HUVEC Tube-formation Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Natural Products on Angiogenesis

Summary

Here, we evaluate the effects of the water extract of Ruta graveolens on vessel network formation by using a tube formation assay on a gelled basement matrix.

Abstract

Angiogenesis is a phenomenon that includes different processes, such as endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that lead to the formation of new blood vessels and involve several signal transduction pathways. Here we show that the tube formation assay is a simple in vitro method to evaluate the impact of natural products on angiogenesis and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. In particular, in the presence of the water extract of Ruta graveolens (RGWE), endothelial cells are no longer able to form a cell-cell network and that the RGWE effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation is abolished by the constitutive activation of MEK.

Introduction

Angiogenesis is a physiological process that leads to the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones and occurs during embryogenesis and organ growth. In adulthood, angiogenesis is activated only in the cycling ovary, in the placenta during pregnancy, and during wound healing and repair. Angiogenesis depends on the ability of endothelial cells to proliferate, differentiate, and migrate to form an intact vascular network¹. However, in several disorders, such as inflammatory, metabolic, and rheumatic diseases, angiogenic processes are altered and angiogenesis becomes excessive. Moreover, uncontrolled angiogenic processes also stimulate tumor progression and metastasis¹. For these reasons, in the last decade, research studies are focused on the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at the inhibition of excessive angiogenesis in cancer, ocular, joint, or skin disorders^2,3.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents the main target of current antiangiogenic therapies⁴, and several anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies have been developed and synthesized to prevent excessive angiogenesis. However, these synthetic drugs show severe side effects and have an unfavorable cost-to-benefit ratio^5,6. Therefore, it is imperative to find new therapeutic strategies to limit excessive angiogenesis with minimal side effects to complement and combine with currently used drugs. These new drugs can be found among natural products that are characterized by a high chemical diversity and biochemical specificity.

In this article, we propose a simple method to evaluate the impact of the RGWE on the ability of HUVECs to form tubules on a gelled basement matrix in vitro⁵. Indeed, RGWE is a mixture of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and polyphenols among which rutin is the major component⁵. Many of them have been already tested as anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective agents^7,8,9,10,11. Moreover, we have recently demonstrated that RGWE, but not rutin, is able to inhibit the HUVEC ability to form tubules on a gelled basement matrix and that this phenomenon is mediated by the MEK-ERK pathway, indicating RGWE as a potential therapeutic tool able to prevent excessive new blood vessel formation⁵.

Protocol

1. RGWE Preparation

1. Collect R. graveolens leaves from plants during the spring/summer months under the supervision of a botanist.
   NOTE: In this case, leaves were collected at the Experimental Section of Medicinal Plants in the Botanical Garden of Naples, Italy⁵. The plant is spontaneous, perennial, and is present in the Mediterranean regions (Figure 1).
2. Weigh 250 g of leaves and finely chop them with scissors.
3. Put the leaves in a conical flask and add 1 L of distilled water to 250 g of chopped leaves and bring that to a boil at 110 °C for 60 min. Cover the flask with aluminum foil to avoid excessive evaporation.
4. Use 3 mm-funnel filter paper to separate the boiled leaves from the liquid phase that represents the water extract.
5. Filter the liquid phase through a 0.22 µm filter, collecting it in a beaker. Cover the beaker with parafilm and freeze the extract at -80 °C overnight.
6. Make 10 - 15 holes with a needle in the parafilm and lyophilize the extract in a lyophilizer. Note that it can take a couple of days to obtain the powder.
7. Weigh the powder obtained, divide it into aliquots, and store it at 4 °C until necessary. It is possible to store it for a year.
8. When necessary for the experiments, prepare a stock solution, diluting the powder with distilled water to a standard concentration of 50 mg/mL. Separate it into small-volume (e.g., 1 mL) aliquots. This preparation can be stored at -20 °C until used but cannot be stored at 4 °C for more than a couple of days because of the oxidations of the molecules. Avoid freeze and thaw.

2. Cell Culture

1. Cultivate HUVECs in endothelial cell growth medium: endothelial basal medium supplemented with 1 μg/mL hydrocortisone and 1 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 10% FBS, and penicillin/streptomycin at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂.
2. When 80% confluent, split the cells at the ratio of 1:3 every passage. Use cells from two to five passages, that do not show apparent differences in response to growth factors. After the sixth passage, cells become senescent and do not form tubes on the gelled basement matrix.

3. Transfection

1. When the HUVECs are 70% confluent, transfect them with the desired gene.
2. For a 100 mm plate, use 1 µg of empty pCDNA3 vector as control and 1 µg of pCDNA3 vector containing the gene of interest (constitutively active MEK [caMEK], in this case).
3. Complex 1 µg of DNA with 3 µL of lipofectamine 2,000, diluted with reduced serum medium (see Table of Materials) to the final volume of 200 µL. Remove the medium from the cells and replace it with 1 mL of fresh complete medium; then, add the transfecting solution to the cells. Incubate the cells in the incubator at 37 °C, with 5% CO₂. It is possible to also use other transfection agents different from lipofectamine 2,000, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
4. Add 7 mL of complete fresh medium 3 h after the transfection and, then, further incubate the cells at 37 °C for 24 - 48 h before proceeding with the next assays. The day after the transfection, replace the medium with fresh complete medium.

