinetochore-microtubule interactions are destabilized is referred to as error correction. To study error correction in living cells, incorrect attachments are purposely generated via chemical inhibition of kinesin-5 motor, which leads to monopolar spindle assembly, and the transition from mal-orientation to biorientation is observed following drug washout. The large number of chromosomes in many model tissue culture cell types poses a challenge in observing individual error correction events. Drosophila S2 cells are better subjects for such studies as they possess as few as 4 pairs of chromosomes. However, small molecule kinesin-5 inhibitors are ineffective against Drosophila kinesin-5 (Klp61F). Here we describe how to build a Drosophila cell line that effectively replaces Klp61F with human kinesin-5, which renders the cells sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of the motor and suitable for use in the cell-based error correction assay.

Generating a &quot;Humanized&quot; Drosophila S2 Cell Line Sensitive to Pharmacological Inhibition of Kinesin-5

This protocol describes how to generate a Drosophila S2 cell line that is sensitive to small molecule inhibitors of kinesin-5. The use of these cells in a cell-based error correction assay is also outlined.

Создание &quot;гуманизированные&quot;<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; S2 клеточной линии Чувствительные к фармакологическим ингибирование Kinesin-5

Kinetochores are large protein-based structures that assemble on centromeres during cell division and link chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Proper ...