Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

Summary

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

Abstract

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (ω-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.

With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.

This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.

The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

Introduction

Fatty acids are one of the major constituents of microalgal biomass and typically make up between 5-50% of the cell dry weight^1-3. They are mainly present in the form of glycerolipids. These glycerolipids in turn mainly consist of phospholipids, glycolipids, and triacylglycerol (TAG). Especially the fatty acids present in TAG are of commercial interest, because they can be used as a resource for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (ω-3 fatty acids), and food commodities^3-6. Microalgae can grow in sea water based cultivation media, can have a much higher areal productivity than terrestrial plants, and can be cu....

Protocol

1. Sample Preparation

There are two alternate protocols for sample preparation included as steps 1.1 and 1.2. Both methods are equally suitable and give similar results, but if a limited amount of algae culture volume is available, method 1.1 is recommended.

NOTE: For either protocol, prepare two additional bead beater tubes according to the entire protocol but without adding algae to them to be used as a blank. In this way, peaks in the GC chromatogram resulting from extraction of components from materials used can be identified and quantified.

1.1. Sample Preparation Protocol Option 1: R....

Results

A typical chromatogram that is obtained via this process is shown in Figure 1. FAMEs are separated by size and degree of saturation by the GC column and protocol used. Shorter chain length fatty acids and more saturated fatty acids (fewer double bonds) have shorter retention times. The used GC column and protocol do not intend to separate fatty acid isomers (same chain length and degree of saturation, but different positions of double bonds), but this could be achieved by using a different GC column and .......

Discussion

The described method can be used to determine the content as well as the composition of total fatty acids present in microalgal biomass. Fatty acids derived from all lipid classes, including storage (TAG) as well as membrane lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids), are detected. All fatty acid chain lengths and degrees of saturation that are present in the microalgae can be detected and distinguished. The method is based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to F.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagent and equipment	Company	Catalogue number	Comments (optional)
tripentadecanoin (C15:0 TAG)	Sigma Aldrich	T4257	CAS Number 7370-46-9
TAG or FAME standards of all fatty acids expected in sample	Sigma Aldrich
TAG or FAME standards of all fatty acids expected in sample	Lipidox
TAG or FAME standards of all fatty acids expected in sample	Larodan
Beadbeater	Bertin Technologies	Precellys 24
beadbeater tubes	MP Biomedicals	Lysing matrix E 116914500
GC-FID	Hewlett-Packer	HP6871
GC column	Supelco	Nukol 25357
Positive displacement pipette 100-1000μl	Mettler Toledo	MR-1000
Positive displacement pipet tips C-1000	Mettler Toledo	C-1000
Pipetvuller, Pi-Pump 2 ml	VWR	612-1925
glass tubes	VWR	SCERE5100160011G1
TUBE 16 X 100 MM BOROSILICATE 5.1 1 * 1.000	VWR	SCERE5100160011G1
Teflon coated screw-caps	VWR	SCERKSSR15415BY10
STUART SCIENTIFIC SB2 test tube rotator	VWR	445-2101
Heated Evaporator/Concentrator	Cole-Parmer	YO-28690-25