4. Tube Formation Assay

1. Cool a 96-well plate and pipette tips at 4 °C for 1 h before preparing the gelled basement.
2. At the moment of the basement preparation, put the plate on ice (0 °C) and add 50 μL of cold matrix in each well while avoiding the formation of bubbles. Note that the matrix-containing vial should be kept on ice during the procedure since the matrix becomes solid at room temperature.
3. Put the plate in the incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for at least 30 min to allow the basement to polymerize.
4. In the meantime, harvest the cells. Wash the HUVECs with 1 mL of a 0.25% trypsin/0.53 mM EDTA solution; then, add 2 mL of the trypsin-EDTA solution and incubate at 37 °C for 5 min. Observe the cells under an inverted microscope to verify that the cell layer is completely dispersed. Then, collect the medium in which the cells are suspended and harvest the detached cells by centrifugation at 264 x g for 3 min. Resuspend them in 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
5. To count the cells, add 0.2 mL of the cell suspension to 0.5 mL of PBS and 0.3 mL of 0.4% trypan blue solution. After 5 min at room temperature, count the cells in a Bürker chamber.
6. Resuspend the cells in complete medium at the concentration of 2 x 10⁴ cells/50 µL. Seed them onto the gelled basement at the concentration of 2 x 10⁴ cells per well and let them settle on it.
7. Pay attention to the number of the cells. Too many or too few cells may not form tubes in the right way on the gelled basement.
8. Prepare increasing doses of RGWE (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL), diluting the stock solution in culture medium or rutin (12, 120, and 300 µg/mL), all in the final volume of 50 µL/well, and add them to 50 μL/well of cell suspension. The final volume in each well will be 100 μL. Prepare four to six wells for each experimental condition. As a control, dilute distilled water (vehicle) in the culture medium at a ratio of 1:50.
9. Incubate the cells in the incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ for a time ranging from 6 to 24 h.
10. Observe the cells within a time range spanning from 6 to 24 h after seeding, using a phase-contrast microscope at a magnification of 10X. HUVECs are able to form tube-like structures within 6 h but it is possible to observe better results after 12 - 18 h. Photograph the tube-like structures on each well and image an average from three to five random fields in each well.
11. After the image acquisition, the cells can be detached from the basement matrix and counted to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the number of cells. For each well, remove the medium, add dispase at a concentration of 24 U/mL, and put the plate at 37 °C for 1 h. Then, from each well, collect the medium in which the cells are suspended and harvest the detached cells by centrifugation at 264 x g for 3 min. Resuspend them in 0.2 mL of PBS. To count the cells, add 0.2 mL of cell suspension to 0.5 mL of PBS and 0.3 mL of 0.4% trypan blue solution. After 5 min at room temperature, count the cells in the Bürker chamber.
12. To quantify the results of the tube formation assay, it is possible to count the number of branch points in which at least three tubes join. Using the appropriate image software, count for each field in each micrograph the number of branch points and calculate the mean ± the standard error (SE) for each experimental condition. Use a two-tailed t-test to evaluate statistical significance.

Results

To evaluate the influence of RGWE on angiogenesis, we carried out a tube formation assay on a gelled basement matrix. When cultivated on it, HUVECs form tube-like structures that originate from cells that appear elongated and that connect each other to form a cell-cell network (Figure 2). In Figure 3, we show that the number of branches in HUVECs treated with RGWE was significantly lower as compared to the control conditions. Not...

Discussion

Natural compounds are characterized by a high chemical diversity and biochemical specificity and represent a source of potentially therapeutic molecules. Here, we show how to obtain water extract from the plant R. graveolens and propose the tube formation assay as an easy-to-perform, reliable, and quantitative method useful to investigate RGWE's effects on angiogenesis. It is important to boil the R. graveolens leaves for 1 h to be sure to obtain the complete water extract. Boiling for less tha...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
HUVEC cells	Clontech	C2519A
FBS	Invitrogen	10270106
EBM-2 basal medium	Clontech	cc3156
Single quot kit- supplemets and growth factors	clontech	cc4147
Matrigel	Corning	354234
96-well plates	Thermo Scientific	167008
15 mL conical tubes	Sarstedt	62,554,502
10 mL disposable serological pipette	Sarstedt	861,254,001
5 mL disposable serological pipette	Sarstedt	861,253,001
1,000 μL pipette	Gilson	Pipetman classic
100 μL pipette	Gilson	Pipetman classic
20 μL pipette	Gilson	Pipetman classic
p1000 pipette tips	Sarstedt
p20-200 pipette tips	Sarstedt	70,760,502
Burker chamber	Fortuna
Trypan blu stain	Gibco	15250-061
DPBS	Gibco	14190-094
mill-ex 0.22 μm filters	Millipore	SLGS033SS
Lyophilizer	VirTis-SP Scientific
Incubator	Thermo Scientific
CO2	AirCos
Pen-Strep	Gibco	15070-063
100 mm dish	Sarstedt	833,902
pcDNA3	Invitrogen	v79020
Lipofectamine-2000	Invitrogen	11668027
Opti-MEM	Gibco	31985070	Reduced serum medium
Rutin	Sigma-Aldrich	R5143-50G
Axiovert 25 microscope	Zeiss
AmScope MD500 camera	AmScope
Dispase	Thermo Scientific	D4818
Lab heater	Falc
ParaFilm	American National Can